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对青藏高原地区地表能量的研究是一个十分重要的问题.利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站2006年5月至2007年4月一年的观测资料,分析了青藏高原珠峰地区的地表能量,即净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量,得到了一些有关珠峰地区地表能量的结果,即太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射、地面长波辐射和净辐射呈现出明显的年变化特征,净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量得到的日变化是很明显的.并且讨论了计算地表能量通量的方法及其优缺点. 相似文献
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以地表能量收支平衡方程为基础，将地表通量同近地层内的常规气象资料联系起来，模式要求输入地面风速、温度和总云量等常规气象观测资料，输出近地层的湍流特征参数U* 、θ* 、L和参数化的地表通量（净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量），澳大利亚Wangara试验资料被用来检验了该模式。计算结果和实际资料吻合较好。 相似文献
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利用2009年6-8月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)的地表辐射观测资料,近地层大气温度、湿度和水平风速的三层梯度观测资料,以及热通量的涡动相关观测,比较了变分法估算的地表热通量与涡动相关观测值间差异,评估了不同相似函数对变分法估算地表热通量的影响.结果表明,变分法估算的地表热通量在时间变化趋势上与涡动相关观测值一致,但在中午前后时段还存在数值大小差异.不同相似函数对变分法估算热通量的影响不一样:当层结不稳定时,其对热通量估算的影响较大;当层结不稳定变弱时,影响会显著变小;当层结稳定时,影响非常小,与观测误差相比可以忽略. 相似文献
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均匀裸土地表土壤热通量计算方法对比及对能量闭合的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用"内蒙古微气象观测蒸发试验"的观测资料,对6种地表土壤热通量计算方法(Plate Cal法、TDEC法、谐波法、热传导对流法、振幅法和相位法)进行比较,检验了6种方法在不同干湿地表状况下的适用性,并研究了6种方法计算地表土壤热通量的差异以及对地表能量闭合度的影响。结果表明:一般情况下,Plate Cal法计算的2 cm土壤热通量与观测值最接近,计算结果的均方差为6.9 W/m2。在不同干湿地表状况下,干燥和降水条件下适合使用Plate Cal法,计算结果的均方差分别为14.0 W/m2和30.1 W/m2;湿润条件下适合使用谐波法,计算结果的均方差为21.4 W/m2。6种方法计算的地表土壤热通量存在明显差别,最大相差178.6 W/m2,不同方法计算地表土壤热通量的最大差值超过25 W/m2的时次占样本的96.3%。不同方法计算地表土壤热通量的差异对地表能量闭合度的大小有明显影响,但不影响近地层能量闭合度随湍流混合增强而增大的规律。 相似文献
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春夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时空分布特征及相互联系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
伊朗高原和青藏高原热力作用对东亚区域气候具有重要影响。基于1979—2014年欧洲中心ERA-interim月平均再分析地表热通量资料,分析了春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时、空分布特征以及春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的关系。结果表明,春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量在季节、年际和年代际尺度上具有不同的时、空分布特征。对于青藏高原,春、夏季地表感热呈西部大东部小、地表潜热呈东部大西部小;地表感热在春季最大且大于地表潜热,地表潜热在夏季最大且大于地表感热。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季青藏高原地表热通量异常的年际变化在东、西部不一致,青藏高原西部,地表感热与地表潜热有较强的负相关关系。青藏高原地表感热异常具有很强的持续性,当春季地表感热较强（弱）时,夏季高原地表感热同样较强（弱）。青藏高原东部与西部地表热通量的年代际变化有明显差异,春（夏）季青藏高原东部地表感热呈显著的年代际减弱趋势,1998（2001）年发生年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;而青藏高原西部地表感热在春季则有显著的增大趋势,2003年发生年代际转折,由负异常转为正异常。青藏高原东部地表潜热仅在春季为显著减弱趋势,2003年出现年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;青藏高原西部地表潜热在春、夏季都有显著减弱趋势,年代际转折出现在21世纪初,由正异常转为负异常。对于伊朗高原,春、夏季地表热通量的空间分布在整个区域较一致,地表感热在夏季最大,地表潜热在春季大、夏季小,但各季节地表感热都大于地表潜热。相对于青藏高原地表感热,伊朗高原地表感热在各月都更大。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季伊朗高原各区域地表热通量异常的年际变化较一致;地表感热与潜热有很强的负相关关系;伊朗高原地表感热、潜热异常都具有持续性,当春季地表感热（潜热）通量较强（弱）时,夏季地表感热（潜热）通量同样较强（弱）。伊朗高原北部与南部地表热通量的年代际变化存在差异。其中,春、夏季伊朗高原北部地表感热（潜热）呈显著增强（减弱）趋势,在20世纪末发生了年代际转折,春、夏季北部地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。而伊朗高原南部春、夏季地表热通量无显著变化趋势,但春季地表感热、潜热与夏季地表感热同样在20世纪末存在年代际转折,地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。春、夏季两个高原地区地表热通量的关系主要表现为:就春季同期变化而言,伊朗高原地表感热与青藏高原西部地表感热具有同相变化关系,与青藏高原东部地表感热具有反相变化关系,伊朗高原地表潜热与青藏高原东部地表潜热具有同相变化关系;就非同期变化而言,春季伊朗高原地表感热与夏季青藏高原东部地表感热存在反相变化关系。 相似文献
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敦煌绿洲-戈壁过渡带地表辐射与能量特征分析 总被引：19，自引：11，他引：8
利用"西北干旱区陆-气相互作用野外观测试验"2002年在敦煌加强期的资料, 分析了敦煌绿洲-戈壁过渡带的地表辐射和能量特征.研究表明 白天, 绿洲-戈壁过渡带的地表温度和近地层大气温度很高, 和戈壁的地表温度接近;在多数晴天夜晚, 绿洲-戈壁过渡带的地表温度和近地层大气温度要低于戈壁的值.总辐射, 反射辐射和地表长波辐射的值都很接近荒漠戈壁的值, 日积分通量分别为24.48, 6.1, 41.42 MJ*m+-2*d.绿洲-戈壁过渡带的感热、潜热和地表热通量的日积分值分别为6.58, 1.60和0.38 MJ*m+-2*d.同时, 在绿洲-戈壁过渡带有较强的水平湍流输送. 相似文献
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地表热通量测量中的问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于缺乏对土壤表面发生的各种过程的了解，往往会导致土壤表面热通量测量的不正确。基想根据地表以下一些度处的抛弃爱量测量资料准确地确定地表的热通量，不但要考虑则板以上的热量存同，而且要考虑到测板以下的潜热损耗。如果忽略热储量就会导致大的误差，如忽略潜热过程，则会有更大的误差。 相似文献
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本文介绍一种利用FY-4A成像仪遥感数据和全球预报系统(GFS)资料估算全天空地表长波辐射通量的反演方法。该方法通过辐射传输模拟和统计回归计算建立云天地表下行长波辐射通量的反演模式,并基于GFS资料处理云覆盖地区的地表上、下行长波辐射通量。这种全天空状况下两种通量的反演结合了FY-4A晴空地表长波辐射业务产品和本文反演模式处理的云天地表上、下行长波辐射通量。2018年9月1日的处理结果与Aqua/CERES同类产品相对比,精度为:RMSE=20.52 W·m^-2,R=0.9481,Bias=3.3 W·m^-2(夜间地表下行辐射通量对比);RMSE=25.58 W·m^-2,R=0.9096,Bias=5.4 W·m^-2(白天地表下行辐射通量对比);RMSE=10.97 W·m^-2,R=0.9762,Bias=-3.3 W·m^-2(夜间地表上行辐射通量对比);RMSE=19.97 W·m^-2,R=0.9283,Bias=5.0 W·m^-2(白天地表上行辐射通量对比)。这些结果表明本文发展的方法能够反演出精度较好的云天上下行长波辐射通量资料,为今后利用FY-4后续星处理生成全天空状况下的地表长波辐射通量产品奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
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本文利用位于青藏高原东南缘的温江和大理大气边界层野外观测资料,对比分析了两站包括风温湿、辐射、湍流通量等在内的近地层微气象学特征,主要结果如下：（1）两站风速值均随着高度的增加而增大,但温江站冬季4～10 m风速在白天出现随高度减小的现象.温江站冬季以东北风为主,夏季以西北风和南风为主;大理站冬季以东南风为主,其次为西南风,夏季则以东风和东南风为主.两站近地层逆温和逆湿现象都非常显著.（2）同一季节温江站大气逆辐射和地表长波辐射大于大理站,向下短波辐射小于大理站.温江站地表长波辐射总是大于大气逆辐射,而大理站白天地表长波辐射大于大气逆辐射,晚上则相反.（3）温江站感热通量冬季大于大理站,夏季小于大理站,而潜热通量无论冬夏都要小于大理站.两站潜热通量均大于感热通量,并且大理站潜热通量月平均日变化值全天始终大于零.无论冬夏,温江站土壤热通量都要小于大理站,随着深度的增加两站土壤热通量均有位相上的延迟. 相似文献
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Intercomparison of three urban climate models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An intercomparison of the surface energy budgets from three urban climate models was made to assess the comparability of results, and to evaluate the surface energy fluxes from each model. The three models selected spanned the continuum of approaches currently employed in the treatment of the effects of urban geometry. The first model was an urban canopy-layer model which explicitly examined urban canyon geometry. The second model treated the city as a warm, rough, moist plate but included greatly simplified parameterizations of urban geometry. Neither model included a dynamic link to the urban boundary-layer. The third model was a one-dimensional urban boundary-layer model which utilized a simple warm, rough, moist plate approach but included a dynamic coupling of the urban surface layer to the urban boundary-layer.Results showed considerable disagreement between the three models in regards to the individual energy fluxes. Average rankings of the energy fluxes in terms of comparability from high-to-low similarity were: (1) solar radiation, (2) sensible heat flux, (3) conduction, (4) latent heat flux, (5) longwave re-radiation, and (6) longwave radiation input. In general, the urban canopy-layer model provided more realistic results, although each model demonstrated strong and weak points. Results indicate that current urban boundary-layer models may produce surface energy budgets with lower sensible heat fluxes and substantially higher latent heat fluxes than is supported by field evidence from the literature. 相似文献
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城市化对高温热浪的频次和强度具有重要影响,但目前对于城市化影响高温热浪过程的机理了解还不充分。本文利用WRF模式,对2010年7月2～6日（北京时）北京一次高温过程进行了模拟,分析了城市化对此次高温过程的影响机理。采用优化后的WRF模式,能够模拟出北京连续5日高温的特征和城市热岛强度的变化。城市下垫面的不透水性决定了城区2 m高度处相对湿度低于乡村,削弱了城区通过潜热调节城市气温的能力。日落后,城市感热通量下降缓慢,城区降温速率小于乡村,夜间边界层稳定、高度低,风速小,抑制了城乡之间能量的传输,形成了夜间强的城市热岛强度,造成夜间城市气温明显高于乡村。日出后城乡地面感热通量、潜热通量迅速上升,边界层稳定性下降。午后,城市下垫面分别为地表感热通量和潜热通量的高、低值中心,通过潜热调节气温的能力被削弱;边界层稳定性降低,有利于能量的垂直扩散;此时,城市热岛强度小于夜间。因此,北京城市下垫面形成了明显的城市热岛效应,加重了城区极端高温事件的强度。此外,在这次高温热浪期间,中国东部大部分地区受到大陆暖高压控制,晴空少云,西北气流越山后形成焚风效应,是北京地区高温热浪形成的天气背景。 相似文献
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Contrasting characteristics of the surface energy balance between the urban and rural areas of Beijing 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Linlin Wang Zhiqiu Gao Shiguang Miao Xiaofeng Guo Ting Sun Maofeng Liu Dan Li 《大气科学进展》2015,32(4):505-514
A direct comparison of urban and rural surface energy balances, as well as a variety of other variables including incoming shortwave/longwave radiation and aerosol optical depth, is conducted for the Beijing metropolitan area. The results indicate that, overall, the urban area receives a smaller amount of incoming shortwave radiation but a larger amount of incoming longwave radiation. However, comparisons in the aerosol optical depth and cloud fraction at the two locations suggest that neither aerosol optical depth nor cloud fraction alone can explain the difference in the incoming shortwave radiation. The urban–rural differences in the incoming longwave radiation are unlikely to be caused by the presence of more abundant greenhouse gases over the urban area, as suggested by some previous studies, given that water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas and precipitable water is found to be less in urban areas. The higher incoming longwave radiation observed over the urban area is mostly likely due to the higher temperatures of the ambient air. The urban area is also found to always produce higher sensible heat fluxes and lower latent heat fluxes in the growing season. Furthermore, the urban area is associated with a larger amount of available energy(the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes) than the rural area, except in May and October when evapotranspiration in the rural area significantly exceeds that in the urban area. This study provides observational evidence of urban–rural contrasts in relevant energy-balance components that plausibly arise from urban–rural differences in atmospheric and land-surface conditions. 相似文献
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Simulation of urban climate with high-resolution WRF model: A case study in Nanjing, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, urban climate in Nanjing of eastern China is simulated using 1-km resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a single-layer Urban Canopy Model. Based on the 10-summer simulation results from 2000 to 2009 we find that the WRF model is capable of capturing the high-resolution features of urban climate over Nanjing area. Although WRF underestimates the total precipitation amount, the model performs well in simulating the surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation frequency and inter-annual variability. We find that extremely hot events occur most frequently in urban area, with daily maximum (minimum) temperature exceeding 36°C (28°C) in around 40% (32%) of days. Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect at surface is more evident during nighttime than daytime, with 20% of cases the UHI intensity above 2.5°C at night. However, The UHI affects the vertical structure of Planet Boundary Layer (PBL) more deeply during daytime than nighttime. Net gain for latent heat and net radiation is larger over urban than rural surface during daytime. Correspondingly, net loss of sensible heat and ground heat are larger over urban surface resulting from warmer urban skin. Because of different diurnal characteristics of urban-rural differences in the latent heat, ground heat and other energy fluxes, the near surface UHI intensity exhibits a very complex diurnal feature. UHI effect is stronger in days with less cloud or lower wind speed. Model results reveal a larger precipitation frequency over urban area, mainly contributed by the light rain events (< 10 mm d?1). Consistent with satellite dataset, around 10?C20% more precipitation occurs in urban than rural area at afternoon induced by more unstable urban PBL, which induces a strong vertical atmospheric mixing and upward moisture transport. A significant enhancement of precipitation is found in the downwind region of urban in our simulations in the afternoon. 相似文献
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一种单层城市冠层模式的建立及数值试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文在引进先进的城市地表能量平衡方案 (Town Energy Balance, 简称TEB) 的基础上建立了一个单层城市冠层模式, 并对南京市典型居民区1 km2范围内的局地尺度地表能量平衡各分量进行离线模拟, 将模拟结果与同期观测值作了比对, 发现: TEB方案对城市地表能量平衡各分量的模拟效果良好, 而该方案的模拟性能受建筑物表面材料反照率取值的影响较大。在离线研究的基础上, 本文又将TEB方案成功耦合到南京大学区域边界层模式 (NJU－RBLM) 中, 作为该模式的地表能量平衡参数化方案之一, 分别选取该边界层模式中原有的地表能量平衡参数化方案SVAT (Soil－Vegetation－Atmosphere－Transfer model) 和新引入的TEB方案对冬夏两季不同个例进行模拟, 以常规近地面气温观测资料和Landsat卫星观测的地表反照率资料对模拟结果进行比较, 结果表明: TEB方案对原大气边界层模式的模拟效果有明显改善, 对近地面热力场的改善效果尤为明显, 可以很好地模拟出城市冠层中的“陷阱效应”。 相似文献
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利用中尺度模式WRF（V3.9）对2016年8月17～18日重庆一次城市热岛环流个例进行了数值模拟，探讨了山地城市热岛环流的三维结构和演变特征，分析了热岛环流期间湍流动能和各项湍流通量的特征。结果表明:15:00（北京时，下同）乡村风开始出现，随着热岛强度增强乡村风增大，18:00热岛环流结构最显著，次日02:00热岛环流结构被破坏，仅低层存在微弱的乡村风。其中，重庆市城市热岛环流最强时，水平尺度约城市尺度的1.5～2倍，垂直厚度约1.3 km，水平风速约2～4 m s?1，最大上升速度约0.5 m s?1。受地形、河流以及背景风的影响，环流呈现非对称的结构，且强度较弱。湍流特征分析结果表明，城市区域的湍流动能明显大于其它区域。此外，城市热岛环流通过湍流运动将郊区的水汽输向城市；高层湍流动量补充边界层中因热岛环流发展而造成的动量耗散。 相似文献
18.
M. J. Best C. S. B. Grimmond Maria Gabriella Villani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(3):503-525
The UK Met Office has introduced a new scheme for its urban tile in MOSES 2.2 (Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme version 2.2), which is currently implemented within the operational Met Office weather forecasting model. Here, the performance of the urban tile is evaluated in two urban areas: the historic core of downtown Mexico City and a light industrial site in Vancouver, Canada. The sites differ in terms of building structures and mean building heights. In both cases vegetation cover is less than 5%. The evaluation is based on surface energy balance flux measurements conducted at approximately the blending height, which is the location where the surface scheme passes flux data into the atmospheric model. At both sites, MOSES 2.2 correctly simulates the net radiation, but there are discrepancies in the partitioning of turbulent and storage heat fluxes between predicted and observed values. Of the turbulent fluxes, latent heat fluxes were underpredicted by about one order of magnitude. Multiple model runs revealed MOSES 2.2 to be sensitive to changes in the canopy heat storage and in the ratio between the aerodynamic roughness length and that for heat transfer (temperature). Model performance was optimum with heat capacity values smaller than those generally considered for these sites. The results suggest that the current scheme is probably too simple, and that improvements may be obtained by increasing the complexity of the model. 相似文献
19.
Martin Piringer Sylvain Joffre Alexander Baklanov Andreas Christen Marco Deserti Koen De Ridder Stefan Emeis Patrice Mestayer Maria Tombrou Douglas Middleton Kathrin Baumann-Stanzer Aggeliki Dandou Ari Karppinen Jerzy Burzynski 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(1):3-24
The specific problems of determining and simulating the surface energy balance (SEB) and the mixing height (MH) over urban
areas are examined. The SEB and MH are critical components of algorithms and numerical models for the urban boundary layer,
though the constituent parts of the SEB and the MH are not routinely measured by national weather services. Parameterisations
are thus needed in applications. In this investigation, several recently developed algorithms and models for estimating the
SEB and MH were applied to new datasets and assessed. Results are discussed in terms of the need for spatial resolution and
the parameters needed to describe the urban atmosphere. Limitations of models are identified and recommendations for further
development and observations are given. Having identified gaps in knowledge, key findings from new urban experiments and numerical
modelling for the SEB and MH are given. The diurnal cycle for the SEB is significantly different from rural conditions—urban
heat storage is needed in urban parameterisations. The urban MH is increased over the rural MH, as shown by several numerical
schemes and careful sodar analyses. This work has been carried out within the COST-715 Action “Meteorology applied to urban
air pollution problems (1998–2004). COST 715 reached a consensus proposing representatively sited measurements of meteorological
parameters and turbulent fluxes above roof-tops, and recognised that such data are needed to improve numerical models of the
urban surface processes. 相似文献
20.
This paper analyses the meteorological numerical simulation in Paris during two days (March 10 and 13, 1995) observed during ECLAP (Etude de la Couche Limite en Agglomération Parisienne– the boundary-layer study of the Paris area), a recent measurement campaign over the Paris area, in which both in-situ and remote-sensing devices at urban and rural locations have been deployed in addition to the operational meteorological network. The chosen days are well documented and correspond to different meteorological situations leading to pollution events (regarding wind direction, cloud cover, surface and synoptic inversion strength).Comparisons of three-dimensional mesoscale model results with the ECLAP observation data are presented, focusing on the temperature field and turbulent fluxes along with the urban heat island and the evolution of the mixing height. It is shown that the model correctly reproduces the main characteristics of the temperature field, its diurnal evolution (near the ground and higher up) especially the gradient between Paris and the surrounding countryside. The mixing-height evolutions are in a good agreement with the observations and the model is also able to reproduce the turbulent features of the atmosphere. The small difference observed between the urban and rural mixing-height evolution is also well reproduced. 相似文献