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基于一个全球气-海-冰耦合模式数值模拟结果,对北半球高纬度地区年际尺度的气-海-冰相互作用进行了分析。在所使用的全球气-海-冰耦合模式中,大气环流模式和陆面过程模式来自国家气候中心,海洋环流模式和海冰模式来自中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室。采用一种逐日通量距平耦合方案实现次网格尺度海冰非均匀条件下大气环流模式和海洋环流模式在高纬地区的耦合。只对50 a模拟结果中的后30 a结果进行了分析。在分析中,首先对滤波后的北半球高纬度地区海平面气压、表面大气温度、海表面温度、海冰密集度及海表面感热通量的标准化距平做联合复经验正交函数分解,取第一模进行重建,然后讨论了在一个循环周期(约4 a)中北半球高纬度地区气-海-冰的作用关系。结果表明:(1)当北大西洋涛动处于正位相时,格陵兰海出现南风异常,使表面大气温度升高,海洋失去感热通量减少,海洋表面温度升高,海冰密集度减小;当北大西洋涛动处于负位相时,格陵兰海出现北风异常,使表面大气温度降低,海洋失去感热通量增多,海洋表面温度降低,海冰密集度增加。巴伦支海变化特点与格陵兰海相似,但在时间上并不完全一致。(2)多年平均而言,北冰洋内部靠近极点区域为冷中心。当北冰洋内部为低压异常时,因异常中心偏向太平洋一侧,使北冰洋内部靠近太平洋部分为暖平流异常,靠近大西洋一侧为冷平流异常。伴随着暖、冷平流异常,这两侧分别出现暖异常和冷异常,海表面给大气的感热通量分别偏少和偏多,上述海区海表面温度分别偏高和偏低,海冰密集度分别偏小和偏大。当北冰洋内部为高压异常时特点正好与上述相反。由上述分析结果可知,在海洋、大气年际循环中,大尺度大气环流变率起主导作用,海洋表面温度和海冰密集度变化主要是对大气环流变化的响应。 相似文献
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近来计算机功能和气候模拟能力的进步,为一些模拟小组提供了进行全球海-气耦合气候模式长期积分的可能,为研究在南方涛动和厄尔尼诺现象形成过程中有重要意义的耦合过程创造了条件。本文给出了美国大气研究中心(NCAR)的耦合模式,该模式由全球大气环流谱模式(分辨率为R15)与经纬度间隔为5度的4层全球海洋大环流模式耦合而成。尽管该模式网格较粗糙,但在该耦合模式中具有南方涛动型年变率的固有特征。南方涛动周期的奥秘之一就是它如何使热带太平洋海表温度(SST)由冷变暖而又在春季(北半球)恢复正常。NCAR的耦合模式表明,东太平洋季平均环流的调整导致了该地区冷暖事件的爆发和消亡。该模式的作用机制包括海平面气压(SLP)、海表温度、海表凤应力、海水上翻及对流降水的耦合季距平,这些耦合距平是由于东太平洋海陆差别造成的,与北半球冬季南美海平面气压场(SLP)季节性低压的发展及其(在北半球春季)随太阳作用向西北方向季节循环的移动有关。随着时间的推移,这些距平区出现在热带太平洋最西部并同全球范围的距平分布相联系,它在某些方面类似于所观测到的冷暖事件——南方涛动的两个极值。实测的长期平均季循环中也存在类似的耦合过程组,而且东赤道太平洋的年际变化事件被证明是相似于耦合模式实测值的平均季节循环的调整。降低本模式的耦合程度(通过减弱大气风应力作用的强度)会减少季节的和年际距平特征。如果本模式不考虑太阳作用的季节变化,则会改变冷暖事件的性质和正常的演变规律。由于本模式未能模拟西太平洋的任何实测现象,所以它所模拟的大概只涉及厄尔尼诺-南方涛动几种可能的机制之一。 相似文献
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9000年前古气候的数值模拟研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
本文用大气物理所的全球大气环流模式模拟了9000年前一月份和七月份的古气候.得出:北半球夏季由于地球轨道参数的变化引起的比现在多7％的太阳辐射使得温度升高了,尤其是高纬地区,海陆对比的加强又增强了季风,季风区域降水增加了;而冬季因为太阳辐射在北半球减少了7％,温度变低了.这些结果与现有的古气候证据相一致,并与其他模拟结果进行了较详细的比较,还作了进一步的讨论. 相似文献
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RCP4.5情景下中国季风区及降水变化预估 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
本文使用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)中共46个全球气候模式的数值试验结果,通过对中国区域的年、夏季和冬季降水气候态的模拟能力评估,择优选取了18个气候模式用来预估RCP4.5情景下21世纪中国季风区范围、季风降水及其强度变化。结果表明,相对于1986~2004年参考时段,RCP4.5情景下多数模式和所有模式集合平均在不同时段内均模拟出中国季风区面积、季风降水及其强度的增加趋势,最明显的时段出现在2081~2099年。其中,季风区面积扩张是导致季风降水增加的主要因素。在机制上,热力与动力条件变化均有利于季风降水强度的增加以及更多的水汽进入中国东部,从而引起季风区范围的扩大。 相似文献
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根据以历史物候等文献记载为基础重建的过去2000 a中国东部地区温度变化序列,结合ECHO-G模式所模拟的中国东部过去1000 a温度变化结果,对中国东部年代际和百年际时间尺度的温度变幅进行了分析,并利用小波分析方法对温度百年至千年尺度的准周期波动特征进行了探讨。主要结果有： 1）在年代和百年际尺度上,中国东部的冬半年温度变幅分别达2.0℃以上和0.5～1.0℃之间。其中重建结果显示,在年代和百年际尺度上,20世纪的增暖幅度与20世纪以前曾经出现的最大幅度一致;但模拟结果显示,20世纪的增暖幅度已经超出了20世纪以前曾经出现的最大幅度;2）在百年至千年尺度间,中国东部的温度变化存在准100 a、250 a、400 a、600 a和1000 a等时间尺度的准周期波动。20世纪不但与1-3世纪、9-13世纪一样,同属千年尺度的暖峰,而且在其他百年际时间尺度的波动上也属于暖峰。这说明,20世纪的增暖不能仅归因于人类活动而致的"温室效应"增强,同时它也是气候自然波动的产物。 相似文献
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将新研发的南京信息工程大学地球系统模式(NUIST Earth System Model version 1,NESM1)首次应用于古气候模拟中,在Paleoclmate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III(PMIP3)框架下设计了工业革命前(Pre-industrial,PI)、末次盛冰期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)和增加大陆冰盖(Ice sheets,IS)试验,验证了模式对工业革命前气候和LGM时期气候的模拟能力,并通过增加大陆冰盖试验分析了其对全球季风活动的非对称性影响。结果表明:与PI时期相比,LGM时期的温度和降水均有显著改变。其中,全球平均温度比PI时期降低了4.7℃,全球平均降水减少了0.3 mm·d~(-1),降水对温度变化的敏感性约2.3%·℃~(-1),这与其他耦合模式结果一致。末次盛冰期大陆冰盖对其气候变化有重要贡献,冰盖引起的地表反照率改变与地形抬升作用导致全球平均气温下降1.2℃,降水量减少0.06 mm·d~(-1)。进一步分析表明,末次盛冰期冰盖对全球气候的影响还具有显著南北半球差异,所导致的温度降低和降水减少主要集中在北半球,其中北半球的降温更是高达南半球的5倍;引起北半球季风区年平均降水减少0.24 mm·d~(-1),降水年较差减小0.34 mm·d~(-1),而南半球变化很小。这是由于北半球大幅降温导致的低层水汽含量减小,并与大陆冰盖引起的欧洲大陆和北美大陆反气旋环流共同作用而影响季风活动。在夏季,减少的低层水汽含量与减弱的季风环流使夏季降水显著减少;而在冬季,加强的季风环流能部分抵消水汽含量减小的作用,故冬季降水稍微减弱。此外,在欧洲大陆和北美大陆附近对流层低层反气旋环流作用下,导致亚欧和北美季风活动区域减小。 相似文献
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利用区域气候模式对我国南方百年气温和降水的动力降尺度模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文采用NCAR的WRF3.5.1模式,以NOAA的20世纪再分析资料作为区域气候模式的初始场和侧边界场,对东亚地区进行了百年以上(1900~2010年)尺度、水平分辨率为50 km的动力降尺度数值模拟试验。通过与观测气候资料的对比,分析了驱动场(20世纪再分析资料)和区域气候模式对我国南方地区近50年(1961~2010年)气温和降水的气候平均态的模拟能力。结果表明:经过动力降尺度的区域气候模式试验结果能更好地模拟我国南方地区气温气候平均态和季节循环。WRF模式模拟的气温与观测的气温的空间相关系数均在0.97以上。年平均和夏季,WRF模式模拟的气温与观测的气温的偏差大多介于-1°C到+1°C之间。对于降水,WRF模式显著提高了我国南方降水的模拟能力。和驱动场相比,WRF模式模拟的降水与观测的偏差明显减小。夏季,WRF模式模拟的降水空间相关系数在0.5以上。由此延伸至对近百年我国南方地区三个子区域(华南地区、江淮地区和西南地区)四个时段(1914~1942年、1943~1971年、1972~2000年和2001~2010年)的分析,结果表明区域气候模式动力降尺度的结果在区域平均的气温和降水的模拟数值上与观测比较接近,夏季模拟能力有明显的提高,冬季存在气温模拟偏低的误差。对气温趋势分析表明,在20世纪40年代以后的两个时间段,区域气候模式明显提高了气温变化线性趋势的模拟性能。 相似文献
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10个CMIP5模式对亚澳季风环流及其变率的模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用参加第五次耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5,简称CMIP5)的10个海气耦合模式的输出结果,比较了这些模式对6种季风指数年际变化的模拟能力,并从季风区大气环流场的气候态以及海表温度异常(SSTA)与季风的相关关系两个方面对季风指数的模拟差异原因进行了讨论。得到结论:CMIP5模式对于季风指数年际变化模拟的结果与观测资料差异较大,其中对南亚季风指数(Webster- Yang index)模拟最好,模式集合会显著改进对南亚季风指数的模拟效果;不同模式基本可以描述出各个季风区大气环流场的气候态分布特征;耦合模式对南亚季风指数模拟的关键可能在于对SSTA的年际变化以及SSTA与季风相关关系的准确模拟。 相似文献
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We review here proxy records of temperature and precipitation in China during the Holocene, especially the last two millennia. The quality of proxy data, methodology of reconstruction, and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperature and precipitation reconstruction and clarifying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene. The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet. The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP, whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.0-5.0 cal ka BP. There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes. During past two millennia, a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected, but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene. Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age （AD 1400-AD 1900）, but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period （AD 900-AD 1300） was not distinct in China, especially west China. The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China, especially east China. The modern warm period has lasted 20 years from 1987 to 2006. Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium. 相似文献
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We review here proxy records of temperatare and precipitation in China during the Holocene,especially the last two millennia.The quality of proxy data,methodology of reconstruction,and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperatare and precipitation reconstruction and clarilying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene.The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet.The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP,whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.O-5.0 cal ka BP.There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes.During past two millennia,a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected,but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene.Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age (AD 1400-AD 1900),but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period(AD 900-AD 1300)was not distinct in China,especially west China.The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China,especially east China.The modern warm period has lasted 20、years from 1987 to 2006.Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium. 相似文献
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杨保 《气候变化研究进展》2007,3(Z1):31-34
Temperature variations on the Tibetan Plateau during the last millennium are revealed by comparing a Qamdo tree-ring δ13C, the Dasuopu ice-core δ18O series, and a previous composite temperature reconstruction. Results show that an obvious warm period during 1200-1400 AD corresponds to the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) when summer temperature was 1.2℃ higher than the recent 1000 years average, and a cool phase from 1400 to 1700 AD, with summer temperature being 0.5℃lower than long-term average, can be correlated to the Little Ice Age (LIA). The 13th century was the warmest phase during the past 1000 years, while the coldest period occurred during 1000-1200 AD. The 20th century warming was characterized by rapid winter temperature rise while summer temperature at that time displayed a slight downward trend. 相似文献
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文章对近年来有关全球气候变暖中一些问题的研究进展作了总结，主要结论如下:全球平均地面气温在过去一百年来上升0.5℃。80年代是近百年来最暖的10年。90年代初继续变暖。1990年是近百年来最暖的一年。1991年仅次於1990年。但是近百年气候变暖的幅度仍未超过自然变率。近千年中，中世纪暖期（900—1300年）的温暖程度就可能与20世纪相当，而小冰期（1550—1850年）气温则可能比20世纪低1.0—1.5℃。已经证实，对几十年到几百年尺度，太阳活动强时太阳总辐射也强，但变化幅度尚待进一步确定。强火山爆 相似文献
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Dan Zhang Richard Blender Xiuhua Zhu Klaus Fraedrich 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(3-4):387-399
Regional temperature anomalies in China during 800?C2005 ad in an ensemble simulation with the atmosphere?Cocean general circulation model ECHAM5/MPIOM subject to anthropogenic and natural forcings are compared to reconstructions. In a mutual assessment of three reconstructed data sets and two ensemble simulations with different solar forcings, a reconstructed data set and a simulated ensemble for weak solar variability are selected for further comparison. Temperature variability in the selected simulated and reconstructed data shows a continuous power spectrum with weak long-term memory. The simulation reveals weak long-term anomaly periods known as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA), and the Modern Warming (MW) in the three considered regions: Northeast, Southeast, and West China. The ensemble spread yields an uncertainty of ±0.5°C in all regions. The simulated temperature varies nearly synchronously in all three regions, whereas reconstructed data hint to increased decadal variability in the West and centennial variability in the Northeast. Cold periods are found in 1200?C1300 and in 1600?C1900 ad in all regions. The coldest anomalies which are caused by volcanic eruptions in the beginnings of the thirteenth and the nineteenth centuries are only partly consistent with reconstructed data. After 1800, the annual cycle reduces in the Northeast and on the Tibetan plateau, whereas the eastern Pacific shows an enhanced summer?Cwinter contrast. 相似文献
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Youbing Peng 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(3):25-29
利用古水文动力同化数据(PHYDA)研究了过去千年中国东部年代际-百年尺度干湿变化特征.结果表明,对比其它重建数据PHYDA在百年尺度上对小冰期前期中国东部干湿变化的再现能力最好,其对这一时期发生的年代际干旱事件包括1352-90年,1445-98年,1580-94年和1626-65年干旱事件的再现能力也最强.通过与强迫因子的对比和同归分析,发现1350年后中国东部百年尺度干事变化主要受北大西洋年代际振荡影响,而年代际干旱事件的主导因子则是厄尔尼诺和负位相的北大西洋年代际振荡. 相似文献
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The Medieval Warm Period is an interval of purportedly warm climate during the early part of the past millennium. The duration, areal extent, and even existence of the Medieval Warm Period have been debated; in some areas the climate of this interval appears to have been affected more by changes in precipitation than in temperature. Here, we provide new evidence showing that several glaciers in western North America advanced during Medieval time and that some glaciers achieved extents similar to those at the peak of the Little Ice Age, many hundred years later. The advances cannot be reconciled with a climate similar to that of the twentieth century, which has been argued to be an analog, and likely were the result of increased winter precipitation due to prolonged La Niña-like conditions that, in turn, may be linked to elevated solar activity. Changes in solar output may initiate a response in the tropical Pacific that directly impacts the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and associated North Pacific teleconnections. 相似文献
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Interdecadal Variability of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Its Possible Links to Global Climate Change 
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下载免费PDF全文 DING Yihui LIU Yanju LIANG Sujie MA Xiaoqing ZHANG Yingxian SI Dong LIANG Ping SONG Yafang ZHANG Jin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(5):693-713
This paper presents a concise summary of the studies on interdecadal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) from three main perspectives. (1) The EAWM has been significantly affected by global climate change. Winter temperature in China has experienced three stages of variations from the beginning of the 1950s: a cold period (from the beginning of the 1950s to the early or mid 1980s), a warm period (from the early or mid 1980s to the early 2000s), and a hiatus period in recent 10 years (starting from 1998). The strength of the EAWM has also varied in three stages: a stronger winter monsoon period (1950 to 1986/87), a weaker period (1986/87 to 2004/05), and a strengthening period (from 2005). (2) Corresponding to the interdecadal variations of the EAWM, the East Asian atmospheric circulation, winter temperature of China, and the occurrence of cold waves over China have all exhibited coherent interdecadal variability. The upper-level zonal circulation was stronger, the mid-tropospheric trough over East Asia was deeper with stronger downdrafts behind the trough, and the Siberian high was stronger during the cold period than during the warm period. (3) The interdecadal variations of the EAWM seem closely related to major modes of variability in the atmospheric circulation and the Pacific sea surface temperature. When the Northern Hemisphere annular mode/Arctic Oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation were in negative (positive) phase, the EAWM was stronger (weaker), leading to colder (warmer) temperatures in China. In addition, the negative (positive) phase of the Atlantic multi decadal oscillation coincided with relatively cold (warm) temperatures and stronger (weaker) EAWMs. It is thus inferred that the interdecadal variations in the ocean may be one of the most important natural factors influencing long-term variability in the EAWM, although global warming may have also played a significant role in weakening the EAWM. 相似文献
19.
An Observational Analysis of the Oceanic and Atmospheric Structure of Global-Scale Multi-decadal Variability简 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The aim of the present study was to identify multi-decadal variability （MDV） relative to the current centennial global warming trend in available observation data.The centennial global wanning trend was first identified in the global mean surface temperature （STgm） data.The MDV was identified based on three sets of climate variables,including sea surface temperature （SST）,ocean temperature from the surface to 700 m,and the NCEP and ERA40 reanalysis datasets,respectively.All variables were detrended and low-pass filtered.Through three independent EOF analyses of the filtered variables,all results consistently showed two dominant modes,with their respective temporal variability resembling the Pacific Decadal Oscillation/Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation （PDO/IPO） and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation （AMO）.The spatial structure of the PDO-like oscillation is characterized by an ENSO-like structure and hemispheric symmetric features.The structure associated with the AMO-like oscillation exhibits hemispheric asymmetric features with anomalous warm air over Eurasia and warm SST in the Atlantic and Pacific basin north of 10°S,and cold SST over the southern oceans.The Pacific and Atlantic MDV in upper-ocean temperature suggest that they are mutually linked.We also found that the PDO-like and AMO-like oscillations are almost equally important in global-scale MDV by EOF analyses.In the period 1975-2005,the evolution of the two oscillations has given rise to strong temperature trends and has contributed almost half of the STgm warming.Hereon,in the next decade,the two oscillations are expected to slow down the global warming trends. 相似文献
20.
Jian Liu Bin Wang So-Young Yim June-Yi Lee Jong-Ghap Jhun Kyung-Ja Ha 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(5):1063-1072
The global summer monsoon precipitation (GSMP) provides a fundamental measure for changes in the annual cycle of the climate system and hydroclimate. We investigate mechanisms governing decadal-centennial variations of the GSMP over the past millennium with a coupled climate model’s (ECHO-G) simulation forced by solar-volcanic (SV) radiative forcing and greenhouse gases (GHG) forcing. We show that the leading mode of GSMP is a forced response to external forcing on centennial time scale with a globally uniform change of precipitation across all monsoon regions, whereas the second mode represents internal variability on multi-decadal time scale with regional characteristics. The total amount of GSMP varies in phase with the global mean temperature, indicating that global warming is accompanied by amplification of the annual cycle of the climate system. The northern hemisphere summer monsoon precipitation (NHSMP) responds to GHG forcing more sensitively, while the southern hemisphere summer monsoon precipitation (SHSMP) responds to the SV radiative forcing more sensitively. The NHSMP is enhanced by increased NH land–ocean thermal contrast and NH-minus-SH thermal contrast. On the other hand, the SHSMP is strengthened by enhanced SH subtropical highs and the east–west mass contrast between Southeast Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean. The strength of the GSMP is determined by the factors controlling both the NHSMP and SHSMP. Intensification of GSMP is associated with (a) increased global land–ocean thermal contrast, (b) reinforced east–west mass contrast between Southeast Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean, and (c) enhanced circumglobal SH subtropical highs. The physical mechanisms revealed here will add understanding of future change of the global monsoon. 相似文献