共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 328 毫秒
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本文着重分析了西部经济的高速发展及其所带来的生态环境问题，目前西部存在四大问题，即工业化所带来的污染、水资源短缺、水土流失和荒漠化。日益恶化的生态环境，对西部以及其他地区的经济和社会带来极大危害，严重影响可持续发展。因此，必须将经济、技术、法律和政策手段相结合，采取有力措施改善西部生态环境，如加强对西部地区气候生态环境的动态监测和评估；促使产业结构升级、发展循环经济；对有利于生态环境保护的行为和做法采取鼓励和补偿政策；加快和完善生态立法等。 相似文献
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全面分析了气候变化给企业带来的机遇与挑战。全球契约的"关注气候"倡议为企业响应全球号召应对气候变化带来了机遇,全球契约是全球企业共同应对气候变化、实现企业社会责任和树立企业形象的良好平台。另外,通过调查研究分析了中国民营企业应对气候变化的现状,并提出了相关政策建议。 相似文献
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黄河源区是三江源自然保护区的重要组成部分,在全球气候变暖和日趋频繁的人类活动的共同影响下,黄河源区的生态结构受到严重干扰。通过对黄河源区域生态与自然环境演变特征研究进展的概括总结,从生态系统和物理环境2个方面归纳了黄河源区主要的生态环境问题：（1）植被、冻土和湿地生态系统不断退化;（2）气候暖干化、径流变化、土壤侵蚀、土壤沙漠化、土壤碳流失、鼠害和人为影响加剧。根据面临的生态环境问题提出了区域生态与自然环境保护的相应对策和建议：形成完善的生态补偿机制;加强生态环境保护立法;建立统一的监督管理机构;建立有效的执法队伍;划分功能区;发展生态旅游;强化全社会的环保意识。 相似文献
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Sea-level rise due to climate change will have significant effects on coastal areas and populations. Adaptation policies recommend the managed realignment of the most vulnerable assets and activities. Despite their medium- and long-term benefits, these policies face significant friction due to social acceptability in the communities where they are implemented.This article investigates the hypothesis that respecting principles of justice in the implementation of managed realignment should increase its acceptability. We compare preferences of those people who are exposed to the risk of climate-change-induced flooding and those who are not, as regards funding managed retreat policies and defining compensation criteria for assets at risk. The main theories of social justice provide the four principles included in the analysis: efficiency, need, responsibility and priority assigned to property rights.A choice experiment survey was conducted with 258 residents of coastal and hinterland communities in the south of France. Four attributes were selected to define the managed realignment policy: the dialogue arrangements, the implementation period, the policy implementation schedule and the cost. The results show support for a relatively fast launch of these policies (within 15 years) but in stages and through a process of dialogue with the population. People's perceptions of the funding criteria reveal a preference for national solidarity. Finally, national funding of managed retreat policies and compensation criteria based on market prices have a significant positive influence on the acceptability of managed realignment policies, whereas introducing responsibility-based compensation criteria tends to favour the status quo over the adaptation policy.Policy relevancePrioritization of the funding criteria reveals the preference for national solidarity. Preferences for the justice criteria underpinning compensation reveal a great diversity of values. Besides implantation modalities, preferences for managed realignment policies depend on which level they are implemented at, on the expropriation criteria (the emphasis given to property rights, i.e. market price), on the attachment (people perceived as worst off, i.e. the property is their main residence rather than a second home or they have lower levels of income) and on the degree of responsibility (related to the date of purchase, i.e. on the information given at the time on the risk). 相似文献
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This paper investigates the adoption of discourses on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) across different national contexts. It draws on institutional theories to develop and test a number of hypotheses on the role of shared beliefs and politico-economic institutions in determining the discursive choices of policy actors. The results show that win–win ecological modernization discourse, embraced by powerful government agencies and international actors, dominates national REDD+ policy arenas. This discourse is challenged primarily by a minority reformist civic environmentalist discourse put forward primarily by domestic NGOs. We find evidence that countries with a less democratic political system and large-scale primary sector investments facilitate the adoption of reconciliatory ecological modernization discourse, which may not directly challenge the drivers of deforestation. Policy actors who believe in and are engaged in market-based approaches to REDD+ are much more likely to adopt ecological modernization discourses, compared to policy actors who work on community development and livelihoods issues. 相似文献
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Chanda L. Meek 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(1):217-228
Rapid environmental change in the Arctic has led to calls for new forms of environmental governance that consciously fit policy solutions to both the policy problem as well as the underlying social–ecological system dynamics. While efforts to evaluate the ecological fit of institutions to place have become more sophisticated, efforts to measure the social fit of policy remains underdeveloped. In order to examine the effect of institutional form on policy processes and socially relevant outcomes, I employ a mixed methods approach including ethnographic data and social network analysis to compare the implementation of two international wildlife regimes in two indigenous Iñupiaq towns in Alaska. My results yield three findings: (1) that separate institutions create differently structured policy networks, (2) differences in network structures and levels of power-sharing correlate with perceptions of policy, and (3) networks that reflect local social patterns are more likely to be considered fair and inclusive. These findings support congruence theory, which posits that public policy reflective of local constructions of legitimacy will achieve greater success than policy that is not reflective. 相似文献
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《Global Environmental Change》2006,16(2):182-194
It has been suggested that calculations of historical responsibility for global warming should be used to distribute mitigation requirements in future climate agreements. For a medium-term mitigation scenario, we calculate regional mitigation costs resulting from global allocation schemes based on the Brazilian Proposal that solely incorporate historical responsibility as a burden sharing criterion. We find that they are likely to violate ability-to-pay principles. In spite of less stringent abatement requirements, developing country regions experience cost burdens (as a percentage of GDP) in the same range as those of developed countries. We also assess the policy options available for calculating historical responsibility. The periodic updating of responsibility calculations over time, concerns over the robustness and availability of emissions data, and the question of whether past emissions were knowingly harmful, may lead to policy choices that increase the relative historical responsibility attributed to developing countries. This, in turn, would increase their mitigation cost burden. 相似文献
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河南省南召县退耕还林工程生态效益价值评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
退耕还林工程生态效益评估,是制定科学管护措施和保障退耕还林工程有效运转,以及退耕还林生态补偿标准制定和调整的关键之一。以河南省退耕还林工程典型地区南召县为研究区,根据当地实际情况,在充分考虑退耕还林的生态、社会和经济三个方面的效益,以及指标的适用性和可操作性的前提下,构建了南召县退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系,选择对退耕还林生态效益影响较为密切的11个因子作为评价指标。针对各个评价指标分别采用影子工程法、等效替代法等方法评估了南召县退耕还林工程的理论生态价值。通过计算,南召县退耕还林工程的理论生态总价值865.47万元,其中涵养水源价值601.63万元,改良土壤价值7.92万元,净化空气价值24.13万元,生物多样性保护价值194.94万元,经济产出价值36.85万元;生态效益和社会效益之和为828.62万元,约占总价值的95.74%;年生态效益和社会效益共13741元/(hm2·a),略高于谢高地等2008年的研究结果。根据南召县退耕还林工程现状及相关调查研究结果,为保障退耕还林工程的各项效益,提出应明确退耕还林工程在生态建设中的定位,增强配套措施实施力度和加强效益监测与档案管理三条建议。今后应加强基于林木生长发育规律、资金利率变动等的动态生态效益评估,以期为退耕补偿标准的修订提供数据支持和科学依据。 相似文献
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Brigitte Wolkinger Andrea Damm Stefan Schleicher Andreas Tuerk Wolf Grossman 《Climate Policy》2013,13(6):667-689
Having agreed upon a binding emissions reduction path by 2020, the EU plays a leading role in international climate policy. The EU currently pursues a dual approach through an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) at the EU level and also via national targets in sectors not covered by the ETS. The latter include the buildings sector, transportation, agriculture, and waste. Emissions from these sectors are mainly subject to policies at provincial and local levels. A method is presented for elaborating and implementing a long-term climate policy process up to 2030 for the regional (provincial) level. Building on regional GHG inventory data, a set of indicators for each sector is developed in order to arrive at a target path consistent with the deduced regional GHG reduction requirement. Policy measures and their implementation are then settled subsequent to this process. Quantitative regional targets are found to be a prerequisite for the formation of regional climate policy as they increase participant responsibility and commitment. A five-step process of stakeholder participation ensures effective implementation of regional climate action plans. Insights from an exemplary European region are drawn upon, and policy issues are discussed in both quantitative and institutional terms. 相似文献
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Urban community gardens are vital green spaces threatened by global social and environmental change factors. Population growth has reduced the amount of space available in cities, and climate change challenges plant growth thresholds. Urban community gardens provide dynamic socio-ecological systems to study how such social and environmental change factors affect the management and delivery of ecosystem services. They provide spaces where urban citizens purposefully interact with nature and receive multiple benefits. In this paper, we synthesize the results of three years of research in a case study of urban community gardens across the Central Coast of California and present a framework showing how both social and environmental change factors at the regional scale affect the ecological make-up of urban community gardens, which in turn affect the ecosystem services coming from such systems. Our study reveals that global environmental change felt at the regional level (e.g., increased built environment, climate change) interact with social change and policy (e.g., population growth, urbanization, water use policy), thus affecting regulations over garden resources (e.g., water availability) and management decisions by gardeners (e.g., soil management, crop planting decisions). These management decisions at the plot-scale, determine the ecological complexity and quality of the gardens and affect the resulting ecosystem services that come from these systems, such as food provision for both humans and urban animals. A greater understanding of how environmental and social change factors drive the management processes of urban community gardens is necessary to design policy support systems that encourage the continued use and benefits arising from such green spaces. Policies that can support urban community gardens to maintain ecological complexity and increase biodiversity through active management of soil quality and plant diversity have the potential to increase social and environmental outcomes that feedback to the larger environmental and social system. 相似文献
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“天气-风障-产量”是一个复杂巨系统, 若想通过该系统取得最佳效益, 必须对林带结构做出优化决策。该文论述了马尔可夫决策过程 (MDP) 在该决策中的应用问题。利用在沈阳市康平县对农田防护林带考察中所取得的资料, 依据概率论的基本原理, 计算出不同结构林带对玉米气象产量影响这一生态控制系统中有关状态的转移概率; 用MDP折扣模型计算出折扣率β=0.9条件下的最优策略并加以改进。结果表明:在当地天气、作物状况下所形成的复杂系统中, 采用透风系数为0.35的疏透结构农田防护林带具有最优决策结果。 相似文献