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1.
Fernando Porté-Agel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,112(1):81-105
An important challenge in large-eddy simulationsof the atmospheric boundarylayer is the specification of the subgrid-scale(SGS) model coefficient(s)and, in particular, how to account for factorssuch as position in the flow,grid/filter scale and atmospheric stability.A dynamic SGS model (thatassumes scale invariance of the coefficients)is implemented in simulationsof a neutral boundary layer with a constantand uniform surface flux of apassive scalar. Results from our simulationsshow evidence that the lumpedcoefficient in the eddy-diffusion modelcomputed with the dynamic proceduredepends on scale. This scale dependence isstronger near the surface, and itis more important for the scalar than for thevelocity field (Smagorinskycoefficient) due to the stronger anisotropicbehaviour of scalars. Based onthese results, a new scale-dependent dynamicmodel is developed for theeddy-diffusion lumped coefficient. The newmodel, which is similar to theone proposed earlierfor the Smagorinsky coefficient,is fully dynamic, thus not requiring anyparameter specification or tuning.Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamicmodel yield the expected trendsof the coefficients as functions of positionand filter/grid scale.Furthermore, in the surface layer the newmodel gives improved predictionsof mean profiles and turbulence spectra ascompared with the traditionalscale-invariant dynamic model. 相似文献
2.
Inanc Senocak Andrew S. Ackerman Michael P. Kirkpatrick David E. Stevens Nagi N. Mansour 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(3):405-424
In large-eddy simulations (LES) of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), near-surface models are often used to supplement
subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulent stresses when a major fraction of the energetic scales within the surface layer cannot be resolved
with the temporal and spatial resolution at hand. In this study, we investigate the performance of both dynamic and non-dynamic
eddy viscosity models coupled with near-surface models in simulations of a neutrally stratified ABL. Two near-surface models
that are commonly used in LES of the atmospheric boundary layer are considered. Additionally, a hybrid Reynolds- averaged/LES
eddy viscosity model is presented, which uses Prandtl’s mixing length model in the vicinity of the surface, and blends in
with the dynamic Smagorinsky model away from the surface. Present simulations show that significant portions of the modelled
turbulent stresses are generated by the near-surface models, and they play a dominant role in capturing the expected logarithmic
wind profile. Visualizations of the instantaneous vorticity field reveal that flow structures in the vicinity of the surface
depend on the choice of the near-surface model. Among the three near-surface models studied, the hybrid eddy viscosity model
gives the closest agreement with the logarithmic wind profile in the surface layer. It is also observed that high levels of
resolved turbulence stresses can be maintained with the so-called canopy stress model while producing good agreement with
the logarithmic wind profile. 相似文献
3.
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to simulate stably-stratified turbulent boundary-layer flow over a steep two-dimensional
hill. To parametrise the subgrid-scale (SGS) fluxes of heat and momentum, three different types of SGS models are tested:
(a) the Smagorinsky model, (b) the Lagrangian dynamic model, and (c) the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model (Stoll and
Porté-Agel, Water Resour Res 2006, doi:). Simulation results obtained with the different models are compared with data from wind-tunnel experiments conducted at
the Environmental Flow Research Laboratory (EnFlo), University of Surrey, U.K. (Ross et al., Boundary-Layer Meteorol 113:427–459,
2004). It is found that, in this stably-stratified boundary-layer flow simulation, the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model
is able to account for the scale dependence of the eddy-viscosity and eddy-diffusivity model coefficients associated with
flow anisotropy in flow regions with large mean shear and/or strong flow stratification. As a result, simulations using this
tuning-free model lead to turbulence statistics that are more realistic than those obtained with the other two models. 相似文献
4.
Large-eddy simulation (LES), coupled with a wind-turbine model, is used to investigate the characteristics of a wind-turbine
wake in a neutral turbulent boundary-layer flow. The tuning-free Lagrangian scale-dependent dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model
is used for the parametrisation of the SGS stresses. The turbine-induced forces (e.g., thrust, lift and drag) are parametrised
using two models: (a) the ‘standard’ actuator-disk model (ADM-NR), which calculates only the thrust force and distributes
it uniformly over the rotor area; and (b) the actuator-disk model with rotation (ADM-R), which uses the blade-element theory
to calculate the lift and drag forces (that produce both thrust and rotation), and distribute them over the rotor disk based
on the local blade and flow characteristics. Simulation results are compared to high-resolution measurements collected with
hot-wire anemometry in the wake of a miniature wind turbine at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory atmospheric boundary-layer
wind tunnel. In general, the characteristics of the wakes simulated with the proposed LES framework are in good agreement
with the measurements in the far-wake region. The ADM-R yields improved predictions compared with the ADM-NR in the near-wake
region, where including turbine-induced flow rotation and accounting for the non-uniformity of the turbine-induced forces
appear to be important. Our results also show that the Lagrangian scale-dependent dynamic SGS model is able to account, without
any tuning, for the effects of local shear and flow anisotropy on the distribution of the SGS model coefficient. 相似文献
5.
In recent years field experiments have been undertaken in the lower atmosphere to perform a priori tests of subgrid-scale
(SGS) models for large-eddy simulations (LES). The experimental arrangements and data collected have facilitated studies of
variables such as the filtered strain rate, SGS stress and dissipation, and the eddy viscosity coefficient. However, the experimental
set-ups did not permit analysis of the divergence of the SGS stress (the SGS force vector), which is the term that enters
directly in the LES momentum balance equations. Data from a field experiment (SGS2002) in the west desert of Utah, allows
the calculation of the SGS force due to the unique 4 × 4 sonic anemometer array. The vector alignment of the SGS force is
investigated under a range of atmospheric stabilities. The eddy viscosity model is likely aligned with the measured SGS force
under near-neutral and unstable conditions, while its performance is unsatisfactory under stable conditions. 相似文献
6.
Application of Dynamic Subgrid-scale Models for Large-eddy Simulation of the Daytime Convective Boundary Layer over Heterogeneous Surfaces 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The sensitivity of large-eddy simulation (LES) to the representation of subgrid-scale (SGS) processes is explored for the
case of the convective boundary layer (CBL) developing over surfaces with varying degrees of spatial heterogeneity. Three
representations of SGS processes are explored: the traditional constant Smagorinsky–Lilly model and two other dynamic models
with Lagrangian averaging approaches to calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient (C
S
) and SGS Prandtl number (Pr). With initial data based roughly on the observed meteorology, simulations of daytime CBL growth are performed over surfaces
with characteristics (i.e. fluxes and roughness) ranging from homogeneous, to striped heterogeneity, to a realistic representation
of heterogeneity as derived from a recent field study. In both idealized tests and the realistic case, SGS sensitivities are
mostly manifest near the surface and entrainment zone. However, unlike simulations over complex domains or under neutral or
stable conditions, these differences for the CBL simulation, where large eddies dominate, are not significant enough to distinguish
the performance of the different SGS models, irrespective of surface heterogeneity. 相似文献
7.
One-dimensional turbulence (ODT) is a single-column simulation in which vertical motions are represented by an unsteady advective process, rather than their customary representation by a diffusive process. No space or time averaging of mesh-resolved motions is invoked. Molecular-transport scales can be resolved in ODT simulations of laboratory-scale flows, but this resolution of these scales is prohibitively expensive in ODT simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), except possibly in small subregions of a non-uniform mesh.Here, two methods for ODT simulation of the ABL on uniform meshes are described and applied to the GABLS (GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study; GEWEX is the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) stable boundary-layer intercomparison case. One method involves resolution of the roughness scale using a fixed eddy viscosity to represent subgrid motions. The other method, which is implemented at lower spatial resolution, involves a variable eddy viscosity determined by the local mesh-resolved flow, as in multi-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES). When run at typical LES resolution, it reproduces some of the key high-resolution results, but its fidelity is lower in some important respects. It is concluded that a more elaborate empirically based representation of the subgrid physics, closely analogous to closures currently employed in LES of the ABL, might improve its performance substantially, yielding a cost-effective ABL simulation tool. Prospects for further application of ODT to the ABL, including possible use of ODT as a near-surface subgrid closure framework for general circulation modeling, are assessed. 相似文献
8.
A dynamic procedure is developed to compute the model coefficients in the recently introduced modulated gradient models for both momentum and scalar fluxes. The magnitudes of the subgrid-scale (SGS) stress and the SGS flux are estimated using the local equilibrium hypothesis, and their structures (relative magnitude of each of the components) are given by the normalized gradient terms, which are derived from the Taylor expansion of the exact SGS stress/flux. Previously, the two model coefficients have been specified on the basis of theoretical arguments. Here, we develop a dynamic SGS procedure, wherein the model coefficients are computed dynamically according to the statistics of the resolved turbulence, rather than provided a priori or ad hoc. Results show that the two dynamically calculated coefficients have median values that are approximately constant throughout the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and their fluctuations follow a near log-normal distribution. These findings are consistent with the fact that, unlike eddy-viscosity/diffusivity models, modulated gradient models have been found to yield satisfactory results even with constant model coefficients. Results from large-eddy simulations of a neutral ABL and a stable ABL using the new closure show good agreement with reference results, including well-established theoretical predictions. For instance, the closure delivers the expected surface-layer similarity profiles and power-law scaling of the power spectra of velocity and scalar fluctuations. Further, the Lagrangian version of the model is tested in the neutral ABL case, and gives satisfactory results. 相似文献
9.
Most natural landscapes are characterized by multiscale (often multifractal) topography with well-known scale-invariance properties.
For example, the spectral density of landscape elevation fields is often found to have a power-law scaling behaviour (with
a −2 slope on a log–log scale) over a wide span of spatial scales, typically ranging from tens of kilometres down to a few
metres. Even though the effect of topography on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has been the subject of numerous studies,
few have focussed on multiscale topography. In this study, large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to investigate boundary-layer
flow over multiscale topography, and guide the development of parametrizations needed to represent the effects of subgrid-scale
(SGS) topography in numerical models of ABL flow. Particular emphasis is placed on the formulation of an effective roughness
used to account for the increased aerodynamic roughness associated with SGS topography. The LES code uses the scale-dependent
Lagrangian dynamic SGS model for the turbulent stresses and a terrain-following coordinate transformation to explicitly resolve
the effects of the topography at scales larger than the LES resolution. The terrain used in the simulations is generated using
a restricted solid-on-solid landscape evolution model, and it is characterized by a −2 slope of the elevation power spectrum.
Results from simulations performed using elevation fields band-pass filtered at different spatial resolutions indicate a clear
linear relation between the square of the effective roughness and the variance of elevation. 相似文献
10.
The performance of the modulated-gradient subgrid-scale (SGS) model is investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES) of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer within the weather research and forecasting model. Since the model includes a finite-difference scheme for spatial derivatives, the discretization errors may affect the simulation results. We focus here on understanding the effects of finite-difference schemes on the momentum balance and the mean velocity distribution, and the requirement (or not) of the ad hoc canopy model. We find that, unlike the Smagorinsky and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) models, the calculated mean velocity and vertical shear using the modulated-gradient model, are in good agreement with Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, without the need for an extra near-wall canopy model. The structure of the near-wall turbulent eddies is better resolved using the modulated-gradient model in comparison with the classical Smagorinsky and TKE models, which are too dissipative and yield unrealistic smoothing of the smallest resolved scales. Moreover, the SGS fluxes obtained from the modulated-gradient model are much smaller near the wall in comparison with those obtained from the regular Smagorinsky and TKE models. The apparent inability of the LES model in reproducing the mean streamwise component of the momentum balance using the total (resolved plus SGS) stress near the surface is probably due to the effect of the discretization errors, which can be calculated a posteriori using the Taylor-series expansion of the resolved velocity field. Overall, we demonstrate that the modulated-gradient model is less dissipative and yields more accurate results in comparison with the classical Smagorinsky model, with similar computational costs. 相似文献