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1.
长江中下游地区梅雨期线状中尺度对流系统分析Ⅱ：环境特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用2010年6-7月长江流域雷达拼图、各种观测资料和NCEP逐日再分析资料,合成分析了长江中下游地区梅雨期线状中尺度对流系统的环境特征及典型个例.结果表明,长江中下游地区梅雨期线状中尺度对流系统环境风相对对流线分量的垂直分布是决定线状中尺度对流系统组织模型的重要因子.尾随层状降水中尺度对流系统和邻接层状单向发展中尺度对流系统垂直对流线的风分量在对流层是从前向后,而前导层状降水中尺度对流系统垂直对流线的风分量在对流层中低层为从前向后,至中高层转为从后向前,这3类中尺度对流系统平行对流线的风分量都随高度明显增加;尾随层状降水中尺度对流系统和前导层状降水中尺度对流系统对流层风垂直切变主要是垂直于对流线,邻接层状单向发展中尺度对流系统则主要是平行于对流线方向.平行层状降水中尺度对流系统和准静止后向建立中尺度对流系统对流层平行于对流线的风分量占绝对优势,且随高度增大,前者增大得更显著,垂直于对流线的风分量较小.7月8日邻接层状单向发展中尺度对流系统形成于地面冷锋北侧的高湿、不稳定的环境中;6月7日准静止后向建立中尺度对流系统形成于一个变化的高温高湿的地面环境场中.高温高湿环境是各类线状中尺度对流系统发展环境的共同特征. 相似文献
2.
《湖北气象》2021,40(2)
利用2008—2018年4—9月新一代天气雷达资料,挑选了引发湖北省极端降水过程的70例中尺度对流系统(mesoscale convective systems,MCS),重点研究了线状MCS成熟阶段的时空分布特征,结果表明:(1) 5类线状MCS中邻接层状云降水AS (adjoining stratiform)发生比例最高,前导层状云降水LS (leading stratiform)、平行层状云降水PS (parallel-stratiform)所占比例最少。(2) MCS多集中在6个区域发展,多在武陵山东南侧、大别山南坡、幕阜山北坡及江汉平原一带形成,由生成地向东或东偏南方向移动,部分准静止后向建立型BB (back building)类MCS从发生到消散基本维持在原地。(3)从月季变化来看,6月和7月引发极端强降水的MCS个例最多,4月和9月的个例数最少。(4) MCS的平均生命史为5～8 h,多发于下午至傍晚;夜间、午夜前后为成熟高峰期;极端降水多在夜间发生,松滋、天门和红安市为极端降水多发地。 相似文献
3.
Modes of Mesoscale Convective System Organization During Meiyu Season over the Yangtze River Basin 
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下载免费PDF全文 Mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） are classified and investigated through a statistical analysis of composite radar reflectivity data and station observations during June and July 2010-2012. The number of linear-mode MCSs is slightly larger than the number of nonlinear-mode MCSs. Eight types of linear-mode MCSs are identified： trailing stratiform MCSs （TS）, leading stratiform MCSs （LS）, training line/adjoining stratiform MCSs （TL/AS）, back-building/quasi-stationary MCSs （BB）, parallel stratiform MCSs （PS）, bro- ken line MCSs （BL）, embedded line MCSs （EL）, and long line MCSs （LL）. Six of these types have been identified in previous studies, but EL and LL MCSs are described for the first time by this study. TS, LS, PS, and BL MCSs are all moving systems, while TL/AS, BB, EL, and LL MCSs are quasi-stationary. The average duration of linear-mode MCSs is more than 7 h. TL/AS and TS MCSs typically have the longest durations. Linear-mode MCSs often develop close to the Yangtze River, especially over low-lying areas and river valleys. The diurnal cycle of MCS initiation over the Yangtze River valley contains multiple peaks. The vertical distribution of environmental wind is decomposed into storm-relative perpendicular and parallel wind components. The environmental wind field is a key factor in determining the organizational mode of a linear-mode MCS. 相似文献
4.
2015年7月22日福建西部山区经历了一次罕见的极端降水过程,6 h降水量高达254.9 mm,24 h最大降水量达295.5 mm。利用常规天气资料、自动气象站、卫星云图、风廓线雷达以及多普勒天气雷达资料,分析此次过程的中尺度对流系统的环境条件及结构演变特征。分析表明:低空季风槽北抬减弱后的切变和高空高压之间的南北向槽缓慢向东北移动是此次强降雨的主要影响系统,不稳定能量加大、抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度低、大气可降水量大及中等到弱的垂直风切变形成有利于中尺度对流系统发展的环境条件。中尺度对流系统在发展过程中结构发生改变,由线状对流伴随层云（TL/AS）的结构转变为静止后向建立的中尺度对流系统,极端降水出现在静止后向传播阶段。高空冷空气入侵,低空西南急流加强并伴风速辐合,冷暖空气交汇导致中尺度对流系统加强发展,边界层西南气流在有利的喇叭口地形作用下加强抬升,北上受到山脉阻挡形成小涡旋,西北侧对流单体移入后不断加强,对流单体的移动方向和传播方向相反,中尺度对流系统形成静止后向传播,产生列车效应,出现极端降水。 相似文献
5.
湖北省极端短时强降水MCS类型及特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
重点利用新一代天气雷达、常规探空和地面中尺度观测等资料,在详细分析湖北省2008—2015年62例极端短时强降水中尺度对流系统演变过程的雷达回波特征基础上,研究归纳了湖北省6类极端短时强降水MCS模态,其中包括4类线状(尾随层状云、平行层状云、后向扩建类、邻近层状云类)和2类非线状(涡旋状类和层状云环绕类)MCS模态。初步研究表明:(1)4类线状MCS的模态和环境风相对对流线分量的垂直分布与早期的研究结果基本一致。(2)非线状的涡旋状类MCS模态典型特征是大范围层状云降水包裹着螺旋式涡旋对流回波带,多形成于西南涡前切变线附近,主要与西南涡前鄂西山地平原过渡带边界层中尺度涡旋系统的触发和组织有关。(3)湖北省后向扩建类MCS常出现在山脉迎风坡一侧,与中尺度地形对冷池的阻挡、冷池对MCS的组织作用等有关。(4)涡旋状MCS持续时间较长、范围较大,而层状云环绕类MCS维持时间较短。 相似文献
6.
《气象科学进展》2014,(2)
长江流域产生暴雨的中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale convective systems,MCS)是雨季强降水的重要影响系统,深入研究它的组织结构、活动规律及其发生发展机制,对提高暴雨的预报能力有重大意义。近3年来依托国家自然基金重点项目对中尺度对流系统展开了一系列研究,包括对长江流域产生暴雨的MCS进行组织形态分类、分析了不同线状MCS的结构特征、合成分析了各线状MCS产生的环境条件;我国三阶地形对降水的影响,尤其是山地—平原环流对梅雨锋夜间降水的影响;中尺度地形对对流降水的影响;湿斜压热动力耦合强迫激发MCS发生发展的影响;最后总结了长江流域产生暴雨的MCS的物理概念模型。 相似文献
7.
一个长生命期准静止中尺度对流系统的观测特征及其持续的环境条件 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2010年5月31日至6月1日华南特大暴雨过程经历了三次集中降水期,共有4次MCS（Mesoscale Convective Systems）演变过程,其中一个TL/AS MCS（Training Line/Adjoining Stratiform Mesoscale Convective System,邻接层状单向发展的中尺度对流系统）在广西壮族自治区中部准静止地维持了10多个小时,导致了多个观测站出现极端强降水。用观测资料和数值模拟结果重点探讨了该TL/AS MCS的观测特征及其发展持续的环境条件。结果表明,准静止TL/AS MCS发展在一个高空强辐散、低空气旋性汇合环流的天气尺度环境中,TL/AS MCS维持期间热力环境特征表现为对流层中低层持续高湿近饱和态、偏中性层结、合适的对流有效位能和极小的对流抑制能量。在对流层中低层,低空急流的加强发展维持与对流层中层相对弱的环境风形成了风垂直切变随高度呈现强逆转,近地层风垂直切变垂直于对流线的分量大,而在中层风垂直切变平行于对流线的分量占绝对优势,风切变特征可能是TL/AS MCS 准静止的原因;低空急流和中层环流的相互作用、对流层动力和热力条件有利于强上升运动的长时间维持与发展,不断触发新对流从而组织成一个长生命期准静止的TL/AS MCS 相似文献
8.
利用自动气象站逐小时和逐5 min观测资料、长江中游雷达组合反射率因子SWAN拼图产品及NCEP FNL再分析资料,对武汉地区4次低质心类短时强降水对流风暴特征进行分析。结果表明:不同的天气背景诱发的对流系统特征不同,低层暖强迫造成的斜压不稳定背景下,环境条件高能高湿,雷暴冷池的积累有利于稳定性降水前沿触发线状强对流;斜压锋生天气背景下,冷暖剧烈交汇使得大气斜压性显著增强,地面多有中尺度气旋波发展,锋区冷区稳定性降水中多伴随短时强降水,而暖区能量、湿度条件更好,易诱发短时强降水等分散性强对流;准正压天气背景下,大气斜压性弱,环境高能高湿,多由近地面层流场强迫和局地热力差异触发剧烈的热对流活动。从对流风暴雷达回波特征和降水特征来看,TS类线状中尺度对流系统(MCS)移速较快,短时强降水范围小;准静止类表现为带状走向的大范围层状云回波稳定维持,中间伴有多个积云对流生消迭代,每一阶段降水增强都与新生对流单体途经武汉站点相对应;组织合并类在回波合并时,意味着短时强降水的发展增强,合并后的回波形态和走向影响着降水的强度和持续时间。在不同的环境背景、触发诱因和组织形态下,短时强降水发生前后地面气象... 相似文献
9.
基于2010—2019年国家气象站观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,以及美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)再分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品——ERA5,对冀中廊坊线状MCSs强降水雷达回波、气候特征,以及降水过程中物理量变化进行定性和定量分析。结果表明:(1)线状MCSs强降水的雷达反射率因子回波形态有3类,即层状云后置(trailing stratiform,TS)型,层状云前置(leading stratiform,LS)型和层状云平行(parallel stratiform,PS)型,其中TS型出现频率最高,LS型和PS型出现频率相对较少,线状MCSs强降水发生具有明显的月际变化和日变化特征,高发于一年中的7月和一日中的前半夜;(2)线状MCSs强降水形成于4种天气尺度环流形势下,即低槽型、横槽型、低涡型和西风环流型,以低槽型最为普遍;(3)700 hPa偏西方向来的相对干冷空气与低空西南气流共同作用,加剧了大气的层结不稳定性,提高了降水效率,850 hPa偏南水汽分量越大,越有利于形成雨区相对较小、但雨强较大的强降雨天气,925 hPa东南风的配合明显扩大了强降雨落区;(4)线状MCSs生成于强的热力环境背景下,对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)在316.7~1545.7 J·kg^(-1),垂直能量螺旋度(vertical energy helicity,VEH)为正值且明显大于2×10^(-4)J·m·kg^(-1)·s^(-2)是其形成的有利能量条件。PS型MCSs强降水过程中,高空水平辐散加强了抽吸作用,使大的上升速率得以维持,优越的动力条件是强降雨持续时间更长的重要原因之一。 相似文献
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11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
14.
Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
15.
<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
16.
By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
17.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
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19.
Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas. 相似文献
20.
气候变化对中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
将耦合暴露度、灾害风险、敏感性与抗压性的脆弱性评估模型应用于中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性评价,从水资源供需平衡角度分析了气候变化对东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响。结果表明,2000年气候条件下,我国东部季风区接近90%的区域水资源处于中度脆弱及以上状态。其中水资源中度和高度脆弱区域约占全区的75%,极端脆弱区域接近15%。中国北方海河、黄河、淮河和辽河流域的水资源脆弱性最高。未来气候变化影响将加剧水资源脆弱性的风险,不同RCP排放情景下2030年代我国东部季风区水资源中度脆弱及以上区域面积有明显的扩大,极端脆弱区域将达到20%~25%。由于未来需水的进一步增加,中国北方水资源脆弱性的格局并未发生根本变化,而南方东南诸河等区域将面临可能发生的水危机。 相似文献