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2017年12月22日至2018年1月18日利用无人机携带温、湿和颗粒物浓度探测仪对南京地区灰霾污染条件下大气边界层垂直结构开展加密观测。通过比较不同灰霾污染条件下温度、湿度和PM2.5（直径小于2.5微米的颗粒物）浓度的垂直结构差异,结合地面热通量、2米空气温度、相对湿度、风速、风向及主要大气污染物（如臭氧和PM2.5）浓度,定量评估了气溶胶辐射效应对边界层和夹卷过程的影响。分析表明,灰霾或气溶胶削弱到达地表太阳辐射,减小地表感热通量,延迟边界层发展,增加近地层大气稳定度,降低边界层高度,并加重灰霾污染。灰霾污染物在混合层顶处累积,导致PM2.5浓度最大变化出现在边界层顶部而不是近地层。气溶胶辐射效应对夹卷特征及其特征参数有重要影响。灰霾浓度升高时,夹卷区厚度增加;无量纲化夹卷速度随对流理查逊数的变化不再符合负1次方幂函数关系,与大涡模拟结果一致。本研究进一步指出,为提高重霾污染条件下天气和空气质量数值预报水平,必须考虑气溶胶辐射效应对边界层和夹卷参数化的影响。 相似文献
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北京冬季雾霾事件的气象特征分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
利用观测的气象要素和细颗粒物(即PM2.5)浓度资料,并结合中尺度数值天气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),对2013年1月北京地区雾霾污染期间天气条件和边界层气象特征进行了分析。模拟与观测对比表明,WRF模式可以较好地反映北京—天津—河北地区地面和高空主要气象要素的时空分布。对1月10~14日、27~31日两次重雾霾天气的分析表明,雾霾的形成是高浓度的大气颗粒物和特殊的气象条件共同作用的结果。小风或静风、稳定的大气层结,使大气扩散能力减弱,造成污染物堆积,偏南气流将周边污染物和水汽输送到北京,不仅增加了污染物浓度,而且有利于气溶胶吸湿增长,消光增强,使能见度下降,进而形成雾霾。 相似文献
3.
秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。 相似文献
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华中区域空气质量数值预报系统评估及气溶胶辐射效应的模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于多种检验指标对2015年6月至2016年2月华中区域空气质量数值预报系统的6种污染物(PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_2,NO_2,CO,O_3)和AQI指数的预报结果进行检验评估,在确保模拟效果的基础上,通过敏感性试验研究区域气溶胶对地面气象要素的影响,结果表明:华中区域空气质量数值预报系统对湖北省6种污染物和AQI具有稳定且较好的预报效果。存在03预报较实况偏高,预报误差较大的问题,后期将通过误差订正来减小误差。对比CUACE模式预报效果表明,24～48 h的预报效果区域模式优于CUACE,72 h两个模式预报效果相当。气溶胶对地面气象要素具有一定的影响,对2015年1月9-12日的模拟过程而言,气溶胶的总辐射效应使地表接收太阳辐射减少7.740 W·m~(-2),2 m气温降低0.162℃,行星边界层高度降低16.457 m,相对湿度增加0.557%,10 m风速减小0.011 m·s~(-1),其中直接效应和间接效应各有一部分贡献,气溶胶对白天地面气象要素的影响比夜间大。由于区域接受太阳辐射减小、气温降低、行星边界层高度降低、风速降低、湿度增加有利于气溶胶吸湿增长等条件不利于污染物扩散,污染物浓度不断累积升高又促使气象条件的上述变化,由此产生了气象条件与大气污染之间的双向反馈作用。 相似文献
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华北地区一次强灰霾污染的天气学效应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用在线耦合的大气化学模式WRF-Chem V3.6(Weather Research Forecasting Model with Chemistry Version 3.6)及环境、气象观测数据,在完成大气化学方案优选的基础上,研究了华北地区一次重霾污染过程(2013年2月15~17日)对气象条件的反馈作用。重点关注一次颗粒物、无机气态成分和挥发性有机污染物的人为排放对PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)生成的贡献,探讨了由此引发的气象条件的变化。模拟结果显示,上述3种人为源的综合排放对华北地区PM2.5浓度的平均贡献率为91.27%,其中对北京、秦皇岛和沧州的贡献率分别达96.9%、95.9%和97.2%。这使区域地面太阳向下短波辐射降低近15.99%,区域平均地面辐射强迫达-26.51 W m-2,由此导致地面温度下降0.14°C(3.68%),逆温增强,垂直温度梯度(?T/?z)升高0.026 K km-1,边界层高度降低18.92 m(8.77%),平均风速减少约0.014 m s-1(0.35%),相对湿度绝对值升高0.51%,地面平均气压降低0.86 Pa。对于15~17日污染过程,人为源综合排放的气溶胶对短波辐射的影响在天气过程中占主导地位,对边界层高度的影响较大,但不起主导作用,对温度、风速、相对湿度、气压的作用则远小于天气系统本身。挥发性有机污染物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)作为二次有机气溶胶(Secondary Organic Aerosol,SOA)的前体物,其人为排放对SOA浓度的贡献率约为99.6%。同时,VOCs通过调整大气反应活性促进无机气态成分向无机盐转化,它对硫酸盐和硝酸盐浓度的贡献达50%以上。然而,VOCs对整个PM2.5浓度的贡献不及各种源综合贡献的1/4。人为排放的VOCs对气象场的反馈与综合排放的作用基本一致,但对地面气压的影响VOCs排放时以热力因子为主,而人为源综合排放时以动力因子为主。上述结果暗示,灰霾污染过程所引发的气象条件向不利于污染物扩散方向改变,这可能促进污染物的局地累积、增强污染程度并延长区域内重污染的持续时间。因此,在探讨区域性灰霾污染成因时,灰霾自身通过辐射强迫作用对大气的调节是不可忽视的重要影响因素。 相似文献
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2013年1月华北平原重霾成因模拟分析 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
2013年1月华北平原出现了罕见的重污染天气过程,并引发连续多天大范围重霾现象。利用中华人民共和国环境保护部公布的空气污染指数日值数据和气象常规观测数据,结合区域空气质量模式系统RAMS-CMAQ的模拟结果,对1月10~15日污染过程的气象要素和关键气溶胶物种时空分布特征进行了详细分析,并对灰霾成因进行了探讨。结果表明,受本次污染过程影响的区域主要分布在北京-天津-唐山、河北省中南部和山东省大部。这些地区细颗粒物(即PM2.5)日均质量浓度超过120μg m–3,且基本被灰霾覆盖,日均能见度在5~8 km之间。其中在北京、天津、石家庄和济南市及周边地区细颗粒物日均质量浓度可达250~300μg m–3,部分市区可超过300μg m–3,而日均能见度则可下降至3 km以下,形成重度灰霾。此外,对气象场的分析显示,本次污染过程期间华北平原大部分地区水平风速较多年平均值偏小约20%,且有明显逆温层覆盖,北京-天津-唐山、河北省南部和山东省北部的相对湿度则较多年平均值偏高达10%~40%。这样的气象条件不仅造成污染物易于堆积,而且有利于吸湿性粒子消光效应的快速增长,使能见度明显下降,是引发灰霾的重要因素之一。在北京地区引发灰霾的主要气溶胶物种为硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,这3种无机盐对近地面的消光贡献比率达到50%以上。其中硝酸盐的消光贡献比率最高,可达总体效应的1/4,表明在这次污染过程中除相关工业源排放外,交通源排放也是北京地区主要的污染源之一。 相似文献
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广州地区旱季一次典型灰霾过程的特征及成因分析 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
通过研究2009年11月广州市气溶胶颗粒物质量浓度(PM10、PM2.5、PM1)、黑碳浓度、散射系数(Scatter)等大气成分要素,以及微波辐射计、激光雷达及风廓线雷达所探测的风、温、湿等边界层结构,统计分析广州旱季一次典型灰霾过程(2009年11月23—29日)中气溶胶颗粒物及其光学特性的时空变化特征,并配合天气形势背景、边界层结构对其形成原因进行详细分析。在典型灰霾过程中,黑碳浓度高达58.7μg/m3,散射系数高达1 902.7 Mm-1,PM10浓度高达423.5μg/m3,PM2.5浓度高达355.7μg/m3,PM1浓度高达286.5μg/m3。通过对同期的气象条件分析表明在广州地区旱季,区域性污染过程,特别是灰霾天气的形成具有以下三种气象条件:大气边界层高度较低;高压变性出海的天气形势与之密切相关;在偏东和偏南气流带来的高湿度环境下,气溶胶吸湿增长效应显著,导致出现严重灰霾天气。 相似文献
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重度灰霾(或重霾)条件下,大气气溶胶颗粒物显著衰减到达地表的太阳紫外辐射,对臭氧O3光化学过程形成产生重要影响。通过对2013年12月1-10日发生在长三角地区的一次重霾过程进行详尽分析,结合对流层紫外和可见光模型(TUV)及NCAR箱式模型(MM),探讨气溶胶辐射效应对地面臭氧形成和浓度峰值的影响。研究表明,区域输送、稳定边界层累积和二次气溶胶过程等是导致本次重霾发生的主要原因;重霾条件下,臭氧光化学反应明显减弱,臭氧日峰值明显降低,但光化学反应仍缓慢进行;受各种因素如区域输送、边界层累积效应及二次气溶胶等过程影响,臭氧浓度随细颗粒物PM10浓度升高而缓慢上升。TUV和MM模拟结果与观测吻合较好,模拟结果进一步显示,当气溶胶光学厚度AOD由0.8增加到2.0时,到达地表的紫外辐射衰减63%,地面臭氧峰值浓度降低近83%,表明随着灰霾污染加重,近地层臭氧浓度有所降低。 相似文献
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基于激光雷达资料的气溶胶辐射效应研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用新型激光雷达气溶胶探测资料及综合数值模式,以地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区冬季典型天气形势下的大气边界层为研究对象,通过理想试验模拟研究了城市气溶胶辐射效应与大气边界层的相互作用。结果表明:夜间,低空(50~600 m)气溶胶所在气层冷却效应明显,温度降低0.13~0.18℃,600 m高度以上,气溶胶浓度较低,其冷却效应较小,温度降低不足0.1℃;白天,受气溶胶短波辐射效应影响,边界层内增温明显,增温最大值位于低层脱地逆温层顶300 m高度附近,600 m以上由于气溶胶浓度减小,加热率亦降低,增温由0.2℃减至0.1℃。此外,气溶胶的存在使得所在层的风速降低。可见,激光雷达探测资料在边界层模式中有很好的应用价值,对于研究气溶胶辐射效应的大气边界层响应有重要意义。 相似文献
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该文主要介绍了科技部国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“首都北京及周边地区大气、水、土环境污染机理及调控原理”大气分项目的研究成果。项目分别于2001年和2003年重点开展了BECAPEX科学试验 (Beijing City Air Pollution Experiment)。BECAPEX试验同步进行城市边界层气象与大气化学观测, 通过卫星遥感、地面观测, 即城市空间和地面以及点与面结合的技术途径, 以揭示北京城市污染“空气穹隆”大气化学结构特征及其变化规律, 为城市环境大气动力-化学模式提供基本科学参数, 给出城市边界层大气物理化学过程综合模型, 为提高城市环境大气物理-化学过程耦合模式的准确性和可靠性提供科学依据。该项目揭示了北京城区和城近郊区城市边界层结构与湍流特征, 城市大气污染垂直结构特征; 发现了城市大气污染空间结构多尺度特征, 其中包括大气污染源影响和城市热岛多尺度特征; 揭示了城市大气重污染过程周边源影响域, 以及北京及周边地区气溶胶影响域和区域气候响应; 提出了北京市典型污染源排放清单; 发展了城市气象模式系统, 包括冠层模式、街谷环流和热力结构以及城市高大建筑群周围风环境数值模拟; 发展了空气质量模式技术, 包括二次气溶胶模拟试验、北京地区SO2污染的长期模拟及不同类型排放源影响的计算与评估、影响北京地区的沙尘暴输送模拟、区域化学输送模式中NOx和O3源示踪法, 城市尺度的大气污染CAPPS模式及统计模型的应用、大气污染及紫外辐射数值预报模式和CMAQ-MOS空气质量预报方法; 改进了美国公共多尺度空气质量预报模式, 建立了CMAQ-MOS区域空气质量动力-统计模型预报模式, 以及发展的源同化技术, 突破了当前空气质量模式技术“瓶颈”, 使模式预报准确率明显提高。 相似文献
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Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO 2 concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming. 相似文献
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Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale
(sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation
in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations,
and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to
shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie
Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense,
with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s−1. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation
satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized
model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South
Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains
Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of
the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind
regimes in complex terrain. 相似文献
14.
A. Henderson-Sellers 《Climatic change》1993,23(4):337-377
A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks. 相似文献
15.
通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。 相似文献
16.
Energy transfer via resonance in a stratified fluid with a constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency is studied through the Manley–Rowe relation and direct numerical simulations. The objectives of this study are two-fold. One is to determine if there is a limitation on the lengthscale of small-scale waves to which primary energy can be effectively transferred. The other is to study factors affecting the growth of parametric subharmonic instability. Resonantly interacting modes are classified into three groups: local sum modes, quasi-subharmonic modes and remote parametric subharmonic instability modes (characterized by interaction with very small-scale waves). The latter two involve energy transfer from a primary wave to secondary waves with half the frequency. Most energy transfer is through local sum resonant modes and quasi-subharmonic modes. Energy cannot effectively transfer to higher wavenumber modes since dynamical systems are altered as wavenumbers of excited modes increase. In the remote modes, the solution is sinusoidal with high angular frequency and very small energy capacity. As a consequence, these modes are inactive in energy transfer despite their high energy growth rates. Effects of non-uniform white noise amplitude and primary mode propagation angle on the quasi-subharmonic modes are also investigated. Implications for energy transfer in the ocean are discussed. 相似文献
17.
H. E. Eisma J. M. Tomas M. J. B. M. Pourquie G. E. Elsinga H. J. J. Jonker J. Westerweel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,169(2):185-208
Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL. 相似文献
18.
T. Vrhovec 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,46(1-2):91-99
Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures 相似文献
19.
邯郸地区一次登陆台风大暴雨过程观测分析 总被引：2，自引：8，他引：2
受登陆台风"海棠"减弱后低压与东移锋面云系的共同影响,2005年7月21日夜间到23日早晨邯郸地区出现了大范围的暴雨天气。本文从天气形势、水汽输送特征、云系演变特征和大气不稳定条件等方面进行分析,探讨了这次登陆台风暴雨天气的成因。结果表明,台风低压、稳定少变的副热带高压以及500 hPa低槽相互作用,共同造成了这次暴雨天气过程,高纬弱冷空气南下,与台风携带的暖湿空气相遇,加之太行山地形的影响,造成暖湿空气抬升,使得冀南地区产生中尺度对流云团,进而发生强降水。地面自动站以及加密站风场资料分析指出,低空偏北风与偏东风之间的中尺度辐合线对暴雨发生有重要作用,其出现的时间和位置决定了中尺度暴雨天气的发生时间和位置。在水汽输送方面,西部山区的暴雨区水汽主要来源于南海和东海,而东部平原地区的大暴雨,其水汽主要来源于南海。简单的层结分析表明,暴雨区上空存在对流不稳定和对称不稳定共存的现象,两者共同为系统发展和暴雨发生提供了不稳定条件。 相似文献
20.
Measurements made with instruments aboard a remotely-piloted multicopter flying across the Weser river in Germany provide information on the thermal structure of the boundary layer over the river and adjacent land, in this case in summer for late afternoon, the evening transition and early night on a clear calm day. The river has a characteristic width of 100 m. The stratification over the land and river are of opposite signs at the lower levels, except during part of the evening transition. The multicopter allows to qualitatively estimate the evolution of the thermal contrast between both surfaces, showing that the river banks experience very significant daytime cooling and nocturnal warming due to river-bank circulations, with the change of sign taking place well before sunset. 相似文献