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1.
北方土地利用变化对中国夏季气候可能影响的敏感性试验   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为考察中国北方地区当代土地利用变化对中国夏季气候的可能影响,以区域气候模式RegCM3为模拟工具,利用1992年和1999年的土地利用资料,进行了中国地区植被覆盖变化的敏感性试验。结果表明,中国北方地区土地利用/植被覆盖的改变,将通过影响大气环流和改变陆地—大气或植被—大气之间的能量平衡状态等,对降水和气温等产生较大影响。  相似文献   

2.
欧亚大陆春季植被状况与东亚夏季大气环流的显著联系   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
地表植被覆盖的变化能通过改变陆面参数,以及生地化循环过程,对区域和全球气候产生重要影响.文中利用1982-2002年欧亚大陆春季归一化植被指数(NDVI)和欧洲中期数值天气预报中心再分析资料,采用奇异值分解分析方法,研究欧亚大陆春季植被状况与东亚夏季大气环流的关系.结果表明,贝加尔湖以西区域(55°-65°N,60°-100°E)春季植被状况与东亚夏季大气环流存在显著联系.当春季该区植被指数偏高时,在对流层高层从巴尔喀什湖、贝加尔湖至日本北部,以及中国华南和中南半岛上空存在显著的纬向风正异常,中国华北地区和江淮地区以北为显著负异常,异常中心自北向南依次为"正-负-正"分布,说明东亚夏季200 hPa西风急流轴偏南;相应的在对流层中层15°-25°N地区西风偏强,伴随偏强上升气流,而在25°-42°N地区西风偏弱,并且在32°N附近存在显著下沉气流;在对流层低层,中国江淮流域以北、华北及贝加尔湖以东地区存在明显的反气旋型风场异常,而华南存在东北风异常.这种环流特征说明东亚夏季风偏弱,雨带偏南,并且使得中国华南降水偏多,华南以北大部分地区降水偏少,同时中国东南以及青藏高原东南部温度偏低,而中国北方以及江淮流域温度偏高.欧亚大陆春季植被状况与东亚夏季风的显著关系为东亚夏季风预测提供了有用的帮助.  相似文献   

3.
中国西部植被覆盖变化对北方夏季气候影响的数值模拟   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
陈军明  赵平  郭晓寅 《气象学报》2010,68(2):173-181
植被覆盖的变化是气候变化的成因之一,植被改变对气候的反馈可能会加强或者减缓气候的变化.文中利用CCM3全球气候模式以及20世纪70年代和90年代中国西部的植被覆盖资料进行数值模拟试验,研究了这两个时期植被变化对北方夏季区域气候的影响.模拟结果表明:植被增加的地方,地面吸收的辐射通量增加;植被减少的地方,地面吸收的辐射通量减少.地面辐射平衡的变化造成局地大气热量异常,并引起周边大气热量的调整,从而导致东亚地区夏季大气环流异常.相对于70年代的植被状况,用90年代植被模拟的北方地区对流层上层为异常气旋性环流,而中、低层为异常反气旋环流,东北亚到中国东部盛行异常北风,同时西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏南.这种异常环流特征说明模拟的90年代中国东部夏季风明显减弱,异常的环流形势造成华北和东北地区夏季水汽输送减少,水汽辐合减弱,年降水量减少了40 mm,呈现减少的特征,这是和观测事实是比较吻合的.降水和环流的异常还造成华北和东北夏季平均地面气温降低了0.4-0.8℃.因此近30年来中国西部植被变化可能是东亚夏季风年代际变化以及北方夏季降水减少的一个重要因素.  相似文献   

4.
冬季风控制东亚大陆长达半年之久,对东亚地区冬、夏季环流变化有十分重要的制约作用,而东亚冬季风不仅是全球最强大的冬季风,也是北半球冬季最活跃的环流系统,它的异常变化可以引起全球冬季大气环流的变化,强东亚冬季风不仅会给东亚带来寒潮、低温冷害、冰冻雨雪等灾害性天气,也与中国北方春季沙尘天气和夏季洪涝灾害天气等紧密相连。  相似文献   

5.
春季Hadley环流与长江流域夏季降水关系的数值模拟   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
观测分析表明,春季Hadley环流异常可以导致东亚大气环流异常变化进而影响长江流域夏季降水的发生.利用中国科学院大气物理研究所9层大气环流模式(IAP9L-AGCM),对春季Hadley环流异常偏强情形下东亚夏季大气环流和长江流域夏季降水的响应进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明当春季Hadley环流异常偏强时,东亚夏季风减弱,夏季西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压加强,菲律宾以东洋面对流减弱,长江流域降水增多.初步的数值模拟结果与已有的诊断结果相吻合.  相似文献   

6.
土壤湿度初始异常对东亚区域气候模拟影响的敏感性试验   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用耦合了CLM3.5陆面模式的区域气候模式RegCM4.0,通过敏感性试验,探讨了人为减小春季初始土壤体积水含量对短期时间尺度东亚夏季气候模拟的可能影响。结果表明:较低的初始土壤湿度场能够明显改变区域的地表能量平衡,引起地表净长波辐射和感热通量的显著增加,进而加强了地表对大气的加热,因而引起东亚大范围地区特别是中国东部、印度北部和中亚地区地表温度、气温的升高。与气温不同,初始土壤湿度场对降水的影响很小而且有较大的不确定性,同时偏暖的下垫面使得对流层中高层出现暖高压异常,但这些影响均不显著。综合来看,土壤湿度初始场的初始异常,对RegCM4.0 模式东亚气候模拟的结果有一定影响,特别是在地表温度、气温和能量平衡方面,应在以后的模拟中加以考虑。  相似文献   

7.
运用区域气候模式RegCM3耦合入一个化学过程,对东亚地区三类人为排放气溶胶(硫酸盐、黑碳和有机碳)的时空分布特征及其对夏季风环流的影响进行了数值模拟研究.模拟结果显示,气溶胶的引入会引起东亚地区夏季850 hPa风场发生改变,我国江淮以东洋面上空出现了一个气旋式距平环流中心,中心以西的偏北风气流将削弱东亚地区夏季西南季风.通过讨论春季中国地区气溶胶浓度与夏季东亚地区850 hPa经向风的时滞关系,以及夏季中国地区气溶胶浓度与同期东亚地区850 hPa经向风的关系,可以发现,春、夏季中国地区气溶胶浓度均与夏季东亚地区850hPa经向风有很好的负相关关系,当春季中国北方和夏季中国南方地区气溶胶浓度增加时,中国东部地区夏季偏南季风减弱.这可能与气溶胶改变了大气层顶和地表的辐射强迫,进而引起了海陆气压差异和位势高度场的变化有关.  相似文献   

8.
植被覆盖变化对区域气候影响的研究进展   总被引:31,自引:4,他引:31  
陆面植被覆盖变化作为全球及区域气候变化的重要影响因素之一,在近几十年来逐渐受到科学家们的关注,特别是通过大量的数值模拟研究了不同陆面覆盖状况对大气和气候变化的影响,取得了重要进展。研究结果普遍认为,植被覆盖变化通过改变地表反照率、粗糙度和土壤湿度等地表属性,从而影响辐射平衡、水分平衡等过程,最终可以导致区域降水、环流形势及大气温度、湿度等气候变化。总结了近十年国内外的相关研究及初步成果,尤其是植被变化对中国区域气候的影响,大部分研究认为,大范围植被退化使我国地表温度升高,东亚夏季风环流减弱,降水减少,使华北干旱加剧。同时指出了研究中存在问题及今后的工作重点。  相似文献   

9.
本文采用CAM3.0模式研究东亚地区各种气溶胶浓度增加后对于东亚春季各气候要素,尤其是对降水和春季风场的影响。在模式中通过分别对区域(20~50°N,100~150°E)内黑碳气溶胶浓度单独加倍、硫酸盐气溶胶浓度单独加倍、两种气溶胶浓度同时加倍的实验方法,探讨不同气溶胶浓度变化在东亚春季气候变化中的具体作用。结果表明:在春季,3种气溶胶浓度增加方式都使得东亚地区表现出降水中南部减少北部增加,低层大气西南风异常以及地面温度南部增加北部减少。通过对110~120°E的断面分析发现,硫酸盐与黑碳气溶胶在春季首先影响约800 hPa以上大气的温度并通过不同的动力机制影响东亚地区的风场,风场的改变进而导致了云量和降水在东亚北方地区增多而中南部地区减少,并最终使得地面温度表现出东亚中南部地区增温而北方地区相对降温的特征。  相似文献   

10.
春夏东亚大气环流年代际转折的影响及其可能机理   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文通过多变量联合经验正交分解(MV-EOF)方法揭示了近30年(1979~2010年) 春季和夏季东亚大气环流所发生的年代际转折及其与中国南方降水年代际季节反相变化的内在联系,探讨了局地性大气热源年代际变化影响东亚大气环流年代际转折的可能机理.结果表明:(1)东亚大气环流春季第一模态和夏季第二模态在90年代中期都发生了明显的年代际转折;(2)与春季大气环流第一模态和夏季大气环流第二模态年代际转折相对应的是中国南方降水明显的年代际季节反相变化,即春季降水年代际减少,夏季降水年代际增多;(3)春季青藏高原和夏季贝加尔湖地区大气热源年代际变化对东亚大气环流年代际转折有一定贡献,是造成中国南方降水年代际季节反相变化的直接原因;(4)春季青藏高原大气热源的年代际减弱,使得高原东南侧的西南风减弱,导致中国南方上空水汽输送不足,春季降水减少.夏季贝加尔湖大气热源偶极型分布由“南负北正”转变为“南正北负”,由此在贝湖上空激发高压异常,使得夏季雨带北进受阻而停滞南方,造成中国南方夏季降水增多.  相似文献   

11.
This study aims at (1) exploring dominant atmospheric dynamical processes which are responsible for climate model-simulated land-use impacts on Asian monsoon; and (2) assessing uncertainty in such model simulations due to their skills in simulating detailed monsoon circulations in the region. Firstly, results from a series of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) global model simulations of land-use vegetation changes (LUC) in China are analysed. The model showed consistent signals of changes in atmospheric low-level vertical profile and regional circulations responding to LUC. In northern winter, the model-simulated rainfall reduction and surface cooling are associated with an enhanced southward penetration of dry and cold air mass, which impedes warm and humid air reaching the region for generating cold-front rainfall. In its summer, an enhanced cyclonic circulation responding to LUC further blocks the northeast penetration of southwestly summer monsoon flow into the region and results in rainfall decreases and a surface warming. Secondly, we have explored uncertainties in the proposed mechanism operating in the global model. By comparing its results with a set of high-resolution regional model simulations using the same vegetation datasets, it reveals similar changes in winter rainfall but opposite features in summer rainfall responses. In the global model, there is a cyclonic low-level circulation pattern over the South China Sea and adjacent region, an unsatisfactory feature commonly seen in other global climate models. With the reduction in surface roughness following LUC, such a deficiency becomes more prominent which further results in a weakened south/southwestly summer monsoon flow and rainfall reduction. In contrast, in the regional model, its southwestly summer monsoon flow is further enhanced due to the same process as reduced surface roughness. The enhanced monsoon flow further pushes the East Asian monsoon rainfall belt more northward and increases summer rainfall in the Yangtze River region. This study highlights the need for better monsoon simulations in climate models to produce reliable climate change projections in the region.  相似文献   

12.
Using a regional climate model with detailed land surface processes (RegCM2), East Asian monsoon climates at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP are simulated by prescribing vegetation and employing paleovegetation respectively in order to examine land surface effects on East Asian climate system and the potential mechanisms for climate change. The RegCM2 with a 120 × 120 km2 resolution has simulated the enlargement of the seasonal cycle of insolation, the temperature rising the whole year, and the reduction of perpetual snow in high latitudes at 6 ka BP. The simulation shows the East Asian summer monsoon strengthening, precipitation and PE increasing, and the monsoon rain belt shifting westwards and northwards. Effect of paleovegetation included in the modeling reduced surface albedo and caused an increase in the winter temperature, which led to weakening of the winter continental cold anticyclone over China. The results make the seasonal characteristics of simulated temperature changes in better agreement with the geological records, and are an improvement over previous simulations of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The RegCM2 simulated the 21 ka BP climate with lowered temperature throughout the year, and with precipitation reduced in most areas of East Asia (but increased in both the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia). Low temperature over East Asia led to the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon and the shrinking of the summer monsoon. The effect of paleovegetation included in the experiment has enlarged the glacial climate influence in East Asia, which is closer to geological data than the PMIP simulations directly driven by insolation, glaciation and low CO2 concentration.  相似文献   

13.
孙岚  吴国雄  孙菽芬 《气象学报》2000,58(2):179-193
利用陆面过程模式 SSi B与 IAP/LASG发展的 L9R1 5AGCM的耦合 1 0 a积分试验 ,研究了全球尺度大气与地表的水分和能量交换以及陆地与大气环流和气候的相互作用。模拟表明 :SSi B模式可模拟出陆地上较为真实的表面通量及其日变化 ,较好地定量描述土壤 -植被 -大气连续体系 ( SPAC)中能量和水分的传输过程。因此 ,将其引入气候模式中能够模拟出比 CTL- AGCM更合理的气候平均状态、水汽分布以及水汽输送的气候特征 ,特别是亚洲夏季风水汽输送独特的地域性 ,再现了大气环流 ,尤其是陆面气候的基本特征。并指出 ,陆面过程参数化的引进及其陆面状况的变化显著地改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。利用改进的再循环降水模式 ,进一步研究了陆面过程参数化明显改进降水模拟的物理机制。指出全球陆地 ,特别是盛夏北半球干旱、半干旱地区的再循环降水率明显减小 ,与陆面上表面潜热通量的显著减小区一致 ,从而克服了许多未耦合陆面过程的 AGCMs因对地表水过程非常简单地参数化导致的普遍存在着整个陆地降水偏高 ,改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。因此 ,在充分耦合的陆气环流模式中模拟的降水分布与实况接近。  相似文献   

14.
杨辉  陈隽  孙淑清 《大气科学》2005,29(3):396-408
利用海气耦合和大气气候模式研究东亚冬季风异常对夏季环流的影响, 结果表明, 东亚冬季风异常对于后期环流及海洋状态异常都起了很大的作用.一般情况下, 强的冬季风与后期弱的东亚夏季风和较强的南海季风相对应.与强(弱)冬季风异常相关的风应力的改变可以使热带太平洋海温从冬季至夏季呈现La Nina (El Nio)型异常分布.试验得到的由冬季风异常所产生的海洋及夏季环流的变化与实况是相当接近的.在异常的冬季风偏北风分量强迫下, 西太平洋上形成的偏差气旋环流在夏季已不存在, 这时东亚夏季风反而增强.而冬季赤道西风分量所产生的影响, 则在西太平洋上形成显著的偏差气旋环流, 使东亚副热带夏季风减弱, 南海夏季风加强.对于东亚大气环流而言, 与强弱冬季风对应的热带海洋海温异常强迫下, 不仅是冬季, 后期春季和夏季环流的特征都能得到很好的模拟.但是从分区看, 西太平洋暖池区的海温异常比东太平洋更为重要.单纯的热带中东太平洋的海温异常对东亚大气环流的影响主要表现在冬季, 对后期的影响并不十分清楚.整个热带海洋的异常型分布(不论是El Nio还是La Nia)型, 对冬夏季风的影响是重要的, 而单纯的某个地区的海温异常都比它的整体影响要小.从试验结果看, 海温在大尺度冬夏季环流的隔季相关中起了十分重要的作用.  相似文献   

15.
中国区域陆面覆盖变化的气候效应模拟研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
基于MODIS和CLCV陆面覆盖资料,利用区域气候模式RegCM4分别进行两组24年(1978-2001年)的数值模拟试验,研究中国区域陆面覆盖变化对区域气候的影响。结果表明,以荒漠化和植被退化为主要特征的陆面覆盖变化通过改变陆面能量、水分平衡与大尺度环流进而对气候要素产生重要影响。夏季,中国南方地区普遍降温,季风边缘区及藏北高原气温升高,降水减少;季风边缘区与西北地区气温年际波动加剧;内蒙古中东部地区西南风增强,进而水汽输送增强,一定程度上增加了该地区降水。冬季,中国东部地区偏北气流增强,更多干燥冷空气南下,使得黄河以南地区降水减少、气温降低。  相似文献   

16.
利用东亚清洁背景站近地面臭氧观测资料,结合风场和降水资料,分析东亚各地区臭氧的多年季节变化特征,并探讨东亚太平洋地区臭氧的季节和年际变化与季风的关系以及影响近地层臭氧的主要因子。结果表明:东亚大部分地区与北半球背景站观测一致,近地层臭氧季节变化表现为春季最高、夏季最低的特征;但在东亚中纬度33~43°N,臭氧表现为夏季最高,而在东亚20°N以南地区臭氧则表现为冬末、春初最高。东亚太平洋沿岸近地面臭氧的季节变化主要受东亚冬、夏季风环流的季节变化控制。该地区不同纬度上春季峰值出现时间的差异与亚洲大陆春季不同时期污染物输送路径的差异有关。对东亚太平洋沿岸对流层顶附近位势涡度、高空急流和垂直环流季节变化的分析表明,冬春季可能是平流层向对流层输送的最强期,对近地面臭氧贡献最大。初夏至秋季(5-11月),平流层向对流层输送较弱,对近地面臭氧贡献较小。东亚太平洋地区夏季风爆发的时间和强度以及季风环流型的年际差异是导致该地区春、夏季臭氧年际变化的主要原因;而季风降水和云带位置以及平流层一对流层交换是造成臭氧年际变化的其他原因。  相似文献   

17.
Recent Progress in the Impact of the Tibetan Plateau on Climate in China   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
Studies of the impacts of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on climate in China in the last four years are reviewed. It is reported that temperature and precipitation over the TP have increased during recent decades. From satellite data analysis, it is demonstrated that most of the precipitation over the TP is from deep convection clouds. Moreover, the huge TP mechanical forcing and extraordinary elevated thermal forcing impose remarkable impacts upon local circulation and global climate. In winter and spring, stream flow is deflected by a large obstacle and appears as an asymmetric dipole, making East Asia much colder than mid Asia in winter and forming persistent rainfall in late winter and early spring over South China. In late spring, TP heating contributes to the establishment and intensification of the South Asian high and the abrupt seasonal transition of the surrounding circulations. In summer, TP heating in conjunction with the TP air pump cause the deviating stream field to resemble a cyclonic spiral, converging towards and rising over the TP. Therefore, the prominent Asian monsoon climate over East Asia and the dry climate over mid Asia in summer are forced by both TP local forcing and Eurasian continental forcing.
Due to the longer memory of snow and soil moisture, the TP thermal status both in summer and in late winter and spring can influence the variation of Eastern Asian summer rainfall. A combined index using both snow cover over the TP and the ENSO index in winter shows a better seasonal forecast.
On the other hand, strong sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau in spring contributes significantly to anchor the earliest Asian monsoon being over the eastern Bay of Bengal (BOB) and the western Indochina peninsula. Qualitative prediction of the BOB monsoon onset was attempted by using the sign of meridional temperature gradient in March in the upper troposphere, or at 400 hPa over the TP. It is also demonstrated by a numerical experiment and theoretical study that the heating over the TP lea  相似文献   

18.
This study aims at exploring potential impacts of land-use vegetation change (LUC) on regional climate variability and extremes. Results from a pair of Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) climate model 54-yr (1949-2002) integrations have been analysed. In the model experiments, two vegetation datasets are used, with one representing current vegetation coverage in China and the other approximating its potential coverage without human intervention. The model results show potential impacts ...  相似文献   

19.
植被覆盖异常变化影响陆面状况的数值模拟   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15  
利用NCAR最新的公用陆面模式CLM3.0,通过数值模拟初步研究了植被叶面积指数(LAI,leafareaindex)异常变化对陆面状况的可能影响,结果表明,植被LAI的异常变化能够引起地表能量平衡、地表水循环等陆面状况的异常。(1)植被LAI的异常变化主要影响太阳辐射在植被与地表之间的分配,以及地表的感热、潜热通量。植被LAI增大,能够引起植被吸收的太阳辐射增加,而到达土壤表面的太阳辐射减小,并导致植被的蒸发、蒸腾潜热通量增加,造成地表的蒸发潜热和感热通量不同程度的减小。(2)植被LAI增大时,植被对降水的拦截和植被叶面的蒸发增大,植被的蒸腾作用也明显增强;植被LAI增加会使得热带地区各个季节的土壤表面蒸发、地表径流减小,而土壤湿度有所增加;LAI增加造成中高纬度地区土壤蒸发的减少主要出现在夏季;LAI增加还能够引起中高纬地区冬、春积雪深度不同程度的增加,造成春末、夏初地表径流的增加。(3)植被LAI增加能够使得叶面和土壤温度有所下降,但植被LAI的变化对叶面、土壤温度的影响相对较小。  相似文献   

20.
With the twentieth century analysis data (1901–2002) for atmospheric circulation, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature (SST), we show that the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) during boreal summer is a major mode of the earth climate variation linking to global atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate anomalies, especially the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer land monsoon. Associated with a positive APO phase are the warm troposphere over the Eurasian land and the relatively cool troposphere over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Such an amplified land–ocean thermal contrast between the Eurasian land and its adjacent oceans signifies a stronger than normal NH summer monsoon, with the strengthened southerly or southwesterly monsoon prevailing over tropical Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. A positive APO implies an enhanced summer monsoon rainfall over all major NH land monsoon regions: West Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and Mexico. Thus, APO is a sensible measure of the NH land monsoon rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation appears over the arid and semiarid regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia, manifesting the monsoon-desert coupling. On the other hand, surrounded by the cool troposphere over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the extratropical North America has weakened low-level continental low and upper-level ridge, hence a deficient summer rainfall. Corresponding to a high APO index, the African and South Asian monsoon regions are wet and cool, the East Asian monsoon region is wet and hot, and the extratropical North America is dry and hot. Wet and dry climates correspond to wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. The APO is also associated with significant variations of SST in the entire Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic during boreal summer, which resembles the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in SST. Of note is that the Pacific SST anomalies are not present throughout the year, rather, mainly occur in late spring, peak at late summer, and are nearly absent during boreal winter. The season-dependent APO–SST relationship and the origin of the APO remain elusive.  相似文献   

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