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本文不做风和温度廓线相似性假设,使用最小二乘法分析位于粗糙、不均匀地形上北京气象专用塔在稳定条件下的平均风速和温度测量资料。结果表明,在近地面层,从弱稳定到强逆温的较宽的稳定层结范围内,对数加线性规律都是适用的;廓线参数β和β不是常数,它们的数值随大气稳定度而变化。文中给出的经验公式表明:廓线参数随R_i的增大而减少,随L的增大而增大。在临界理查逊数的两侧,廓线参数随R_i的变化遵循不同的规律。文中还表明,廓线相似性假设仅对大气层结稳定度较弱时才是真实的;当稳定度增大时,廓线变成不相似,P值随R_i的增大而增大。 相似文献
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分析了2000年7月21日～8月10日在内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面取得的近地面层湍流及辐射观测资料,讨论了无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数z/L的关系,发现无量纲速度分量方差及无量纲温度、湿度脉动方差在不稳定层结下,均满足莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;同时还讨论近地面层能量的收支.发现流动沙丘下垫面感热通量与地表热通量最大值分别为170 W m-2及100 W m-2;潜热通量通常小于50 W m-2;流动沙丘净辐射最大值为400 W m-2左右.(Hs+Hl),与(Rn-G)的比值在晴天白天平均值为0.78左右,流动沙丘下垫面近地面层能量不平衡现象存在,其原因有待进一步研究. 相似文献
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应用含湍流频散效应的近地面层的运动方程求解了不同层结下的风速廓线，着重分析了湍流频散效应对近地面层平稳运动的影响。分析指出：湍流的频散效应对经典的幂律廓线一对数修正，该修正在不稳定层结时比稳定层时明显；利用相似理论也得到了该常数。 相似文献
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临近绿洲的沙漠上空近地面层内水汽输送特征 总被引：20，自引：22，他引：20
1991年7月在HEIFE实验区沙漠站进行了一次水汽输送观测实验。观测发现近地面层内比湿廓线常常出现极小值，该极小值高度为零水汽通量面的高度。这个高度以上水汽向下输送，廓线呈逆湿特征，这个高度以下水汽向上输送，廓线呈蒸发特征。沙漠上空近地面层内水汽不是常通量，在一个固定高度上观测到的水汽通量和“潜热通量”不能代表地面的蒸发量和潜热通量。 相似文献
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青藏高原近地面层特征的初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用西藏日喀则、那曲１９９３年７月至１９９４年４月近地面层梯度观测资料，采用近地面层相似理论方法，计算了预测期间地面粗糙度、平均曳力系数、平均动量通量、平均感热通量和平均湍流系数，讨论了它们与稳定度的关系，给出了日变化个例。 相似文献
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农田植被层上通量—廓线关系的研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
以莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论为基础，利用风温梯度观测资料，采用迭代方法确定湍流特征参量Ｕ、Ｔ、Ｌ和廓线参数β、γ，得出了适用于确定农田植被层上方风温廓线和湍流通量的普适函数半经验表达式；分析讨论了大气层结稳定度与风湿廓线曲率、廓线参数以及普适函数的关系。 相似文献
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苏秀娟 《南京气象学院学报》1989,12(3):277-286
本文用三维K理论扩散方程对南京大厂地区污染物浓度分布特征进行了讨论。在K理论扩散方程中,输入的风速廓线、扩散系数廓线采用Businger通量廓线关系式。用塔层风资料求取了南京地区近地面特征量。用具有四阶精度的Chapeau函数方法对三维K理论扩散方程进行数值求解,计算了大厂地区SO_2年平均浓度分布,和实测值基本上吻合。本文还研究了忽略水平扩散系数、不考虑风速随高度变化,对污染物地面浓度分布的影响。结果表明:在点源的下风方1—5千米范围内,不管是较强的还是较弱的风,忽略水平扩散系数都会使计算的地面浓度估计过高;忽略风速随高度的变化,会给计算带来一定的误差。 相似文献
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Comparison of the Bowen ratio-energy balance and stability-corrected aerodynamic methods for measurement of evapotranspiration 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. Malek 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1993,48(2-3):167-178
Summary The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) and the stability-corrected aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat at an irrigated alfalfa site in a semi-arid valley in northern Utah, U.S.A., during August and September of 1991. Despite inclusion of a generalized stability factor, the aerodynamic method underestimated the daytime (sunrise-sunset) sensible and latent heat fluxes by approximately 30% in comparison with the BREB method. The sum of the aerodynamic estimates of sensible and latent heat seldom balanced the energy avaiable from net radiation and change in storage. Wind speed was low during the experiment (averaging 1.6 m s–1), and so a second analysis was run for data from daytime, non-rainy, turbulent conditions (wind > 1.5 m s–1). This showed that sensible and latent heat were still underestimated by approximately 30% in comparison with the BREB approach. This suggests that underestimation of sensible and latent heat fluxes by the aerodynamic method was not related to the wind speed conditions during the experiment. These results show that the stability-corrected aerodynamic model did not agree with the Bowen ratio method in this experiment. It appears unlikely that the discrepancies resulted from measurement errors. Perhaps the theoretical foundation of the similarity parameters (stability functions) in the aerodynamic model are not sufficiently generalized. The discrepancies found here confirm the necessity of calibration checks on the validity of aerodynamic estimates of the turbulent fluxes.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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应用涡动相关法计算水热、CO2通量的国内外进展概况 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
目前涡动相关法被认为是国内外测定CO2、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下森林和农田等生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题，目前致力于非理想下垫面（真实地形）的CO2、水热通量的计算。而国内应用涡动相关技术起步较晚，用此方法测定水热通量已有一定的知识积累，但测定CO2通量还处于资料收集阶段。我国自然生态系统、环境外交和社会经济可持续发展都要求精确查明我国CO2的时空变化特征和动力学机制，这应是今后研究的重点，并提出了应用该方法存在的主要问题及可能的解决方法，指出值得深入研究的领域。 相似文献
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A variational data assimilation method is proposed to estimate the near-surface soil moisture and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.The method merges the five parts into a cost function,i.e.,the differences of wind,potential temperature,anti specific humidity gradient between observations and those computed by the profile method,the difference of latent heat fluxes calculated using the ECMWF land surface evaporation scheme and the profile method,and a weak constraint for surface energy balance.By using an optimal algorithm,the best solutions are found.The method is tested with the data collected at Feixi Station (31.41°N,117.08°E) supported by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) during 7-30 June 2001.The results show that estimated near-surface soil moistures can quickly respond to rainfall,and their temporal variation is consistent with that of measurements of average soil moisture over 15-cm top depth with a maximum error less than 0.03 m~3 m~(-3).The surface heat fluxes calculated by this method are consistent with those by the Bowen ratio method,but at the same time it can overcome the instability problem occurring in the Bowen ratio method when the latter is about-1.Meanwhile,the variational method is more accurate than the profile method in terms of satisfying the surface energy balance.The sensitivity tests also show that the variational method is the most stable one among the three methods. 相似文献
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Summary The Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and the aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent
heat flux over an irrigated agricultural area (IAA) and over two dry agricultural areas (DAA1 and DAA2). These turbulent fluxes
were analysed and particular attention paid to two specific areas. First, a quantitative analysis of sensible and latent heat
fluxes obtained by the BREB method was carried out, taking into account different soil type, vegetation and surface conditions.
The results showed that in IAA latent heat flux was higher than sensible heat flux, except in summer months, while in DAA1
and DAA2, sensible heat flux was higher except in the months when the vegetation was at the stage of maximum development.
Second, sensible and latent heat fluxes estimates from the BREB method were compared with those obtained from the aerodynamic
method. In this comparison factors such as soil type, soil vegetation cover, homogeneity or inhomogeneity of terrain and mesoscale
effects such as orography and wind patterns were taken into account. The results show that in conditions of light wind, the
two methods only concur if the condition of horizontal homogeniety is fulfilled. The influence of inhomogeneity seems to decrease
and agreement between methods improves, if the wind is stronger and the effects of meso and synoptic scales are predominant.
Received May 18, 1999/Revised March 15, 2000 相似文献
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Estimating heat fluxes by merging profile formulae and the energy budget with a variational technique 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. 相似文献
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C. Jacovides P. Kerkides G. Papaioannou F. B. Smith 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1992,45(2):145-154
Summary Hourly lysimetric and micrometeorological data taken over a grass surface at the Meteorological Research Unit, Cardington U.K. have been analysed. A temperature difference and measurements of wind speed at only one height, combined with an independently estimated effective roughness length allowed sensible heat and momentum fluxes determination by the profile method on an hourly basis. The estimates are compared with direct measurements of sensible heat and friction velocity obtained by the eddy correlation method. The sensible and latent heat fluxes are also modelled by the resistance method. Equations based on the Monin—Obukhov similarity theory are used to account for stability effects through various forms of parameterization Aerodynamic and surface resistances, necessary for the Penman—Monteith equation are calculated from routinely measured meteorological data. The profile method for estimation of sensible heat flux and friction velocity is found to work excellently on the discussed daytime experimental data which correspond mainly to near neutral or slightly unstable conditions.Surface latent and sensible heat fluxes can also be described very well by the resistance method. A slightly better estimate of the sensible heat flux is achieved when stability corrections are taken into account. On the contrary Penman-Monteith equation for estimating latent heat flux is insensitive to adjustments for atmospheric stability.The comparison of the various methods leads to the establishment of empirical relationships which correlate various quantities such as soil heat flux, resistances, evapotranspiration etc. to routinely measured meteorological data.With 8 Figures 相似文献
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Fred C. Bosveld A. A. M. Holtslag B. J. J. M. Van Den Hurk 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(3):429-451
Infrared crown radiation temperatures as observed over a dense Douglas fir forest are analyzed in the context of similarity theory and the concept of transport resistances. As such we obtain a rather high value of the roughness length for heat, which is about equal to the roughness length for momentum. This value can be explained by the more efficient transport of heat relative to momentum in the roughness sublayer of the forest. Correcting for this effect we arrive at the classic value for homogeneous terrain of about 0.1 times the roughness length for momentum. For unstable cases the presence of enhanced mixing of heat in the roughness sublayer leads to a modified integral stability function for the dimensionless potential temperature difference between the surface and the top of the roughness sublayer. The observations give some evidence for this different stability behaviour. The analysis suggests that during daytime the radiative surface temperature and the aerodynamic surface temperature are not significantly different when used to estimate fluxes. Daytime trunk space air temperature is satisfactory parameterized with the concept of gusts and with surface renewal analysis. As such it is related to the sensible heat flux and the storage heat flux. Night time radiation temperatures at times strongly deviate from the expected behaviour based on similarity theory and the roughness length for heat, suggesting that the concept of a single surface temperature is too simple for such cases. 相似文献
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均匀裸土地表土壤热通量计算方法对比及对能量闭合的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用"内蒙古微气象观测蒸发试验"的观测资料,对6种地表土壤热通量计算方法(Plate Cal法、TDEC法、谐波法、热传导对流法、振幅法和相位法)进行比较,检验了6种方法在不同干湿地表状况下的适用性,并研究了6种方法计算地表土壤热通量的差异以及对地表能量闭合度的影响。结果表明:一般情况下,Plate Cal法计算的2 cm土壤热通量与观测值最接近,计算结果的均方差为6.9 W/m2。在不同干湿地表状况下,干燥和降水条件下适合使用Plate Cal法,计算结果的均方差分别为14.0 W/m2和30.1 W/m2;湿润条件下适合使用谐波法,计算结果的均方差为21.4 W/m2。6种方法计算的地表土壤热通量存在明显差别,最大相差178.6 W/m2,不同方法计算地表土壤热通量的最大差值超过25 W/m2的时次占样本的96.3%。不同方法计算地表土壤热通量的差异对地表能量闭合度的大小有明显影响,但不影响近地层能量闭合度随湍流混合增强而增大的规律。 相似文献