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一种快速高效的逐线积分大气吸收计算方法 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
本文发展了一种新的计算大气气体吸收系数以及冷却率的快速数值方法, 并对影响逐线 积分精度和计算时间的各种因子进行了详细研究。以大气主要吸收气体CO-215 μm带的 500～800 cm-1波段为例,将新方法计算的吸收系数、大气透过率和冷却率结果与经 典的逐线积分方法进行了比较。对从地面到100 km范围的整层大气,大气透过率的 误差不超过0.0004;对70 km以下的大气,大气冷却率的误差不超过0.004 K/d,而计算时 间却节省1～2个数量级左右。 相似文献
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利用精确的逐线积分模式,研究了大气主要温室气体H2O、CO2、O3、N2O和CH4吸收带重叠对红外冷却率的影响。同时,通过CO2浓度加倍的敏感性试验,详细讨论了重叠效应对CO2辐射效应的影响。结果表明：气体吸收带重叠对大气红外辐射计算具有重要的影响。在这5种大气主要的吸收气体中,N2O和CH4的重叠效应对总冷却率影响很小,在实际应用中可以忽略两者的重叠作用,采用近似方法处理其贡献。重叠效应对CO2辐射效应影响的总趋势是减弱由于其浓度增加而导致的温室效应的增强,主要贡献来自于CO2 15 μm带的两翼,以及以960 cm-1和1064 cm-1为中心的次级弱吸收区。在垂直方向上,重叠效应主要表现在减弱了地表大气的增温强度,并使对流层大气由原来的冷却作用转变为增暖作用,而对平流层大气的影响很小。此外,由于大气H2O含量的变化,重叠效应还表现出明显的季节性和纬度变率。 相似文献
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太阳辐射计探测晴空水汽总量方法研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文给出使用多波长太阳辐射计在0.94 μm水汽弱吸收带测量太阳透射辐射得出大气垂程水汽含量的方法。使用LOWTRAN 7建立仪器0.94 μm的水汽吸收带平均透过率表达式。提出了用两个相邻波长通道的线性近似消除气溶胶和瑞利散射的影响。对太阳辐射计与气象探空仪探测大气垂程水汽量的实验结果做了比较。 相似文献
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大气二氧化碳（CO2）探测仪（ACGS, Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Grating Spectrometer）搭载于中国全球二氧化碳观测科学试验卫星（TanSat）,通过探测0.76 μm、1.61 μm、2.06 μm波段的反射太阳光谱,采用最优估计算法反演大气CO2浓度。满足高光谱分辨率和高精度CO2浓度反演需求,精确探测光谱波长的变化非常重要。本文以高分辨率太阳参考光谱的夫朗禾费吸收线作为参考基准,利用ACGS对太阳的观测光谱计算了ACGS三个谱段通道中心波长位置在一年内的变化情况。结果显示,三个谱段的波长变化在光谱分辨率10%以内,满足光谱定标精度需求。这种变化可能是由于仪器在轨状态变化引起,特别是在轨运行温度变化引起的。ACGS波长的微小变化需要在产品反演中进行修正。基于独立太阳夫琅禾费吸收线的在轨光谱定标方法不仅可以有效监测ACGS的光谱稳定性,还可以为L2产品的处理的提供参考信息。 相似文献
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卫星测量地面或云面反射的氧气0.76μm吸收带一些通道的太阳辐亮度，可遥测洋面或地面气压场及云顶气压。由于洋面或地面气压相对变化约10-3量级，用“К分布法”计算氧气通道透过率要求较高的精度和速度。提高“К分布法”计算精度的途径是:①减少产生误差的简化计算；②增加截点数，特别是波段内吸收线较多、吸收系数变化较复杂的通道。假设在卫星上用干涉光谱仪测量氧气0.76μm吸收带一些通道的带宽均为1cm-1，在12930~13220cm-1范围内，选190个波段，计算不同温度廓线下通道的平均透过率。大部分通道“К分布法”的截点数N≤20，个别通道氧气吸收线较多，吸收系数变化较复杂，为了使“К分布法”通道平均透过率的计算误差小于10-4，需增加通道内截点数N，N最多为136，与逐线计算结果相比，通道垂直透过率的最大均方差小于3×10-5。计算透过率的速度和精度都满足反演计算的要求。 相似文献
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大气透过率的计算是红外辐射传输计算的核心,RTTOV（Radiative Transfer for TOVS）通过建立大气廓线中温度、水汽、臭氧和其他气体浓度等参数与卫星通道透过率的统计关系,可实现卫星通道透过率和大气顶辐射率的快速准确计算。但在一些复杂吸收波段,如水汽波段,RTTOV的计算误差较大。为提高RTTOV在水汽敏感波段的计算精度,利用机器学习中的梯度提升树（Gradient Boosting Tree,GBT）方法,选取从ECMWF（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts）的IFS-137（The Integrated Forecast System,137-level-profile）廓线集中挑选的1406条廓线和由此计算的透过率真值作为样本,选取风云三号气象卫星上搭载的红外分光计（InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder,IRAS）通道12（7.33 μm）进行个例研究,分别建立陆地和海洋晴空大气等压面至大气层顶透过率的快速计算模型（GBT模型）。通过和透过率、亮温真值的比较,验证了GBT模型。比较结果显示,GBT模型预测的透过率平均绝对误差（Mean Absolute Error,MAE）为:陆地0.0012,海洋0.0009;均方对数误差（Mean Squared Logarithmic Error,MSLE）为:陆地0.0215,海洋0.0095,均小于RTTOV直接计算的透过率的误差（陆地、海洋的MAE分别比RTTOV小0.0008和0.0010,MSLE分别比RTTOV小0.0135和0.0227）;由GBT模型计算的亮温MAE分别为:陆地0.0949 K,海洋0.0634 K,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）分别为:陆地0.1352 K,海洋0.0831 K,也都小于RTTOV直接模拟的晴空亮温误差（陆地、海洋的MAE分别比RTTOV小0.1685 K和0.1466 K,RMSE分别比RTTOV小0.1794 K和0.1685 K）。本研究的结果表明,在IRAS红外水汽波段,GBT预测的透过率和亮温误差比RTTOV小。机器学习有提高水汽波段正演精度的潜力,或可为辐射传输的快速计算提供可行的替代方法。 相似文献
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大气红外吸收带重迭及其处理方法对长波辐射计算的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文详细地讨论了H_2O,CO_2,O_3,N_2O以及CH_4这五种大气主要红外活性气体的红外吸收带的重迭及其处理方法对长波冷却率及通量计算的影响.结果表明:气体吸收带的重迭对大气红外冷却率具有重要的作用;但在一定的误差范围内,不仅某些气体吸收带的重迭效应很小,可以忽略不计,而且某些重迭光谱区域对整个红外冷却率及通量的贡献亦可不予考虑.另外,本文还定性地讨论了处理重迭带的不同方法对红外辐射计算的影响. 相似文献
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Climate-model induced differences in the 21st century global and regional glacier contributions to sea-level rise 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The large uncertainty in future global glacier volume projections partly results from a substantial range in future climate conditions projected by global climate models. This study addresses the effect of global and regional differences in climate input data on the projected twenty-first century glacier contribution to sea-level rise. Glacier volume changes are calculated with a surface mass balance model combined with volume-area scaling, applied to 89 glaciers in different climatic regions. The mass balance model is based on a simplified energy balance approach, with separated contributions by net solar radiation and the combined other fluxes. Future mass balance is calculated from anomalies in air temperature, precipitation and atmospheric transmissivity, taken from eight global climate models forced with the A1B emission scenario. Regional and global sea-level contributions are obtained by scaling the volume changes at the modelled glaciers to all glaciers larger than 0.1 km2 outside the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. This results in a global value of 0.102 ± 0.028 m (multi-model mean and standard deviation) relative sea-level equivalent for the period 2012–2099, corresponding to 18 ± 5 % of the estimated total volume of glaciers. Glaciers in the Antarctic, Alaska, Central Asia and Greenland together account for 65 ± 4 % of the total multi-model mean projected sea-level rise. The projected sea-level contribution is 35 ± 17 % larger when only anomalies in air temperature are taken into account, demonstrating an important compensating effect by increased precipitation and possibly reduced atmospheric transmissivity. The variability in projected precipitation and atmospheric transmissivity changes is especially large in the Arctic regions, making the sea-level contribution for these regions particularly sensitive to the climate model used. Including additional uncertainties in the modelling procedure and the input data, the total uncertainty estimate for the future projections becomes ±0.063 m. 相似文献
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Using the “lumped mechanism” and “counting species” methods, we developed a condensed gas-phase chemical model based on a simplified one. The modified quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) scheme and the error redistribution mass conservation technique are adopted to solve the atmospheric chemistry ki-netic equations. Results show that the condensed model can well simulate concentration variations of gas species such as SO2, NOx, O3, H2O2 and conversion rates of SO2 and NOx, transformation to H2SO4 and HNO3. These results are in good agreement with those from the simplified model, The conversion rates of SO2 and NOx under different initial concentrations and meteorological conditions are computed, and the results can be directly applied to regional acid deposition model. 相似文献
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平流层温度调整后的辐射强迫的简化计算 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用石广玉[1] 一维辐射对流模式对温室气体浓度变化引起的平流层温度调整后的辐射强迫(ARF)进行了计算。参考文献 [1]的瞬时辐射强迫 (IRF)计算的简化公式的形式 ,将ARF的计算结果表示成简单的经验公式。与使用一维辐射对流模式计算得出的ARF结果的比较表明 ,简化计算公式可以达到很高的精度。 相似文献
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一维辐射对流模式对云-辐射强迫的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：9，他引：1
利用一维辐射－对流气候模式, 详细研究了云量、云光学厚度以及云高等要素的变化对大气顶和地面太阳短波辐射和红外长波辐射通量以及云的辐射强迫的影响, 给出了计算这些物理量的经验拟合公式。结果表明, 云具有极为重要的辐射－气候效应。云量、云光学厚度以及云高即使只有百分之几的变化, 所带来的辐射强迫也可以与大气二氧化碳浓度加倍所产生的辐射强迫（3.75 W/m2）相比拟。例如, 当分别给它们+3%的扰动时, 即取云量变化0.015, 云光学厚度变化0.27, 以及云高变化0.15 km时（在实际的地球大气中, 这种尺度的变化是完全可能发生的）, 那么,可以得到地气系统的太阳短波辐射强迫-3.10 W/m2以及红外长波辐射强迫-1.77 W/m2, 二者之和为-4.78 W/m2, 已经完全可以抵消大气二氧化碳浓度加倍所产生的辐射强迫。但是, 当云量、云光学厚度以及云高向相反方向产生类似扰动时, 所产生的辐射强迫可能极大地放大二氧化碳浓度增加所产生的增强温室效应。因此, 研究结果揭示出, 不管是为了解释过去的气候变化, 还是预测未来的气候变化, 亟待加强在一个变化了的气候环境（例如地面温度升高）下, 云将发生何种变化的研究。 相似文献
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Parameterization of the Absorption of the H2O Continuum, CO2, O2, and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm^-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1 are taken as a new singlemixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H20 line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm^-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm^-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm^-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (-12 W m^-2) among which the H20 continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m^-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top. 相似文献
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The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1 are taken as a new single-mixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H2O line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (~12 W m~2) among which the H2O continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top. 相似文献
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It is verified that there is δ-phase function characteristic in both of TS and SW simplified models, and on the basis of TS model, a more accurate model calculating the albedo and transmissivity of cloud layers is derived. 相似文献
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线翼截断方式对大气辐射计算的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在大气辐射传输计算方法中,有3种基本方法,即,逐线积分方法,k-分布方法和带模式方法。其中,逐线积分方法是最精确的计算大气透过率的方法,本文根据透过率计算方式的不同,将逐线积分方法分为追线积分法和追点积分法。由于逐线积分计算需要耗费大量的计算时间,在大气遥感和大气探测业务中使用时,必须减少计算成本,提高计算速度。本文在追线积分法的基础上,给出了简化的逐线积分的基本方法,在保证同样计算精度的同时,大大提高了计算速度。对在精确的和简化的逐线积分下,不同线翼截断方式(CUTOFF)对吸收系数、大气透过率和冷却率的影响进行了更详细的探讨。通过数值试验发现,对谱线线翼的截断方式是影响辐射计算精度和计算速度的重要因子。在不同压力下,用CUTOFF=2计算的吸收系数误差最大;对CUTOFF=1,在大多数取样点上误差都小于2%;对CUTOFF=3或4,对绝大多数取样点上计算的吸收系数误差都在5%以内,但所用的计算时间却明显减少。大气低层的透过率对不同的计算方法和不同的线翼截断方式不敏感;对大气高层,无论是对精确的还是简化的逐线积分方法,当CUTOFF=2时的透过率结果与其他线翼截断方式的结果差别较大。通过比较,本文给出线翼截断的优选方案。 相似文献
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A. Zastawny 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2006,92(1-2):153-159
Summary Using the HITRAN database from 2003, the absorption of solar and thermal radiation by the atmosphere is calculated. The results
are presented in the form of spectral densities of absorption yield of the atmosphere and its components, and fractions of
absorbed energy of the solar radiation and thermal radiation in the atmosphere by each of its components separately and together.
Finally, the obtained results are discussed in the context of the lately published model of Earth’s radiation budget-MAP 85(4),
275–281 (2004). The shares of atmospheric components in the greenhouse effect and in the absorption of solar radiation are
calculated. The percentage contributions of the more important atmospheric components in the greenhouse effect are as follows:
clouds 66, water vapor 25, CO2 6.7, N2O 0.7, CH4 0.7. 相似文献