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1.
利用常规观测、自动站、多普勒天气雷达以及美国环境预报中心的全球再分析资料,分析江苏2007—2018年间的台风龙卷活动时空分布特征、龙卷产生的环境条件及多普勒雷达关键特征,并与广东台风龙卷相应特征进行对比。结果表明:江苏台风龙卷与过去相比发生频次有所增加,主要集中在7—8月,且主要发生于午后的16—20时;比起广东台风龙卷多发生于台风登陆后的24 h以内,江苏台风龙卷多发生于登陆24 h之后,位于台风中心的东北象限,多集中于江淮中部以及西北部地区;低空急流输送充足的水汽和不稳定能量,为龙卷的发生提供了有利的环境条件,地面辐合线是龙卷发生发展的重要系统;江苏和广东龙卷均发生在对流不稳定能量不大、抬升凝结高度较低、深层（0～6 km）和低层（0～1 km）垂直风切变较大以及风暴相对螺旋度较大的环境下,但从均值来看,广东龙卷的对流有效位能和对流抑制能更小,抬升凝结高度更低,具有更大的深层（0～6 km）和低层（0～1 km）垂直风切变,且风暴相对螺旋度较小;江苏台风龙卷单体约有2/3伴随龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）,产生强龙卷的雷暴单体生命期同时伴随有中气旋和TVS特征。当TVS的最低仰角速度差超... 相似文献
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采用分钟级加密自动气象站观测资料,盐城、淮安和岳阳、荆州雷达探测数据,以及欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）高分辨率的ERA-Interim全球再分析数据,对比分析了2016年6月23日江苏阜宁龙卷灾害和2015年6月1日湖北监利下击暴流大风灾害的环境特征与超级单体的结构特征。结果表明:（1）两次强对流大风灾害发生在相似的低空环流背景下:风灾发生在低空急流出口区左侧的暖区内、850 hPa低涡中心东侧6—7个经距的位置;环境大气的对流有效位能大于2000 J/kg。但是风灾的类型不同,江苏阜宁大风灾害主要由超级单体龙卷造成,监利“东方之星”沉船事故主要是超级单体触发的下击暴流造成。短时强降水中心与风灾中心的相对位置不同:阜宁龙卷移动方向的左侧伴随着最强短时降水;湖北监利沉船事件发生期间,风灾中心与短时强降水中心基本重合。鉴于不同性质的对流大风位置与超级单体母体的中心位置对应关系上存在差异,通过比较地面观测的瞬时大风与瞬时强降水中心的相对位置将有助于区分强对流大风的性质。（2）环境风垂直切变强度对对流风暴结构、发展、维持有重要影响:阜宁龙卷发生时,其上空0—6 km风垂直切变达4×10-3 s-1,超级单体有明显的向前倾斜结构,形成有界弱回波区;而监利强对流沉船位置0—6 km风垂直切变只有2.3×10-3 s-1左右,风暴单体中的上升气流近乎于垂直。阜宁超级单体中气旋,首先出现在0—1.5 km风垂直切变和0—3 km风暴相对螺旋度带状大值区,在向抬升凝结高度更低的环境移动过程中,其底部不断下降,形成龙卷;而在监利沉船区,中低层风切变和风暴相对螺旋度相对要弱得多,对应风暴单体中的中气旋强度、持续性较弱,中气旋底部高度维持在1.6 km左右。（3）环境湿度垂直结构特征不同可能是风暴单体形成不同类型灾害大风的重要环境因子。监利下击暴流造成的风灾发生时,在地面气温迅速下降过程中,气压变化呈现快速跳升又快速下降的“尖锥”形,气压峰值比降水峰值提前4 min出现。它与对流层中高层环境大气中较为深厚的干空气卷入对流风暴中造成水物质强烈蒸发、冷却过程有关。而阜宁风灾过程中,环境大气中层仅存在非常浅薄的干层,加之低层较为深厚的饱和大气环境,对应的地面冷池效应相对较弱。 相似文献
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利用多普勒雷达观测资料,结合NCEP FNL 1.0°×1.0°再分析资料、探空资料,对2017年8月11日内蒙古赤峰市龙卷进行了分析。分析表明:(1)大尺度环境场提供了上干下湿不稳定层结条件,切变线和地面干线为对流触发条件;对流有效位能超过2 000 J/kg,抬升凝结高度低于1 km,低层垂直风切变10×10~(-3)s~(-1),为龙卷发生提供了有利条件。(2)发生龙卷的超级单体风暴低层有明显的钩状回波,弱回波区及与之对应的前侧V型缺口及后侧V型缺口特征;雷达距离龙卷发生地超过100 km,未识别出龙卷涡旋特征,但识别出了三维相关切变和中气旋,中气旋最大转动速度达到了18 m/s,为中到强等级的中气旋。(3)产生龙卷的超级单体风暴最大反射率因子在60 d BZ左右,而且在龙卷发生前基于单体的垂直累积液态水和风暴顶高有明显的跃增。(4)龙卷接地前,对应的中气旋顶高≤6 km,切变≥15×10~(-3)s~(-1)。 相似文献
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2018年6月8日在距台风“艾云尼”中心80 km、160 km的广州市南沙区横沥镇、佛山市南海区大沥镇两地罕见地先后出现了龙卷天气。利用X波段双偏振雷达组网、广州S波段双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达和区域加密自动站等观测资料对两次近距离台风龙卷过程的环境条件和雷达特征进行了分析。环境条件分析表明,两次龙卷发生地位于低层西南急流和东南急流辐合区,所处环境为弱的对流有效位能（CAPE）、低的抬升凝结高度和强的低层垂直风切变环境中,0~1 km垂直风切变值超过15×10-3 s-1。中小尺度雷达特征分析表明:（1）两地龙卷由台风外围微型超级单体引起,超级单体在发展强盛阶段有钩状回波、入流缺口、中层回波悬垂等典型特征,最强反射率因子55~60 dBz,强度≥50 dBz强回波发展高度在4 km以下,微型超级单体有水平尺度2~3 km的中气旋,由于速度模糊影响,仅在南海龙卷发生前9 min广州S波段雷达能自动识别中气旋。（2）与南沙龙卷相联系的中气旋核心高度低,强度进一步加强紧缩导致龙卷发生;而与南海龙卷相联系的中气旋从中层发展,中气旋加强紧缩下降到更低导致龙卷发生。（3）两地弱龙卷发生时广州和南海双偏振雷达没能捕捉到龙卷碎片（TDS）特征,南海X波段雷达能提前30 min监测到入流急流,提前27 min探测出钩状回波等特征,并通过分析ZDR弧和KDP弧可判断低层强盛的上升气流和强的垂直风切变利于风暴的发展。（4）佛山四部X波段组网雷达反演的1 km水平风场可分析出小尺度涡旋结构,对应钩状回波尾端有强的风向切变,这对龙卷发生地点的判断和风暴的流场结构有较好指示意义。 相似文献
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2017年8月11日下午,三个EF4级龙卷袭击了内蒙古自治区赤峰市的地形复杂地区,造成5人死亡,58人受伤。这是1961年以来中国有记录的最强山地龙卷事件。首先给出了此次龙卷过程的灾情调查结果,接下来分析了此次龙卷母体风暴-龙卷超级单体产生的天气背景、关键环境参数以及多普勒天气雷达观测特征。本次龙卷事件发生在东北冷涡东南象限的地面锋前和干线向湿侧发展处,CAPE(对流有效位能)值为1 800 J/kg,0～6 km风垂直切变为12.9 m/s,0～1 km风垂直切变达到10.8 m/s;同时,0～1 km相对风暴螺旋度达到67.3 m2/s2,接近美国龙卷发生环境的中位数,有利于超级单体龙卷的发生。现场灾害调查发现,灾害路径具有多涡旋和不连续的特点,可能与当地的复杂地形有关。基于多普勒天气雷达相对径向速度图识别出三个龙卷涡旋特征(TVS),TVS径向速度差最大达到38 m/s。三个龙卷及对应TVS出自同一个超级单体的同一个中气旋,其中两个TVS出现时间重叠。 相似文献
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利用常规观测、自动气象站、多普勒雷达等资料分析珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及其产生的环境条件。结果表明:台风龙卷发生在6—10月,时间多为10—20时,出现在台风登陆后1.3～21.3 h的时段内;多数龙卷位于台风中心的东北象限,台风中心在广东湛江一广西东南部或北部湾附近时是珠江三角洲龙卷发生的高风险期。高层辐散、低层辐合及中低空强东南急流在珠江口附近叠加是龙卷产生的有利环流背景。强或弱龙卷环境条件的共同特征为低抬升凝结高度、强深层和低层垂直风切变及较大风暴相对螺旋度(SRH),主要差异是强龙卷的深层和低层垂直风切变与SRH更大;相似台风路径下,有/无龙卷环境条件的明显差异在于0～1 km低层垂直风切变和SRH,两值越大出现超级单体或中气旋的可能性越大,龙卷发生概率也就越高。台风龙卷风暴母体属于低质心的微型超级单体风暴;低层有强或中等强度中气旋,有时强中气旋中心伴有龙卷涡旋特征(TVS);龙卷出现在钩状回波顶端或TVS附近。与西风带超级单体龙卷相比,台风龙卷中气旋的尺度更小、垂直伸展高度更低。 相似文献
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利用常规观测、地面自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达、现场灾调及互联网视频等资料,对2018年6月8日发生在广东省佛山市南海区大沥镇的1804号“艾云尼”台风龙卷天气过程进行分析。结果表明:龙卷发生在台风“艾云尼”登陆后前进方向的右后侧,强度为EF1级。高层辐散抽吸、中低空强劲的东南风急流叠加和地面中尺度辐合线的抬升触发作用是其有利的环流背景。对流参数表现为弱的对流有效位能和对流抑制能量、强低层风垂直切变、低抬升凝结高度和大的风暴相对螺旋度。产生龙卷的风暴为低质心微超级单体风暴,龙卷出现在钩状回波的弱回波区内。速度图上中气旋提前龙卷约30 min,临近龙卷发生时中气旋旋转速度增至最强,尺度缩小,底高降至最低,对龙卷预警有一定指示作用。 相似文献
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利用地面气象观测、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达及现场灾调等资料,对2018年9月17日上午发生在佛山的"山竹"台风(1822)外围强龙卷天气过程进行分析。结果表明:龙卷发生在台风登陆后前进方向右前侧的东北象限,强度为EF2级。低层急流汇合与高层辐散相互配合提供了有利的环流背景,环境场表现为中等偏弱的对流有效位能、弱的对流抑制能量、低的抬升凝结高度、大的风暴相对螺旋度和0—1 km强垂直风切变等特征。地面气象要素受龙卷影响表现出明显的信号,龙卷过境前后单站气压降低/升高明显,风向出现明显气旋式旋转。产生龙卷的风暴为低质心微超级单体,龙卷出现在雷达钩状回波的弱回波区附近,雷达低仰角速度图上出现强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征,中气旋尺度小、伸展高度低,且在龙卷发生前其最强切变突然增强。当环境条件有利时,在台风龙卷的高发区,当雷达低仰角速度图上出现中等强度以上中气旋,且底高在1 km以下时,可以考虑发布龙卷预警。 相似文献
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2016年6月5日海南出现了一个弱风垂直切变背景下的EF2级致灾龙卷。利用海口多普勒天气雷达观测资料、10 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料以及风廓线资料,研究了该龙卷风暴的结构、龙卷风暴与龙卷形成的可能物理过程。初始风暴在文昌附近向西传播,而同时海口风暴亦由海风锋触发并向东移动,两风暴下沉气流导致的出流相遇在海风锋辐合线上,触发了龙卷母云体。龙卷初始涡旋在低层两风暴出流相遇的切变辐合线上形成,当初始涡旋与其上方深厚且强烈的上升气流叠置时,拉伸作用加强了垂直涡度,使得龙卷形成。深厚的强上升气流有3个来源:对流风暴的出流边界相遇形成的辐合抬升,环境正浮力造成的对流单体内强上升气流,还可能与中高层强中气旋强迫的扰动低压有关。龙卷形成过程中,中高层强中气旋位于6—9 km高空并向上发展,龙卷初始涡旋先于龙卷母云体出现且比一般微气旋尺度大,伸展至更高的高度,属于非典型中气旋龙卷（或非典型超级单体龙卷）。此次热带强龙卷出现在弱的大尺度系统强迫的天气背景下,水平风垂直切变弱,海风锋、出流边界等边界层β中尺度辐合线边界在龙卷形成过程中可能起决定性作用。 相似文献
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2018年9月17日09:37—10:00,在登陆台风“山竹”外围螺旋雨带中,广东省佛山市三水区到肇庆市四会区发生了EF2级强龙卷,龙卷路径长度18 km,持续时间23 min,平均时速47 km/h,导致不少建筑物损毁。本次过程佛山市进行了龙卷预警试验,提前37 min发布了龙卷预警,龙卷没有造成人员伤亡。利用观测资料对产生强龙卷的环境场特征、地面自动站和雷达观测的中小尺度特征以及龙卷预警试验进行了分析,结果表明:产生龙卷的微型超级单体出现在台风外围和副高边缘之间的强东南急流中,具有低层辐合、高层辐散、水汽充足等典型台风外围龙卷环流形势特征;强的低空0~1 km垂直风切变、大的风暴相对螺旋度和低的抬升凝结高度等环境条件利于龙卷的生成;龙卷影响时,邻近地面自动气象站观测要素表现出明显的信号,瞬时大风和最低气压的极值区呈东南至西北向带状分布,与龙卷路径一致,龙卷过境前后,单站气压“漏斗”明显,5 min降压/升压幅度达-2.5 hPa/+2.1 hPa;广州多普勒天气雷达探测到龙卷母体风暴的低层钩状回波和入流缺口特征,以及低层强中气旋和类TVS特征。预警试验初步表明,对台风龙卷高发区,在环境场有利情况下,若低层出现中等或以上强度中气旋,其底高在1 km以下,可以考虑发布龙卷预警。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献