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1.
陶祖钰  周小刚  郑永光 《气象》2012,38(1):28-40
由于从等熵位涡分析引申出来的平流层干侵入(以下简称干侵入)概念造成了当前天气预报思路中一些混乱和违背天气学常识的看法,文中回顾了天气预报原理从着眼气压变化到着眼涡度变化的发展历史和位涡问题的缘起。进而根据位涡的定义、数学表达式、物理意义,并结合实例的计算结果指出,位涡的大小主要取决于位温的垂直梯度;等熵面上的位涡分布形势实质是对流层顶高度的分布,因此可以间接反映极地气团、锋、高空槽和高空急流的形势。轨迹计算和数值预报都证明,低空的高位涡异常是地面气旋强烈加深和潜热反馈的结果,而不是干侵入的结果。指出位涡的守恒性不能替代斜压扰动发展的动力学机理;干侵入的错误概念来源于对位涡守恒性的绝对化和简单的推断,并犯了流体力学原理上混淆流线和轨迹两个不同概念的错误。  相似文献   

2.
“等熵思维”到“等熵位涡思维”回顾与讨论   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
周小刚  王秀明  陶祖钰 《气象》2014,40(5):521-529
等熵位涡守恒与中纬度斜压扰动发展之间的诊断关系可用于对气旋发生发展的预报,并作为理解水汽图像的动力学场而在业务上使用。"等熵位涡思维"建立在等熵面分析的"等熵思维"基础上。本文首先依据基础的动力学理论,对等熵面上物理量场的动力学解释和业务应用作回顾和讨论,内容包括:等熵面随高度分布特征、等熵坐标中的垂直速度场、等熵面上水汽输送解释、等熵面上高空急流和锋区的特征等。其次,通过与等熵面物理量场分析和斜压二层模式准地转垂直运动方程的比较,着重回顾和讨论等熵位涡面上的物理量场和业务应用,内容包括:对流层顶定义及其温压湿分布特征、对流层顶等熵位涡面上急流和锋区的特征、对流层顶等熵位涡面上的垂直速度场、"等熵位涡思维"与气旋发展及位涡、水汽图像在改进数值预报模式中的作用等。  相似文献   

3.
利用多套、多种再分析资料的逐日气候平均场,通过对比分析,揭示了青藏高原周边区域对流层顶分布及其季节演变的独特特征,并分析了其热力成因以及气候学效应。结果表明,与同纬度的落矶山和太平洋地区相比,青藏高原及伊朗高原区域对流层顶高度的冬夏变化幅度更大。冬季副热带对流层顶断裂带(热带对流层顶与极地对流层顶之间高度剧烈变化的过渡带)位于青藏与伊朗两个高原上空,春季开始两个高原上空对流层顶抬升迅速,夏季最高可超过热带对流层顶的高度(超过100 hPa),成为同纬度甚至全球对流层顶最高点。青藏与伊朗两个高原上空对流层顶的剧烈抬高,对应两个高原上空大气气柱比同纬度明显偏暖,同时伴随着青藏与伊朗两个高原上空位势涡度值的明显降低。因此,在青藏与伊朗两个高原区域,由春至夏等熵面强烈下凹,同时等位涡面剧烈抬升;夏季时等位涡面及对流层顶断裂带在青藏高原北部成近乎上下垂直分布,与南北倾斜分布的等位温面接近正交分布。这种特征与夏季同纬度其他地区相对平缓的对流层顶断裂带、等位涡面以及等熵面的经向分布形成强烈对比。进一步研究发现,青藏与伊朗两个高原上空由春至夏迅速发展的强大热源是引起上述对流层顶变化特征的主要原因。不同的是,青藏高原上空主要由发展强烈的对流凝结潜热所主导,而伊朗高原上空则主要由绝热下沉加热引起;此外,由春季至夏季,随着青藏高原地区对流层顶与等熵面剧烈相交分布的形成,南亚高压也逐步控制青藏高原上空,在南亚高压东缘盛行的偏北气流作用下,中高纬度平流层的高位涡空气得以在青藏高原东缘及东亚地区沿剧烈倾斜的等熵面被输送到较低纬度的对流层。与降水的季节演变对比可知,平流层高位涡输送的出现、加强和减弱与夏季降水的发展、加强与减弱成同步对应关系。从而证实了青藏高原影响夏季东亚地区形成独特气候格局的事实,说明在这种影响过程中,平流层-对流层动力相互作用过程不可忽视。   相似文献   

4.
2008年中国南方雪灾与平流层极涡异常的等熵位涡分析   总被引:20,自引:14,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
2008年1月中国南方遭遇罕见的大范围冰冻雨雪灾害, 本文利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和等熵位涡分析方法, 分析了这次冰雪灾害期间平流层极涡的变化及其对对流层的影响。结果表明: 平流层极涡在2007年12月已经开始增强, 到1月中旬亚洲北部极地平流层极涡变得异常强大。高位涡冷空气向南扩展时, 沿着倾斜的等熵面运动, 从极地平流层上层一直延伸到中低纬度对流层。低层高位涡冷空气主体比较靠北, 华北一带为低位涡区; 南方为高位涡区, 呈东北—西南向伸展, 引导北方高位涡主体冷空气和西南暖湿气流在此汇合, 引起大范围降温和降雪。  相似文献   

5.
系统介绍了近年来应用等熵位涡理论研究平流层-对流层动力相互作用所发现的一些新的事实和机理,包括平流层冬季极涡振荡过程中平流层、对流层环流异常的时空传播特征,以及等熵质量理论框架下的平流层-对流层动力耦合机理,还介绍了影响平流层环流年际尺度异常的因子及影响过程。回顾了夏季青藏高原的热力作用所激发的负位涡强迫源对东亚及全球大气环流的影响。并基于对夏季高原周边等熵位涡经向输送垂直分布的诊断进一步说明,夏季青藏高原的存在使高原东缘及东亚地区成为平流层和对流层物质交换的独特区域,探讨了夏季青藏高原影响平流层-对流层动力耦合的一种重要途径及其影响全球气候的重要意义。  相似文献   

6.
夏季江淮气旋的Ertel位涡诊断分析   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
侯定臣 《气象学报》1991,49(2):141-150
本文应用Ertel位势涡度的理论,分析了两例夏季江准气旋活动的等熵面位涡图和位涡垂直廓线,讨论了这类系统发生发展的一种可能机制以及它们与典型温带气旋的区别,从而得出了夏季江淮气旋活动的一个概念模式:从高原一带东移的对流层中层弱的扰动在有利条件下引起江淮地区较强降水,中层潜热释放导致气旋性环流向下延伸,最终可在地面静止锋上形成波动。当副热带锋区北侧平流层下部空气沿等熵面南下时,气旋波可能发展成为典型的温带气旋。  相似文献   

7.
对一次台风暴雨的位涡与湿位涡诊断分析   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11  
黄亿  寿绍文  傅灵艳 《气象》2009,35(1):65-73
利用中尺度模式WRF对台风卡努模拟所输出的高分辨率资料,借助等熵位涡及湿位涡的方法进行诊断分析,揭示台风暴雨过程中的中尺度系统演变特征以及探讨台风暴雨发展与维持的机制.结果表明:等熵面位涡图的分析清楚地揭示了台风低压及周边环境的位涡演变特征.暴雨区落在低层等熵面位涡高值中心的东北侧,或者在高层等熵面位涡高值中心右侧最大位涡梯度处;等位温面向正位涡异常中心收拢,高层的高位涡值下传,高位涡的干冷空气加强了低层的扰动,引起低层暖空气的抬升,这些条件促使对流不稳定能量与潜热能的释放,有利于暴雨增幅;条件性对称不稳定与对流不稳定是此次台风暴雨发展与维持的重要机制,暴雨区内中尺度系统的发展符合倾斜涡度发展理论.  相似文献   

8.
应用等熵位涡收支方程对发生于西北太平洋日本东海附近的爆发性气旋进行了位涡及位涡收支诊断分析.发现爆发性气旋不同于普通气旋发展机制, 主要是由于平流层底位涡异常对对流层扰动产生较集中凝结加热, 使上下系统耦合打通的结果.从位涡收支来看, 气旋爆发性发展伴随着对流层顶上空有强的涡度平流作用, 而对流层中层存在着较集中的大尺度凝结结构和对流天气系统.  相似文献   

9.
对华北一次特大台风暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析   总被引:59,自引:23,他引:36  
于玉斌  姚秀萍 《高原气象》2000,19(1):111-120
通过对9608号台风低压及其外围暴雨位和等熵面上物理量场的分析,揭示了台风低压北上诱发暴雨过程的位涡场的结构及冷空气对暴雨增幅的作用,给出此次暴雨增幅过程的图像。分析表明:对流层低层中高纬度冷空气(高位涡)扩散南下在台风低压环流区附近的“侵入”作用是此次特大暴雨过程的最重要的原因之一;等熵面位涡的分析进一步说明了中高纬地区冷空气的活动状况;对流层高层或平流层低层位涡的下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放  相似文献   

10.
“海棠”台风(2005)暴雨过程数值模拟及位涡分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
采用WRF模式对2005年"海棠"台风登陆福建省前后24h内所造成的降水过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上,利用模式输出结果,借助位涡理论分析位涡与台风低压流场及降水的关系,并结合对风场、相当位温、相对湿度等诊断量的分布特征分析,探讨了台风强降水的发展和维持机制。结果表明,310K等熵面上高位涡发展演变较好反映了台风低压系统路径移动以及强度变化的过程。暴雨中心主要出现在位涡大值区及其偏东北方向,且位涡气块回旋少动,与暴雨的发展维持密切相关。高位涡区主要位于等熵面坡度和梯度最大处,当等熵面上下贯通,对流层高层的高位涡沿等熵面下传,形成位涡柱时,有利于暴雨增幅。台风环流内水汽充足,上升运动强烈,也有助于此次台风降水强度持续强大。  相似文献   

11.
This paper reviews recent progress in understanding isentropic potential vorticity (PV) dynamics during interactions between the stratosphere and troposphere, including the spatial and temporal propagation of circulation anomalies associated with the winter polar vortex oscillation and the mechanisms of stratosphere- troposphere coupling in the global mass circulation framework. The origins and mechanisms of interannual variability in the stratospheric circulation are also reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Tibetan Plateau as a PV source (via its thermal forcing) in the global and East Asian atmospheric circulation. Diagnosis of meridional isentropic PV advection over tile Tibetan Plateau and East Asia indicates that the distributions of potential temperature and PV over the east flank of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia favor a downward and southward isentropic transport of high PV from the stratosphere to the troposphere. This transport manifests the possible influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the dynamic coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere during summer, and may provide a new framework for understanding the climatic effects of the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

12.
梅雨期高位涡源区及其传播过程   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
分析了气候平均意义下梅雨前期及期间东亚地区等熵位涡(isentropic potential vorticity,简称IPV)的源区和演变过程。结果表明:梅雨发生前,东亚地区对流层高层经向位涡梯度减弱,而后这里的IPV开始向南延伸出高值带,形成“舌区”。同期对流层低层,经向位涡梯度出现反向,与南边位涡梯度大值带形成经向偶极子型并伴随梅雨发生发展。梅雨期40°N,120°E附近对流层顶折叠处有明显的位涡输送和质量交换。用10~90 d带通滤波和超前相关追踪IPV异常源区和传播路径发现,345 K的IPV异常场和梅雨期前后降水异常的相关系数最大值出现在前者超前后者10 d左右,位置在贝加尔湖东侧,这里是影响梅雨期降水的位涡源区。其向南输送高位涡空气主要在梅雨发生前的6月10日左右,高位涡异常空气沿2 PVU等位涡面以东北—西南路径向南输送,在2 PVU面最陡峭处堆积,然后穿越物质面快速下沉侵入40°N以南,并在对流层呈扇状铺开。因而,贝加尔湖东侧可能是影响梅雨的主要冷空气源区,是梅雨降水中期预报的一个关键区。  相似文献   

13.
Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical profiles of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.After discussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences from typical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the midlevel of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation under favourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cyclonic circulation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and become a typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic surfaces into the region of interest.  相似文献   

14.
Based upon airborne trace gas and isotope observations in the winter months 1991/1992 to1994/1995, transport pathways across the mid-latitude and Arctic tropopause areinvestigated. A powerful set of contrasting transport tracers are examined, such asdeuterated water vapor (HDO) which is shown to trace the passage of water vapor from thetroposphere into the lowermost stratosphere (LS), or the `SF6 age' defined as theresidence time of an air parcel within the stratosphere since its entry at thetropopause. Cross-tropopause transport in both directions was found near mid-latitudecyclones (at baroclinic flanks of troughs in the polar front), in which about 80% of thestratosphere-to-troposphere flux proceeded along potential temperature ()surfaces of 300 ± 10 K. As these isentropes are the lowest which reach into the LS(in winter), a mixing zone just above the Arctic tropopause (at least 1.5 km thick) isformed. Here, upwelling tropospheric air is mixed with downwelling LS air which isaffected by air from higher altitudes, the surf-zone and the polar vortex. The observedelevated D/H isotope ratio of water vapor within the mixing zone can be explained byinjection of subtropical water vapor that is transported to the tropopause by the warmconveyor belt associated with mid-latitude cyclones. Downward vertical transport ofArctic LS air, which may be influenced by ouflowing chemically disturbed polar vortexair, into the Arctic troposphere was found to be small.  相似文献   

15.
Using the NCAR/NCEP daily reanalysis data from 1 December 2004 to 28 February 2005, the isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) analysis of a strong cold wave from 22 December 2004 to 1 January 2005 was made. It is found that the strong cold air of the cold wave originated from the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere of the high latitude in the Eurasian continent and the Arctic area. Before the outbreak of the cold wave, the strong cold air of high PV propagated down to the south of Lake Baikal, and was cut off by a low PV air of low latitude origin, forming a dipole-type circulation pattern with the low PV center (blocking high) in the northern Eurasian continent and the high PV one (low vortex) in the southern part. Along with decaying of the low PV center, the high PV center (strong cold air) moved towards the southeast along the northern flank of the Tibetan Plateau. When it arrived in East China, the air column of high PV rapidly stretched downward, leading to increase in its cyclonic vorticity, which made the East Asian major trough to deepen rapidly, and finally induced the outbreak of the cold wave. Further analysis indicates that in the southward and downward propagation process of the high PV center, the air flow west and north of the high PV center on isentropic surface subsided along the isentropic surface, resulting in rapid development of Siberian high, finally leading to the southward outbreak of the strong cold wave.  相似文献   

16.
Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical pro-files of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.Afterdiscussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences fromtypical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the mid-level of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation underfavourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cycloniccirculation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and becomea typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic sur-faces into the region of interest.  相似文献   

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