首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
我国春玉米水分供需状况分析   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
李应林  高素华 《气象》2002,28(2):29-33
论述了作物需水量的概念及其计算方法,利用最新的气候和作物资料,计算了我国春玉米的作物需水量,分析其时空分布特征,并利用水发订正系来评价春玉米需水量的满足程度。计算分析结果表明,气候条件对我国在玉米生产是有利的,但在播种期、出苗期及拔节期(4-6月份),存在明显的水亏缺现象,这一时期应采取相应的栽培技术及节水灌溉、人工增雨等措施来缓解旱情。  相似文献   

2.
GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) 模式动力框架中垂直方向变量的跳层设置采用Charney-Phillips分布,在整层上进行位温、水物质的计算,物理过程中在半层上对其进行处理。这样在GRAPES模式中,进入物理过程之前和物理过程计算完毕之后,都要采用线性插值进行整层和半层之间物理量的转换。由于线性插值精度欠佳,为提高上述反馈过程的精度,并保证水物质的正定性,该研究引入样条插值,并在水物质的插值过程中进行保单调处理,有效减小了位温场、水物质场的预报偏差,并提升了模式的综合预报性能。  相似文献   

3.
一个简单的陆面过程模式   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
戴永久  曾庆存  王斌 《大气科学》1997,21(6):705-716
本模式为针对大气环流模式所发展的一个简单的陆面过程模式,它包含:(1)地表温度计算,(2)冠层叶面贮水量和土壤湿度计算,(3)陆面与大气之间的水分和能量交换。对于表面温度和含水量的计算,采用的是联立求解计算方案,即耦合计算。植被冠层叶面的辐射特性和冠层形态对冠层中的辐射交换的影响得到有效和尽可能简单的模拟。另外,植被的气孔阻抗、表面与大气之间的水热交换通量和土壤中的水热输导作了较为细致的描写。利用此模式开展了对两个不同覆盖类型的陆面过程的模拟,模拟和观测的表面通量、温度和湿度较为相近。  相似文献   

4.
华北地区高产小麦最佳水肥管理技术的探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
田方正  吴乃元 《气象科技》1997,(1):56-59,55
通过对华北地区自然降水,土壤肥力,高产麦田水分供需状况和耗肥规律的分析与研究,得出最佳肥水管理模式为;在正常年景下,华北北部浇越冬水,拔节水,开花-灌浆水为宜,中部和南中地区浇了水,开花水为佳;在施肥方面、按目标产量配方施肥法,根据各地土壤肥力状况,计算出氮,磷,钾施用量;土肥,磷钾和2/3的氮肥作底肥,1/3的氮肥作拔节追肥为最佳。  相似文献   

5.
介绍了应用VB语言实现对数据库的访问,并对温、光、水等要素进行统计计算,从而得出旬、月气候评价结论。  相似文献   

6.
赵彩  李启泰 《高原气象》2001,20(1):41-45
提出了一种利用SO2空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2降水清除系数的方法,计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2除水清除系数kw,并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2浓度的数值计算。结果表明,这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致。  相似文献   

7.
冰—水球形粒子在太阳短波段的吸收与衰减   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
陈洪滨  孙海冰 《大气科学》1999,23(2):233-238
根据Mie理论以及Aden和Kerker的理论,分别计算了纯水、纯冰和冰—水分层同心球在可见光和近红外波段的吸收、散射与衰减截面。结果表明,对于同样尺度大小的粒子,表面融化冰球或冰外壳包水球的单次散射特征值与纯冰纯水球的相比在整个太阳辐射短波段都相差不大,这是因为在此波段范围内冰和水的复折射指数的实部和虚部都很接近。此结果基本排除了0℃层附近表面融化冰晶粒子在太阳波段可能产生强吸收带,从而可以解释(部分的)云吸收异常现象这一想法。另一方面,在整层云吸收计算中,相对水含量可能较小但尺度较大的冰晶粒子的吸收是  相似文献   

8.
扁椭球形雨滴和冰粒后向散射实验与理论研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文介绍了对扁椭球形雨滴和冰(雹)粒散射能力的实验模拟和测量技术,报告了一个系列扁水(冰)椭球后向散射截面的实验测量结果;并用扩张边界条件法(EBCM)计算出相应的理论值,用Mie公式计算出等容积球形后向散射截面。将实验结果与理论计算作了综合对比分析,得到了若干有用的结论。  相似文献   

9.
沙漠土壤和大气边界层中水热交换和传输的数值模拟研究   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
为了解沙漠土壤和大气边界层系统中的水分和能量的交换和传输特征,本文发展了一个一维耦合模式,其中包括一个同时考虑土壤中液态水及气态水运动的沙漠土壤模式和一个基于非局地过渡湍流闭合方案的大气边界层模式。用这一耦合模式对沙漠土壤和大气界面的水热交换及沙漠土壤和大气边界层中的水热输送过程进行了模拟,同时与HEIFE(HeiheRiverBasinFieldExperiment)沙漠站的有关资料进行了对比。模拟结果表明约65%的净辐射能以感热(50%)和潜热(15%)的形式提供大气,约35%的净辐射能以地热流量的形式进入土壤。土壤表层2cm的范围表现为水热传输的活跃层,水分和温度廓线呈现剧烈的日变化。模拟结果同时表明沙漠土壤中水分传输以气态水为主,如果忽略土壤中的气态水运动,地气界面的水汽通量计算及边界层内的湿度及水汽通量的计算会产生较大的误差  相似文献   

10.
在研究水云的微物理性质与光学性质关系的基础上,提出了三种用于长波区域窄带和宽带水云光学性质计算的参数化方案,研究了应用不同的水云光学性质参数化方案和不同的宽带数目对云辐射性质的影响。分析了云滴的散射作用对有云大气中长波辐射通量和冷却率的影响。  相似文献   

11.
沙漠中水分条件是决定生态分异的关键因素,地表凝结水的产生对沙漠植物与结皮生物的水分补充有重要的作用。利用微渗计对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤表层凝结水形成特征及影响因素进行分析。研究表明沙漠土壤凝结水形成总量随着表层土壤生物演替从流沙、藻类、地衣和苔藓依次增加。分析影响凝结水形成的因素表明土壤中细粒物质以及地衣和苔藓生物相对土壤粗粒物质更有利于凝结水形成。在土壤结皮演替过程中土壤中的细粒颗粒含量增加的同时生物有机体含量也在增加,因而随着表层土壤生物演替凝结水形成量呈增加趋势。凝结水形成量与日均相对湿度、土壤湿度呈显著正相关,而与日均风速、日均温度、土壤温度呈负相关。研究说明在干旱的沙漠地带土壤凝结水是除降水以外补充表层土壤水分重要的水分来源。  相似文献   

12.
江苏省主要作物农田水分盈亏量的研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
利用江苏省1980~1992年土壤湿度资料,根据土壤水分平衡原理,运用运筹学中的优化技术,结合本省的自然条件和作物生长实际情况,提出有效降水量、下层水分补给量等计算方法,建立了旱地和稻田农田水分盈亏量的计算模式,以便应用实时降水和土壤湿度等资料,计算全省农田水分盈亏量,及时提供农业气象情报服务。  相似文献   

13.
14.
西峰市冬小麦耗水规律及其对产量的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用甘肃省西峰市的气象、土壤湿度、作物发育期和产量资料,通过水量平衡方程计算冬小麦在各生育阶段的耗水量,揭示了该地区冬小麦的耗水规律、土壤湿度变化规律和水发亏缺状况。通过回归模拟建立产量-耗水量模型,确定影响产量的水分关键期。  相似文献   

15.
Climate change induce increases in precipitation in Northern Europe that may in turn affect soil evolution by increasing the amounts of water flowing through soils. However, there is a general lack of consideration of the impact of climate change on soil evolution. We propose here to use agricultural soil drainage—that also increases the amount of water flowing through soils—as an analogy to climate change. We thus studied the impact of 16 years of agricultural drainage in one cropped plot of the most common type of soils of Northern Europe. To estimate the importance of the soil evolution induced by drainage, we compared it to the long term natural evolution of that soil. The recent increase in water fluxes by agricultural drainage (16 years) has resulted in an increase in the intensity and velocity of the natural pedological processes. The increased amount of water flowing thorough soils due to drainage is of same order of magnitude than that that would be induced by climate change in the next 50–100 years in northern Europe. Our results demonstrated thus that climate change will significantly affect soil evolution. This evolution induces losses of the finest particles involved in organic carbon sequestration and thus has a feedback effect on climate change. Therefore we consider that soil evolution in response to climate change has to be explicitly studied and included in models predicting global climate change.  相似文献   

16.
暴雨型滑坡灾害因素分析及预测试验研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
针对暴雨型滑坡灾害预报预警服务的需要, 以江西为研究区域, 从暴雨型滑坡灾害形成机理及预测理论入手, 通过8个滑坡灾害易发点的监测试验, 系统地研究了大气降水对地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡土体应力及滑坡稳定性的影响, 探讨了植被覆盖与滑坡的关系。结果表明:滑坡稳定系数与降水量有较好的负相关关系, 当降水量增大时, 滑坡稳定系数减小, 且略滞后于降水量的峰值; 在其他因素一定的条件下, 地下水位升高, 滑坡稳定系数直线下降。经计算得到8个试验点促使滑坡复活的临界指标是24 h降水量为60~203 mm, 值域的变化与滑坡体的土壤结构、力学性质、植被覆盖程度和降水强度的时空分布等因素有关。  相似文献   

17.
Soil salinization is a common phenomenon that affects both the environment and the socio-economy in arid and semi-arid regions; it is also an important aspect of land cover change. In this study, we integrated multi-sensor remote sensing data with a field survey to analyze processes of soil salinization in a semi-arid area in China from 1979 to 2009. Generally, the area of salt-affected soils increased by 0.28% per year with remarkable acceleration from 1999 to 2009 (0.42% increase per year). In contrast, the area of surface water bodies showed a decreasing trend (-0.08% per year) in the same period. Decreases in precipitation and increases in aridity due to annual (especially summer) warming provided a favorable condition for soil salinization. The relatively flat terrain favored waterlogging at the surface, and continuous drought facilitated upward movement of soil water and accumulation of surface saline and calcium. Meanwhile, land-use practices also played a crucial role in accelerating soil salinization. The conversion to cropland from natural vegetation greatly increased the demand for groundwater irrigation and aggravated the process of soil salinization. Furthermore, there are potential feedbacks of soil salinization to regional climate. The salinization of soils can limit the efficiency of plant water use as well as photosynthesis; therefore, it reduces the amount of carbon sequestrated by terrestrial ecosystem. Soil salinization also reduces the absorbed solar radiation by increasing land surface albedo. Such conversions of land cover significantly change the energy and water balance between land and atmosphere.  相似文献   

18.
Summary Water stored in the soil serves as a reservoir for the evapotranspiration (ET) process on land surfaces, therefore knowledge of the soil moisture content is important for partitioning the incoming solar radiation into latent and sensible heat components. There is no remote sensing technique which directly observes the amount of water in this reservoir, however microwave remote sensing at long wavelengths (>10 cm) can give estimates of the moisture stored in the surface 5-cm layer of the soil. This approach is based on the large dielectric contrast between water and dry soil, resulting in emissivity changes from 0.96 for a dry smooth soil to less than 0.6.In this paper, basic relationships between soil moisture and emissivity are described using both theory and observations from various platforms. The ability of the approach to be extended to large regions has been demonstrated in several aircraft mapping experiments, e.g., FIFE, Monsoon 90, Washita 92 and HAPEX Sahel. Some results from Monsoon 90 are presented here. Applications of these soil moisture maps in runoff prediction, rainfall estimation, determining the direct evaporation from the soil surface and serving as a boundary condition for soil profile models are presented.With 10 Figures  相似文献   

19.
Results of detecting water balance components of experimental watersheds from long-term observations at the Valdai Affiliation of the SHI are presented. Methods of measurements, calculations, and corrections of precipitation amount, measurement of evaporation from the land, changes in the soil moisture reserves and ground water reserves are considered. All components of the water balance of watersheds are measured independently which allows estimating quantitatively the residuals and measurement and calculation errors. A preliminary analysis is performed of seasonal values of the water balance components and their changes in the period of most intensive observations (1952–1985) which is of a great value for studying the conditions of the river runoff formation in small watersheds.  相似文献   

20.
基于SWAT模型的汉江流域径流模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
夏智宏  周月华  许红梅 《气象》2009,35(9):59-67
应用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)分布式水文模型对汉江流域1971-2000年30年逐月径流进行了模拟.结果表明:模型模拟精度高于评价标准(模拟效率Ens>0.5,相关系数r 2>0.6),SWAT模型适用于汉江流域的径流模拟;水量平衡各要素中,30年月、年平均蒸散发量、地表径流量、土壤对地下水补给量、土壤含水变化量、地下水侧流量分别占降水量的55.97%、25.88%、17.64%、0.26%、0.25%,蒸散发是该流域水量的主要输出项;各月30年平均降水量变化趋势与地表径流量变化趋势较一致,而与基流量变化趋势一致性较差;30年流域降水量年变化趋势与地表径流量、基流量的变化趋势较一致;30年月、年地表径流量对降水的响应程度高于基流.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号