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云和辐射 （I）:云气候学和云的辐射作用 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文介绍与气候变化研究有密切关系的云的辐射作用的有关工作。这一部分从云微物理特性和云粒子光学性质入手，介绍了水云、冰云的太阳和红外辐射特性的理论和实测工作以及云的不均匀性对云辐射特性的影响。此外，还介绍了云气候学及云对辐射收支影响方面的工作。 相似文献
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《湖北气象》2021,40(3)
在综合介绍我国机载云探测系统的发展历程、应用情况和优缺点的基础上,对新一代机载云探测系统SPEC的系统组成、探测原理、探测方法和探测范围等进行了详细说明,并探讨了近年来国内外相关研究进展。随着科学研究人员对云探测精细程度、准确度要求的日益提高,以往使用的粒子观测系统(PMS)等云探测系统已无法满足一些科学试验的需求;SPEC与很多其他云探测系统相比,在精密程度、探测粒子的信息量、分辨率等方面具有很大的探测优势,这对于云物理更深入的研究是非常重要的。国外研发并应用SPEC系统已有几十年的时间,而我国近年开始引进并越来越多地使用这套探测系统来探究云的宏微观物理特性,这必将使得对云物理的理解更加深入。 相似文献
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2017年10月15日至11月15日,利用"科学"号海洋科学综合考察船安装的两种型号云雷达(HT101、HMBKPS)开展西太平洋云观测试验研究。试验期间定时释放探空仪,利用探空仪的出云及入云高度,开展云雷达云高准确性分析;同船安装一台可见光热红外双波段天空成像仪获取天顶图像,分析云雷达数据获取率。试验结果表明:两部云雷达云高数据一致性较好,探测云底高度相关系数为0.997,云顶高度相关系数为0.988;云雷达探测云高准确性高,与基于探空识别的云底高度平均偏差分别为130 m(HT101)、72 m(HMBKPS),云顶高度平均偏差分别为310 m(HT101)、190 m(HMBKPS);受海洋性气候及船体摇摆影响,两部云雷达云数据获取率分别为57.8%(HT101)、68.7%(HMBKPS),漏测主要为卷云和淡积云。 相似文献
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辐辏状云具有宽广的云区，长条平行的分布反映了高空的流场特征，特别是辐辏状云，现在知道它是副高边缘或是南支急流云系的指示云，因而常被用作重大天气过程的征兆[1－2]。观测事实指出，出现在低空，云条延伸很长的堤状云（常称长为堤云），与大型天气过程关系密切，也是一种很好的天气指示云[1－2]。本文就我们近年来（1981－1989年）南宁的云天日记和云图拍摄资料，分析探讨辐辏状和堤状云的规律及与未来降水的关系。 相似文献
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基于CloudSat资料的东北地区降水云及非降水云垂直结构特征对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2007—2010年CloudSat和CALIPSO卫星资料,首先通过大量个例分析并结合地面逐小时降水量观测资料验证CloudSat卫星识别降水云指标的合理性。在此基础上,统计分析了东北地区(39°~53°N、119°~135°E)的云垂直结构参数,着重分析了降水云系和非降水云系的垂直结构差异和季节差异。结果表明:东北地区云量廓线呈双峰分布特征,有明显的昼夜及季节差异。东北地区以单层云为主,降水也主要产生于这类云系,是东北地区人工增雨作业的主要对象。单层降水云以低云、冷云、冰云或混合云为主,主要云类别是雨层云。双层降水云以高低云或中低云配置为主,且都为冷云;高层以冰云为主,主要类型是卷云和高层云;低层以混合云或冰云为主,主要类型是雨层云、层积云、积云。降水云系与非降水云系存在显著的垂直结构差异,双层云的降水由低层产生。云底高度较低、云体较厚且夹层厚度更薄的云易产生降水。同时,降水云云底温度更高,分布呈现出季节差异。 相似文献
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毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪观测数据对比分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
2013年5月1日至6月8日,中国气象局气象探测中心在中国气象局大气探测综合试验基地进行了云高观测试验,试验仪器包括:(1)毫米波云雷达(35 GHz),观测数据为回波功率值,时间分辨率1 min;(2)激光云高仪,观测数据为后向散射光强度,时间分辨率为1 min;本工作对39天试验数据进行对比分析,结果表明:毫米波云雷达数据获取率要比激光云高仪的数据获取率高26%;在雾霾天气时激光云高仪的数据获取率比毫米波云雷达低51%;降水天气对激光云高仪测量云底高度的结果影响较大,对云雷达的测量的结果影响较小;毫米波云雷达和激光云高仪测得云底高度平均相差不超过300 m,比较接近。 相似文献
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Prof. K. N. Liou J. L. Lee S. C. Ou Q. Fu Y. Takano 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,46(1-2):41-50
Summary Parameterization programs for cloud microphyscs and radiative transfer involving ice clouds have been developed in terms of the mean effective size and ice water path. The mean effective size appears to be adequate in representing the ice crystal size distribution for radiative parameterizations. For a given ice water path, smaller mean effective sizes reflect more solar radiation, emit more IR radiation and enhance net radiative heating/cooling at the cloud top and bottom than larger sizes. The presence of small ice crystals may generate steeper lapse rates in clouds. A 3-D global cloud model that prescribes the horizontal wind fields in a 24 hour period is used to investigate the sensitivity of the mean effective size of ice crystals on the simulation of radiative heating, temperature, cloud cover and ice water content. A variation in the mean effective size from 75 to 50 m in a 24 hour prediction on simulation generates more cooling above the high cloud top and a decrease of temperature. These results lead to an increase of high cloud cover in some latitudes by as much as 4% and, at the same time, a decrease of middle cloud cover by 3–4% in latitudes between 60°S and 60°N.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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ATHANASIOS NENES STEVEN GHAN HAYDER ABDUL&#;RAZZAK PATRICK Y. CHUANG JOHN H. SEINFELD 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(2):133-149
Under certain conditions mass transfer limitations on the growth of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) may have a significant impact on the number of droplets that can form in a cloud. The assumption that particles remain in equilibrium until activated may therefore not always be appropriate for aerosol populations existing in the atmosphere. This work identifies three mechanisms that lead to kinetic limitations, the effect of which on activated cloud droplet number and cloud albedo is assessed using a one‐dimensional cloud parcel model with detailed microphysics for a variety of aerosol size distributions and updraft velocities. In assessing the effect of kinetic limitations, we have assumed as cloud droplets not only those that are strictly activated (as dictated by classical Köhler theory), but also unactivated drops large enough to have an impact on cloud optical properties. Aerosol number concentration is found to be the key parameter that controls the significance of kinetic effects. Simulations indicate that the equilibrium assumption leads to an overprediction of droplet number by less than 10% for marine aerosol; this overprediction can exceed 40% for urban type aerosol. Overall, the effect of kinetic limitations on cloud albedo can be considered important when equilibrium activation theory consistently overpredicts droplet number by more than 10%. The maximum change in cloud albedo as a result of kinetic limitations is less than 0.005 for cases such as marine aerosol; however albedo differences can exceed 0.1 under more polluted conditions. Kinetic limitations are thus not expected to be climatically significant on a global scale, but can regionally have a large impact on cloud albedo. 相似文献
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图割模型在卫星云图云检测中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提出一种基于图割模型的卫星云图云检测方法。利用FY-2C卫星云图的长波红外通道和可见光通道的云图提取了10个灰度特征和80个Gabor纹理特征,再用主成分分析方法（principal component analysis,PCA）降维到9个主成分。将这9个主成分构成的特征作为每个像素的特征,建立相似度矩阵,再利用改进的NormalizedCuts模型进行分割,将云图分成了晴空区域和有云区域。与地面观测结果相比,平均一致率达到86．51％,表明将Gabor纹理特征和灰度特征相结合并利用改进的Normalized Cuts模型对卫星云图云检测有比较好的效果。 相似文献
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Conventional power plants are prolific sources of cloudnucleating particles. Consequently clouds forming in air influenced by such emissions contain higher concentrations of cloud droplets than would prevail in clean conditions; optical properties of clouds are thereby modified, causing them to reflect more sunlight and transmit less. That has obvious consequences for climate physics, but it may also be relevant for mesoscale processes since quite substantial energy changes are involved. Ships constitute isolated sources in an environment that is often quite clean, and when low thin cloud layers are present, ships delineate their courses in satellite images by bright lines. These lines are caused by the above-mentioned increase in reflectance, providing, on a scale of tens to hundreds of kilometers, a realization of an effect which on a climatic scale cannot be directly observed (but which is likely to be comparable in magnitude to the CO2 effect, but oppositely directed). 相似文献
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F. H. Ludlam 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1955,8(3):283-292
Summary It is suggested that a theory of cloud seeding needs to be developed before seeding experiments can be properly planned and assessed. This theory will arise from improved knowledge of cloud processes gained by the study of natural clouds. Some techniques used in observing shower clouds in Sweden are described, and some preliminary results mentioned.
With 3 Figures. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß eine Theorie des Cloud seeding entwickelt werden muß, bevor die diesbezüglichen Experimente in vorteilhafter Weise geplant und ihr Effekt abgeschätzt werden können. Diese Theorie hat sich aus einer Verbesserung unserer Kenntnisse über die Vorgänge in den Wolken durch die Ausführung entsprechender Beobachtungen in der Natur zu ergeben. Einige Verfahren, welche bei der Beobachtung von Schauerwolken in Schweden angewendet wurden, werden beschrieben und einige vorläufige Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt.
Résumé La nécessité de développer une théorie de l'ensemencement des nuages avant que de pouvoir projeter et analyser de telles experiences est démontrée. Cette théorie se déduira d'une connaissance améliorée de la physique des nuages, acquise par l'observation directe. Quelques procédures employées, au Suède, pour l'observation des nuages d'averses sont décrites et quelques résultats préliminaires sont mentionnés.
With 3 Figures. 相似文献
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毫米波雷达测云个例研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
云参数是影响降水和大气辐射过程的重要因子,但对云参数的遥感探测存在许多困难。利用35GHz的毫米波雷达进行云探测,并进行云参数反演研究,反演了云水含量、冰水含量和云滴有效直径的垂直廓线,得到了6类云况的垂直分布。结果表明：1）不同类型的云具有不同的云参数分布;2）在低于-15dBz的非降水云情况下,反演的云水含量及云滴有效直径较可靠;3）雷达探测的线性退偏振比因子,可以用于判别云中的过冷却水和冰晶,有助于更好了解云的宏微观特征。 相似文献
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河套低压降水性层状云的云雨特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
1963—1978年,使用飞机,对河套低压的降水性层状云作了21架次的云雾物理探测,结合天气分析与统计计算发现: 1.系统各部位层状云云状不一,对应云层的宏观特征及降水强度也有差别。 2.系统的平均冰质点浓度在 10~(-2)个/升—10~2个/升之间,其各部位浓度、浓度的垂直分布及晶形出现频数都不一样。液态含水量在 0—0.77克/米~3之间,平均为 0.122克/米~3,各部位液态含水量虽有差别,但都是正温层较大,负温层较小,到-10℃层以上已很少见液态水存在。 3.系统层状云的降水强度和系统部位、云厚、正温层厚度、云底温度以及平均液态水含量相关较好,而和云顶温度、冰云厚度及冰质点平均浓度相关不好,可用—多元迴归方程来拟合 相似文献
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Junghwa Lee Yign Noh Siegfried Raasch Theres Riechelmann Lian-Ping Wang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,124(1-2):1-21
A precipitating convective cloud is simulated successfully using the Lagrangian cloud model, in which the flow field is simulated by large eddy simulation and the droplets are treated as Lagrangian particles, and the results are analyzed to investigate precipitation initiation and to examine the parameterization of cloud microphysics. It is found that raindrops appear initially near the cloud top, in which strong turbulence and broadened droplet spectrum are induced by the entrainment of dry air, but high liquid–water mixing ratio is maintained within cloud parts because of insufficient mixing. Statistical analysis of the downward vertical velocity of a droplet W reveals that the transition from cloud droplets to raindrops occurs in the range 20 μm < r < 100 μm, while the variation of W depends on turbulence as well as the droplet radius r. The general pattern of the raindrop size distribution is found to be consistent with the Marshall–Palmer distribution. The precipitation flux can be underestimated substantially, if the terminal velocity $w_{\text{s}}$ is used instead of W, but it is not sensitive to the choice of the critical droplet radius dividing cloud drops and raindrops. It is also found that precipitation starts earlier and becomes stronger if the effect of turbulence is included in the collection kernel. 相似文献
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A precipitation enhancement operation using an aircraft was conducted from 1415 to 1549 LST 14 March 2000 in Shaanxi Province. The NOAA-14 satellite data received at 1535 LST soon after the cloud seeding shows that a vivid cloud track appears on the satellite image. The length, average width and maximum width of the cloud track are 301 kin, 8.3 and 11 kin, respectively. Using a three-dimensional numerical model of transport and diffusion of seeding material within stratiform clouds, the spatial concentration distribution characteristics of seeding material at different times, especially at the satellite receiving time,are simulated. The model results at the satellite receiving time axe compared with the features of the cloud track. The transported position of the cloud seeding material coincides with the position of the track. The width, shape and extent of diffusion of the cloud seeding material are similar to that of the cloud track.The spatial variation of width is consistent with that of the track. The simulated length of each segment of the seeding line accords with the length of every segment of the track. Each segment of the cloud track corresponds to the transport and diffusion of each segment of the seeding line. These results suggest that the cloud track is the direct physical reflection of cloud seeding at the cloud top. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can simulate the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of seeding material, and the simulated results are sound and trustworthy. The area, volume, width, depth, and lateral diffusive rate corresponding to concentrations 1, 4, and 10 L^-1 are simulated in order to understand the variations of influencing range. 相似文献