共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
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本文借助于旋转椭球矢量波函数和平均场的理论,得到了非均匀扁旋转椭球粒子对偏振电磁波散射的准解析解,并利用所得理论公式给出了雷达气象上极为重要的在平行和垂直入射条件下,非均匀扁旋转椭球状海绵冰粒对雷达波的后向散射截面数值计算结果。在计算中认为海绵冰粒分二层,内核为纯冰扁旋转椭球,外层由冰水混合构成。 相似文献
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采用实验室观测和DDA法理论计算，分别获得了球锥扁椭球形冰粒对3.2、5.6和10.7cm三种波长极化波的后向散射特性数据。结果表明，测量资料和计算数据具有很好的一致性。球锥扁椭球形冰粒的后向散射截面大小不仅依赖于其尺寸（等容半径）而且受其形状影响，“差反射率雷因子ZDR”与粒子形状参数“水平-垂直尺度比”呈很好的线性正相关。这是利用双偏振雷达探测识别球锥扁椭球形冰雹的依据。 相似文献
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非球形粒子的散射特性研究是双偏振雷达探测数据处理和释义的基础,非球形状同样会影响常规雷达探测数据的处理和释义。在利用雷达进行降水观测的过程中,需要考虑旋转扁椭球雨滴的散射特性。Gans理论和T矩阵法是常用于计算椭球粒子散射特性的算法,但其算法差异会对雷达探测反演带来不同的结果。利用Gans理论和T矩阵法的数值计算,分析旋转扁椭球雨滴的后向散射截面,同时对比常用雷达波段（S、C、X和Ku）内两种算法的后向散射截面的相对差别,以相对差别的阈值得到Gans理论可适用于计算旋转扁椭球雨滴后向散射截面的最大等效半径和尺度参数。在常用雷达波长处对该差异造成的雷达反射率因子Zh和差反射率因子ZDR的影响进行分析。结果表明,在MP雨滴谱下,X波段处Zh的算法差异可达1.66 dBZ,在C波段处ZDR的算法差异可达0.75 dBZ,其他各波长处也有差异。 相似文献
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水滴和冰球后向散射截面的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文介绍了3.2cm微波后向散射测量系统、水滴和冰球对微波后向散射截面的实验测定及观测值与理论计算值的初步比较。结果表明:水滴和冰球对微波后向散射特性基本符合理论计算结果。 相似文献
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双/多基地天气雷达探测小椭球粒子群的雷达气象方程 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
首先导出小椭球散射的方向函数及侧向散射截面的表达式。然后,考虑发射水平偏振波与垂直偏振波这两种情况下,当小椭球粒子群旋转轴作一致铅直取向和在空间作均匀随机取向时,分别建立适用于双/多基地雷达接收子站的雷达气象方程。主要结果为:(1)当入射波以不同的仰角及方位角射到旋转轴任意取向的椭球上时,会在椭球的3个轴上产生不同的极化电偶极矩分量,使小椭球散射方向函数不仅与散射方向有关,还与天线和粒子两个直角坐标之间的配置情况有关。(2)无论入射波偏振方式是水平还是垂直,小椭球粒子的总侧向散射截面恒是散射波在该方向上造成的侧向散射截面之和。(3)双基地雷达气象方程与单基地雷达气象方程比较,其差别在于侧向散射截面与后向散射截面的不同,另外,有效照射体积不同,子站与单基地站天线方向性函数不同,使双基地雷达气象方程中多出与双基地角有关的一个因子。(4)主站天线辐射在半功率点内不论均匀与否,双基地雷达气象方程中的侧向散射截面均代表总的侧向散射截面且依赖入射波偏振方式。(5)给出了小椭球群旋转轴一致铅直取向情况下的双基地雷达气象方程,这些方程与入射波偏振方式、主站发射天线辐射在半功率点内均匀与否有关。入射波为垂直偏振时一致铅直取向的椭球群的侧向散射截面可能由包含铅直分量在内的3个正交分量组成。这具体依赖于主站天线仰角。但入射波为水平偏振时到达子站天线处的回波功率与主站天线仰角无关。(6)给出了小椭球群旋转轴在空间无规则取向时的双基地雷达气象方程,这些方程与主站天线仰角、入射波偏振方式等无关,但与主站发射天线辐射在半功率点内均匀与否有关。 相似文献
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降雨强度,雨区衰减与双线偏振雷达观测量关系的研究 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：9
本文为了改装双线偏振雷达的需要,用扩展边界条件法计算了椭球形雨滴的后向散射截面、衰减截面及吸收截面,得出了任意谱参数情况下,可能产生的散射强度及差反射率因子Z_(DR)值的大小。给出了降雨强度、衰减系数和双线偏振雷达观测量间的关系。为双线偏振雷达定量测量降雨工作及讨论雨区对雷达波衰减打下了基础。 相似文献
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首先给出小椭球粒子侧向和后向散射截面的表达式,将其中相关参数用双基地雷达坐标系中的量表示,在定义小椭球粒子侧向散射能力后,分别推导出发射水平与垂直偏振波条件下估算侧向散射能力的算式,并通过仿真计算,获得各高度上的侧向散射能力和分布情况.得出的主要结果为:(1)发射水平偏振波时,在低高度的等高面上,当离开基线垂直向上或向下距离增加时,侧向散射能力先逐渐变小到最小值后,再逐渐增大.在基线左、右的延线上也基本呈这种分布,仅在主站与子站的垂直方向上存在侧向散射能力的最低区域.随着等高面高度升高,侧向散射能力分布情况基本相似,仅子站上下的弱侧向散射值有所提高.(2)发射垂直偏振波时,在低高度水平面上无论被探测的扁旋转椭球粒子处在该平面上(除主站与子站张培昌等:双/多基地天气雷达探测小椭球降水粒子的侧向散射能力. 相似文献
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本文从湍流大气对声波散射方程出发,推导出静止大气和有水平运动两种情况下,有限接收面积上的平均准后向散射截面公式。从而分析了影响平均准后向散射截面的因子,同时还计算讨论了不同天线口径、风速和值的平均准后向散射截面。 计算结果表明:在一般情况下,边界层内用声雷达测得的温度结构系数[C_T~2(θ)]要比理论上纯后向温度结构系数[C_T~2(180°)]大些;C_T~2(θ)与C_T~2(180°)比值以及C_T~2(θ)随高度的变化都与天线口径、风速分布和m值等密切相关。因此对用不同声雷达在不同大气条件作对比测量,得到某些不一致的现象,可给予一定的解释。 相似文献
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小旋转椭球粒子群的微波散射特性 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
文中从不同方向线性偏振的入射波对小旋转椭球状降水粒子极化产生的散射出发 ,推导出散射能流密度函数 ,以及降水粒子群旋转轴处于不同状态下的散射截面 ,得出散射截面随降水粒子相态和入射波波长变化的一些曲线 ,其结果可供遥感反演计算使用。 相似文献
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利用DDA(Discrete Dipole Approximation)算法产生的旋转扁椭球水滴散射特征数据进行了多项式拟合,以3.2mm波长为例,给出了两种偏振状态下后向散射和衰减效率的快速算式。对比分析了快速算式结果和DDA数据的独立样本,结果表明,快算结果的绝对相对误差在5%以内,而耗时仅用DDA算法产生这些数据所用时间的10-6量级。所得结果可直接用于云降水区含扁椭球形水滴情况下的雷达回波模拟、雷达资料定量处理和毫米波雷达的衰减订正等,此方法还可用于其他波长、形状的水滴和冰晶。 相似文献
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Regular aerosol extinction and backscatter measurements using a UV Raman Lidar have been performed for almost 3 years in Hamburg in the frame of the German Lidar Network. A set of 92 aerosol extinction and 164 aerosol backscatter profiles has been used for statistical investigations. Mean values and variances of the aerosol extinction and backscatter in the boundary layer have been calculated. Large fluctuations during the whole year have been found. The measured aerosol extinction over Hamburg shows a seasonal cycle with highest values in early fall and a second less prominent peak in spring.An analysis of the data using back trajectories showed a dependence of the aerosol extinction on the origin of the air mass. The residence time of the air mass over industrialized areas was found to be an important parameter for the measured aerosol extinction at Hamburg. However, only a small part of the total variability could be explained by the air mass origin.For 75 cases of aerosol extinction measurements under cloud-free conditions, the aerosol backscatter profile and therefore, the lidar ratio as a function of altitude could be determined. Winter measurements of the lidar ratio are often close to model results for maritime aerosol, the summer measurements are close to the model results for urban or continental aerosols.The high quality of the data has been proven by intercomparisons with other lidar systems and with star photometer measurements of the aerosol optical depth during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE'98) field campaign. 相似文献
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Lidar has been used extensively in the area of atmospheric aerosol measurement. Two unknowns at the reference altitude, the lidar ratio and the backscatter coefficient, need to be resolved from the lidar equation. In the actual application, these two values are difficult to obtain, particularly the backscatter coefficient. To better characterize the optical properties of aerosols, optical thickness, and attenuated backscatter obtained by other instruments are usually used as the input for joint inversion. However, this method is limited by location and time. In this study, the authors propose a new method for aerosol retrieval by using Mie scatter- ing lidar data to solve this problem. The authors take the horizontal aerosol extinction coefficient as the con- straint to begin the iteration until a self-consistent aerosol vertical profile was obtained. By comparing their results with Aerosol Robotic Network （AERONET） data, the authours determine that the aerosol extinction coefficient obtained by combining horizontal and vertical lidar observations is more pre- cise than that obtained by using the traditional Fernald method. This new method has been adopted for re- trieving the extinction coefficient of aerosols during the observation days. 相似文献
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乔晓燕 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2020,14(3):137-143
利用2016年10月~2017年2月激光云高仪资料，分析了霾、雾、轻霾、轻雾、晴空等天气后向散射强度廓线特征，通过统计各高度层后向散射强度、后向散射强度垂直梯度的概率分布，分析了多种天气的气溶胶光学特性。结果表明：雾天气后向散射强度较霾天气大，雾厚度一般不超过300m。霾天气后向散射强度随着高度的增加减小缓慢，霾的厚度大于500m。与雾和轻雾相比，霾和轻霾天气垂直梯度绝对值取小值的概率较大。雾和轻雾天气400m高度以上垂直梯度绝对值较小，400m高度以下数值较大。由于霾区内粒子分布较均匀，雾区粒子分布起伏明显，雾区内后向散射强度忽大忽小，所以雾天气垂直梯度绝对值出现大值的概率较霾天气高。 相似文献
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我们利用Junge谱对多道光电粒子计数器的测量谱进行了模拟,根据光散射的米氏理论,考察了气溶胶小粒子对其消光、后向散射及消光后向散射比的影响情况,对估计由实测谱及折射指数计算以上三个参量所带来的误差具有一定参考价值. 相似文献
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Using the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique, two types of approaches, namely, reflection from retroreflector/topographic target and backscatter from atmosphere, are available for studying remotely the atmos-pheric NO2 concentration. The Argon ion lidar system at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India has been used for the measurements by following both the path-averaged and range-resolved ap-proaches. For the former, a topographic target (hill) is used for determining path-averaged surface concentration. In the latter, spectral properties of atmospheric attenuation is used for making range-resolved measurements in the sur-face layer. The results of the observations collected by following both approaches are presented. The average surface NO2 concentration was found to vary between 0.01 and 0.105 ppm and the range-resolved measurements exhibited higher values suggesting treatment of the lidar data for scattering and extinction effects due to atmospheric aerosols and air molecules, and atmospheric turbulence. Certain modifications that arc suggested to the experimental set-up, data acquisition and analysis to improve the measurements are briefly described. 相似文献
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Abstract Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data has become an important tool for studies of polar regions, due to high spatial resolution even during the polar night and under cloudy skies. We have studied the temporal variation of sea and land ice backscatter of twenty‐four SAR images from the European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS‐1) covering an area in Lady Ann Strait and Jones Sound, Nunavut, from January to March 1992. The presence of fast ice in Jones Sound and glaciers and ice caps on the surrounding islands provides an ideal setting for temporal backscatter studies of ice surfaces. Sample regions for eight different ice types were selected and the temporal backscatter variation was studied. The observed backscatter values for each ice type characterize the radar signatures of the ice surfaces. This time series of twenty‐four SAR images over a 3‐month period provides new insights into the degree of temporal variability of each surface. Ice caps exhibit the highest backscatter value of ‐3.9 dB with high temporal variability. Valley glacier ice backscatter values decrease with decreasing altitude, and are temporally the most stable, with standard deviations of 0.08–0.10 dB over the 90‐day period. First‐year ice and lead ice show a negative trend in backscatter values in time and a positive correlation of up to 0.59 with air temperature over the 90‐day period. For first‐year ice and lead ice, episodes of large temperature fluctuations (±12°C) are associated with rapid changes in backscatter values (±2 dB). We attribute the backscatter increase to a temperature‐induced increase in brine volume at the base of the snow pack. Multi‐year ice, conglomerate ice and shore ice are relatively stable over the 3‐month period, with a backscatter variation of only a few dBs. An observed lag time of up to three days between backscatter increase/decrease and air temperature can be attributed to the insulation effect of the snow cover over sea ice. The net range of the backscatter values observed on the most temporally stable surface, valley glacier ice, of about 0.30 dB indicates that the ERS‐1 SAR instrument exceeds the 1 dB calibration accuracy specified for the Alaska SAR Facility processor for the three winter months. 相似文献
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Ice sphere backscatter has been calculated using both Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) at a wavelength of 3.2 mm (94 GHz). The electric dipole, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole contributions to spherical particle backscatter have been analyzed. The results show that there is a resonance area around particle size parameter of 1.5, where the calculated backscatter errors are very large due to the neglect of the magnetic dipole, and this is confirmed by applying Mie theory to 8.66 mm (35 GHz) and 3.21 cm (X-band) wavelengths. Based on the backscatter calculation using a cube and a hexagon column randomly oriented in space, it was found that the backscatter error from the inaccurate representation of the particle surface shape is much smaller than that from the neglect of the magnetic dipole, and the resonance occurs at different particle sizes depending upon the exact particle shapes. At a wavelength of 3.2 mm, the particle shape has little effect on backscatter when volume-equivalent spherical particle radius rv < 500 μm, and Rayleigh backscatter can be used as a reasonable approximation for rv < 300 μm. 相似文献