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1.
It is imperative that climate, energy, and sustainability policy researchers and practitioners grapple with the difficulty of decarbonizing heat, which remains the largest single end-use energy service worldwide. In this study, based on a comparative assessment of five original and representative national surveys in Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (N = 10,109), we explore public attitudes of household heat decarbonization in Europe. We explore how people conceive of the purposes of low-carbon heat, their preferences for particular forms of heat supply, and their (at times odd) practices of heat consumption and temperature settings. The data reveal four significant challenges to heat decarbonization that are consistent across geographies: 1) High satisfaction with existing, often fossil fuel based, heating systems; 2) Varying and divergent preferences and expectations for thermal comfort; 3) Householders unlikely to change their heating system in the near-term, in part driven by low familiarity and knowledge of alternative systems; and 4) heat satisfaction appears lower as the fuel mix is decarbonized. The paper concludes by connecting these findings with policy and research implications. 相似文献
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Smart electricity meters are a central feature of any future smart grid, and therefore represent a rapid and significant household energy transition, growing by our calculations from less than 23.5 million smart meters in 2010 to an estimated 729.1 million in 2019, a decadal growth rate of 3013%. What are the varying economic, governance, and energy and climate sustainability aspects associated with the diffusion of smart meters for electricity? What lessons can be learned from the ongoing rollouts of smart meters around the world? Based on an original dataset twice as comprehensive as the current state of the art, this study examines smart meter deployment across 41 national programs and 61 subnational programs that collectively target 1.49 billion installations involving 47 countries. In addition to rates of adoption and the relative influence of factors such as technology costs, we examine adoption requirements, modes of information provision, patterns of incumbency and management, behavioral changes and energy savings, emissions reductions, policies, and links to other low-carbon transitions such as energy efficiency or renewable energy. We identify numerous weak spots in the literature, notably the lack of harmonized datasets as well as inconsistent scope and quality within national cost-benefit analyses of smart meter programs. Most smart meters have a lifetime of only 20 years, leading to future challenges concerning repair, care, and waste. National-scale programs (notably China) account for a far larger number of installations than subnational ones, and national scale programs also install smart meters more affordably, i.e. with lower general costs. Finally, the transformative effect of smart meters may be oversold, and we find that smart electricity meters are a technology that is complementary, rather than disruptive or transformative, one that largely does not challenge the dominant practices and roles of electricity suppliers, firms, or network operators. 相似文献
3.
Heat waves associated with global warming are a significant hazard to human health, and they particularly endanger low-income households. In this study, we systematically analyze how the different components of heat vulnerability are related to household income, and present empirical evidence on the determinants of heat adaptation, focusing on the role of income. We contribute the first empirical analysis of heat vulnerability using household-level data at the national level, based on a longitudinal survey, including data points for 10,226 households in Germany in the period 2012–2020. Our results indicate that low income households are significantly more heat sensitive and have lower adaptive capacity than high income households, measured inter alia by health status, household composition, and economic and psychological resources to implement adaptation measures. However, heat hazard and exposure levels are comparable between income groups, hence there is no sorting of richer households into less hazardous or exposed locations on a national scale. We also contribute robust empirical evidence on the factors influencing household decisions to implement technical adaptation measures (e.g. installation of air conditioning), ultimately showing that the adaptation behavior of the most vulnerable households (e.g. people with poor health conditions or the elderly) is not limited by financial constraints. 相似文献
4.
H. Toros A. Deniz L. Şaylan O. Şen M. Baloğlu 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2005,88(1-2):107-118
Summary Air temperature, absolute humidity and wind speed are the most important meteorological parameters that affect human thermal comfort. Because of heat loss, the human body feels air temperatures different to actual temperatures. Wind speed is the most practical element for consideration in terms of human comfort. In winter, due to the strong wind speeds, the sensible temperature is generally colder than the air temperature. This uncomfortable condition can cause problems related to tourism, heating and cooling. In this study, the spatial and temporal distributions of cooling temperatures and Wind Chill Index (WCI) are analyzed for Turkey, and their effect on the human body is considered. In this paper, monthly cooling temperatures between October and March in the years 1929 to 1990 are calculated by using measured temperature and wind speed at 79 stations in Turkey. The influence of wind chill is especially observed in the regions of the Aegean, west and middle Black Sea and east and central Anatolia. The wind chill in these regions has an uncomfortable effect on the human body. Usually, the WCI value is higher in western, northern and central Anatolia than in other regions. 相似文献
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6.
According to household production function theory households combine marketed goods and nonmarket environmental goods to produce service flows of direct value to the household. This readily explains why, as an input to household production activities, households might have preferences over the climate. Using techniques more frequently employed to account for differences in the demographic composition of households we use household production function theory to estimate climate equivalence scales using household expenditure data drawn from 51 Japanese cities over the period 2000–2009. Our results indicate that warmer temperatures result in a small but statistically highly significant reduction in the cost of living. Combining these estimates with climate change scenarios associated with the IPCC A2, A1B, and B1 emissions scenarios other things being equal points to a slight reduction in Japanese households’ cost of living. 相似文献
7.
Eduardo Krüger Patricia Drach Rohinton Emmanuel Oscar Corbella 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(1-2):127-141
From extensive outdoor comfort campaigns, preliminary outdoor comfort ranges have been defined for the local population of Glasgow, UK, in terms of two thermal indices: ‘Temperature Humidity Sun Wind’ (THSW) and ‘Physiological Equivalent Temperature’ (PET). A series of measurements and surveys was carried out from winter through summer 2011 during 19 monitoring campaigns. For data collection, a Davis Vantage Pro2 weather station was used, which was equipped with temperature and humidity sensors, cup anemometer with wind vane, silicon pyranometer and globe thermometer. From concurrent measurements using two weather stations, one located close to the city core and another located at a rural setting, approximately at a 15-km distance from the urban area of Glasgow, comparisons were made with regard to thermal comfort levels and to urban–rural temperature differences for different periods of the year. It was found that the two selected thermal indices (THSW and PET) closely correlate to the actual thermal sensation of respondents. Moreover, results show that the urban site will have fewer days of cold discomfort, more days of ‘neutral’ thermal sensation and slightly higher warm discomfort. The most frequent urban heat island intensity was found to be around 3° C, whereas the fraction of cooling to heating degree-hours for a T base of 65 °F was approximately 1/12th. 相似文献
8.
应用1951—2004年北京逐日平均温度制作北京月、年的热度日 (HDD) 和冷度日 (CDD)。其中平均月HDD以1月 (687.9度日) 最大, 多年平均的年值为2922.6度日, 多年变化呈明显的下降趋势, 下降率为-99.5度日/10 a。平均月CDD以7月 (259.2度日) 最大。CDD多年平均的年值为826.7度日, 多年变化呈上升趋势, 上升率为39.0度日/10 a。1971—2004年HDD月城郊差值 (北京站-密云站) 冬季较大, 最大值为-73.8度日 (12月)。月CDD的城郊差值比HDD的差值小, 最大差值在8月 (34.0度日)。年HDD和CDD与年平均气温具有较高的相关性。年际、年代际HDD与年际、年代际平均气温具有反位相变化趋势, 随着气候增暖, 北京地区HDD将趋于减小, 冬季用于供暖的能源将减少; CDD将趋于增加, 夏季用于制冷降温的能源将增加。 相似文献
9.
为研究石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）中多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）的污染特征及其人群健康效应,采集了石家庄市2017年1月—2019年12月每月10—16日PM2.5样品,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定PM2.5中优先控制的16种多环芳烃的浓度,分析采暖期与非采暖期PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染水平及组成特征,利用特征比值法和主成分分析法对其来源进行定性判断,并采用健康风险评估模型以及预期寿命损失评估多环芳烃对人群的健康风险。结果表明:①PM2.5及其中多环芳烃浓度平均水平在采暖期分别为106.00 μg/m3、44.17 ng/m3,非采暖期分别为73.00 μg/m3、40.17 ng/m3。16种多环芳烃中含量最高的是苯并[a]芘,其次为苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、?。多环芳烃单体环数越高其致癌作用越强,不同环数多环芳烃单体的占比在采暖期与非采暖期有所不同;采暖期为4环>5环>2—3环>6环,非采暖期呈5环>4环>6环>2—3环的趋势。②特征比值法和主成分分析法结果显示,采暖期多环芳烃的主要来源为煤炭燃烧,非采暖期的主要来源为机动车尾气排放。③健康风险分析表明,采样期间终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失均呈非采暖期>采暖期,成人>青少年>儿童。不同年龄组人群中终身致癌超额危险度值均为10?6—10?4,表明石家庄市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃具有潜在的致癌风险。在男性儿童、青少年、成人中的预期寿命损失分别为41.18、54.72、110.42 min,在女性儿童、青少年、成人中预期寿命损失分别为42.93 、57.53、101.05 min。研究显示,石家庄市PM2.5中多环芳烃对所有人群均具有潜在致癌风险, PM2.5中多环芳烃通过呼吸暴露对人群造成的预期寿命损失需引起重视。 相似文献
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利用1960—2005年京津冀地区66个地面气象站气候资料日值数据集,基于人体舒适度指数和风寒温度模型,分析京津冀地区人体舒适度时空特征,计算了京津冀地区春、夏、秋、冬季各站逐日人体舒适度指数和冬季风寒温度。通过人体舒适度指数聚类分析得出人体舒适度指数分区,在此基础上探讨各分区具有代表性站点的各级舒适日数比例和冬季人体舒适度的时空特征及空间分布的主导因素。结果表明：京津冀地区人体舒适度空间分布大致可以分成3种类型,即热舒适平原山地区、冷舒适滨海区和冷不舒适高山区;依据风寒温度,京津冀地区冬季人体舒适度分为冀北、冀南两区,整个地区风寒温度增大趋势显著;京津冀地区人体舒适度与高程、纬度变化均存在显著负相关,其空间分型主导因素为高程、纬度的变化。 相似文献
11.
本文用1979年夏季6—8月青藏高原地区17个站资料（包括青藏高原科学实验资料），通过直接法求得长波辐射、短波辐射、凝结潜热和感热输送等四项加热分量，在此基础上求出高原地区的平均大气热量输送，并和国内外其它作者所估计的高原大气热源情况进行比较。计算结果表明，对高原大气热源的主要贡献是长波辐射，文中还探讨了青藏高原地区大气加热场与高原季风爆发前后以及高原季风活跃和中断时期环流的关系。 相似文献
12.
Rizwan Ahmed Memon Dennis Y. C. Leung Chun-Ho Liu Michael K. H. Leung 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(3-4):441-450
This study investigates the urban heat island characteristics of four major areas of Hong Kong. The areas of study include a densely populated and well-developed commercial area (i.e., Tsim Sha Tsui) and three suburban areas (i.e., Cheung Chau, Lau Fau Shan and Sha Tin) with differing degrees of development. The weather station data of respective areas were acquired from the Hong Kong Observatory. The urban heat island intensity, determined as the air-temperature difference between the selected urban/suburban area and the reference rural area (i.e., Ta Kuw Ling) with thin population and lush vegetation, was used for the analysis. Results showed stronger heat island effect during winter and nighttime than during summer and daytime. An investigation of the cooling and heating degree days indicate that all areas have observed higher number of cooling degree days. However, the cooling degree days were the maximum while heating degree days were the minimum in the urban area (i.e., Tsim Sha Tsui). Clearly, the minimum heating degree days and the maximum cooling degree days in the urban area were a direct consequence of urban heat island. The 10-year (i.e., from 1995 to 2005) average shows that Cheung Chau experienced the least number of cooling degree days while Lau Fau Shan experienced the highest number of heating degree days. Seemingly, the area of Cheung Chau offers better thermal comfort conditions with the minimum number of cooling and heating degree days. 相似文献
13.
Stanton numbers, mean temperature profiles, and turbulent heat flux profiles are presented for thermal boundary layers which develop over a uniformly rough surface downstream of steps in wall temperature. Artificially thickened hydrodynamic layers were employed in order to create large unheated starting lengths compared to boundary-layer thickness, where the unheated starting length is the distance between the temperature step and hydrodynamic boundary-layer origin. Kernel functions for Stanton number distributions with downstream distance are presented which agree with measurements even when the hydrodynamic layers are significantly thicker than thermal layers. Other effects of unheated starting lengths on rough-wall thermal boundary-layer behavior are described, including significant alterations in profiles of mean temperature and turbulent heat flux. Both change shape as the magnitude of the unheated starting length increases, even though logarithmic regions of temperature profiles in wall coordinates and turbulent Prandtl number distributions are largely unaffected by unheated starting-length effects. 相似文献
14.
根据沈阳市72家供暖企业调研数据,利用IPCC温室气体清单方法核算供热企业碳排放量。结果表明：在151 d供暖期内,不同热源形式碳排放强度差异显著,小型分散锅炉房平均碳排放强度为58.25 kg CO2/m2,区域锅炉房为53.42 kg CO2/m2,热电联产为49.87 kg CO2/m2,组合式热源（燃煤锅炉+热泵）为34.49 kg CO2/m2,清洁能源为21.58 kg CO2/m2。基于不同热源形式碳排放强度和清洁发展机制推荐的基准线确定方法,设置了实际排放、历史排放、单体容量40 t/h以上区域锅炉房排放、热电联产排放、技术水平领先前30%和40%企业排放6种基准线情景。通过各个碳排放基准线值比较,结合沈阳市的经济技术发展水平和未来碳交易市场计划,建议选择技术水平领先前40%企业排放情景下的碳排放基准值46.57 kg CO2/m2作为沈阳市2013年供暖行业的碳排放基准线。以此基准线为起始基准线,对2014-2020年的碳排放基准线进行了预测。 相似文献
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本文利用冬季观测的兰州市区、邻近山顶以及郊区皋兰县的辐射资料和温度廓线资料,分析了兰州城市气溶胶对太阳辐射影响;并用二流近似累加法计算了低层大气吸收太阳辐射的加热率,其结果与低层大气上部的实际增温在数值上比较接近。分析了城市气溶胶短波辐射效应对边界层温度廓线分布的影响。表明城市烟雾层削弱了地面热通量但增加了低层大气中上部的增温,从而增加了城市低层大气的稳定度。 相似文献
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本文检验了2020年3月至2021年2月ECMWF和GRAPES以及中央台格点产品（以下简称SCMOC）和省台格点产品（以下简称SPCC）4家降水预报产品逐24h未来5天在贵州的预报质量,结论如下：（1）ECMWF和SCMOC与实况的相关系数最高,SCMOC和SPCC预报降水的变化幅度较观测偏大,而GRAPES预报降水的变化幅度较观测则是明显偏小。（2）SCMOC的晴雨准确率最高,除在72h预报时效SPCC的准确率略高于SCMOC外,其余预报时效SPCC准确率均低于SCMOC,表明SPCC的订正能力需要进一步提升。（3）在小雨量级,4种降水预报产品的TS评分相差不大,ECMWF和GRAPES的ETS评分明显低于SCMOC和SPCC,其中GRAPES的TS评分在5个预报时效内均高于ECMWF。在中雨量级,前3个预报时效内ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均高于其他三家,ECMWF在5个预报时效内预报有降水的次数大于实况出现的降水次数,但空报次数并不是最多的,在后2个预报时效内,SCMOC的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,但与其他家相差不大。在大雨量级,24h和96h预报时效ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,而在48h、72h、120h预报时效SCMOC的TS和ETS评分是最高的。在暴雨及以上量级,前3个时效内SPCC 的TS和ETS评分均是最高,且48h的TS评分空间分布也是最优的,表明SPCC对暴雨及以上量级在前3个预报时效内订正能力较好。 相似文献
17.
Energy infrastructure projects have long been associated with a lack of participation by impacted, local populations—this history is evident in the case of hydropower projects in the Global South. Ever since the World Commission on Dams’ Report (WCD 2000), there has been substantive evidence, and numerous recommendations, that have called on governments, financial agencies and construction companies to increase community engagement and participation in dam construction and in their governance thereafter. Further, community groups, activists, and scholars have long articulated the need for participatory governance in energy projects. In this analysis, we evaluate participation in institutionalized mechanisms provided by dam builders—such as public meetings and negotiations—in Brazil’s Madeira hydroelectric complex. We evaluate how perceptions of positive and negative impacts, among other factors, predict engagement, estimating a series of logit models based on a social survey of 673 households carried out in 2019/20. Perceptions of negative and positive impacts of the dams before construction are related to participation in the meetings promoted by dam builders. Yet our results also imply that participation was rare, fleeting, and insufficient and points to the need to ensure community engagement and governance to ensure energy justice in future dam projects in Brazil and elsewhere. 相似文献
18.
Gender specificity with respect to land-use options and responsiveness to agents that offer related investment opportunities is poorly understood. We combined agent-based modeling and experimental role playing games to compare land-use preferences and decisions between men and women in a landscape dominated by rubber agroforests in Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecosystem service delivery can be influenced by gender specific land-use preferences, especially in areas under conservation agreements. The research methods were designed to examine gender aspects of three ‘bounds’ of human nature (bounded rationality, bounded willpower and bounded self-interests) in relation to land-use decisions. Rice fields (mostly owned and inherited by females) provide part of local staple food needs in the study area, whereas rubber agroforests provide income in addition to resources for local use and rubber and oil palm monocultures are fully market oriented. In both the model and game exercises, men preferred the status quo rice production in combination with agroforest land uses, but women preferred the conversion of agroforest to more financially profitable monoculture systems, with increased carbon emissions as side effect. Although both genders exhibited similar preferences for ecosystem service provision, regulatory ecosystem services (i.e., climate and water regulation) were reduced by women’s landuse choices. Thus, ecosystem service tradeoffs are potentially greater in women-dominated landscapes under these circumstances. Furthermore, gender-specific limitations and socio-cultural contexts (i.e., matrilineal societies) may influence the flow of ecosystem services as well as landscape patterns. 相似文献
19.
利用1960-2005年京津冀地区66个地面气象站气候资料日值数据集,基于人体舒适度指数和风寒温度模型分析京津冀地区人体舒适度时空特征,计算了京津冀地区春、夏、秋、冬季各站逐日人体舒适度指数和冬季风寒温度。通过人体舒适度指数聚类分析得出人体舒适度指数分区,在此基础上探讨各分区具有代表性站点的各级舒适日数比例和冬季人体舒适度的时空特征及空间分布的主导因素。结果表明：京津冀地区人体舒适度空间分布大致可以分成3种类型,即热舒适平原山地区、冷舒适滨海区、冷不舒适高山区;依据风寒温度京津冀地区冬季人体舒适度分为冀北、冀南两区,整个地区风寒温度增大趋势显著;京津冀地区人体舒适度与高程、纬度变化均存在显著负相关,其空间分型的主导因素为高程、纬度的变化。 相似文献
20.
Solid fuel use is linked with adverse effects on the environment and human health. Yet, solid fuels remain an important energy source for households in developing countries. Even when country-level dependence on solid fuels is modest, there is often significant variation in within-country patterns of solid fuel use. This study examines a range of environmental and socioeconomic conditions to understand the relationship between them and household energy use within a country. While our results are derived from a study of regional patterns of solid fuel dependence in Peru, the contribution of this study is broad: variables that we include in our models of households’ fuel choice decisions are likely to shape such decisions in most developing countries. Our findings indicate that environmental conditions, such as elevation and forest cover, are associated with solid fuel use. Socioeconomic factors, including urbanization, poverty and female literacy, are similarly important. In addition, we identify nuanced links between types of female employment and indigenous population, on the one hand, and solid fuel use, on the other. 相似文献