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1.
对2020年7月22日山东半岛一次极端暴雨天气过程开展观测分析,并利用中尺度模式WRF对此次局地降水过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟,对暴雨过程进行了天气背景和中尺度降雨的诊断。WRF模式较好地再现了此次极端暴雨过程,结果表明:此次极端暴雨过程短时降水强度大且局地性强,在时空上具有明显中尺度特征。降水发生在北抬副热带高压与华北低涡底部之间的西南气流中,强低涡与低空急流是影响此次降水的重要天气系统。西南急流为本次暴雨过程极端水汽的主要输送载体;在弱高空辐散场下,从地表延伸至500 hPa高空的深厚低涡是造成本次暴雨的主要影响因子,其时空演变特征与中尺度云团变化一致,与暴雨的发生直接相关。低涡、低空急流和副高之间的相互作用使低涡加强发展,低涡南部有暖湿气流入流,北部有干冷气流流入,比湿梯度基本呈现为自南向北递减分布,是典型的伴有低空急流的中尺度低涡流场分布;低涡辐合及其与副热带高压边缘强风速带的共同作用,导致强垂直运动发展并维持,是造成本次山东半岛极端暴雨的重要原因。  相似文献   

2.
台风尼伯特(1601)残留低压局地大暴雨成因分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张树民  王坤  孙刚  缪燕  陈铁  丁爱萍 《气象科技》2018,46(1):139-148
利用常规观气象观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP/FNL逐6h的1°×1°再分析资料、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达资料及GPS-PWV资料等,对江苏南通2016年7月11日一次大暴雨到特大暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:(1)该过程发生在台风尼伯特(1601号)残留低压、高空冷涡低槽和副热带高压共同作用的背景下;台风残留低压北侧倒槽顶部大的气旋性曲率和高空槽前减压导致低层苏南附近α中尺度低压生成,台风残留低压并入该低压,使低压发展,气压梯度加大,气压梯度力做功使动能增大,导致低空西南急流形成,利于暴雨发生;α中尺度低压内先后有D1、D2和D3等3个β中尺度低涡生成,其中D3造成了南通地区的大暴雨,中心位于南通大学附近,最大雨强达151.2mm·h~(-1)。(2)南通地区对流风暴触发后,降水的凝结潜热释放增强了对流风暴内的上升运动,促使低空中尺度偏东急流和其左前侧β中尺度低涡D3的形成和发展;之后,中层干冷空气入侵加强了对流不稳定和垂直风切变,使D3右侧多个低质心的γ中尺度单体风暴强烈发展且受低空风影响移动缓慢,强降水得以持续和跃增。(3)风垂直切变突增时间较强降水出现峰值时间早约30min,以及多普勒天气雷达径向速度的低空辐合(辐散)较对流风暴的发展(减弱)明显提前,对临近预报有一定的参考意义。  相似文献   

3.
利用多普勒雷达、气象卫星、自动气象站等监测数据以及NCEP再分析资料,对桂林2019年6月6-12日接连3次强降水天气过程的环流背景、影响系统与形成原因进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)3次过程按影响系统分属暖区暴雨、低涡暴雨和锋面暴雨过程,均发生在高空急流右侧辐散、低空急流左侧辐合叠加区。(2)3次过程均受500 hPa短波槽和地面中尺度辐合线影响,但第1次过程中西南急流及地形等、第2次过程中低涡切变线、第3次过程中冷锋也起到重要作用。(3)3次过程的触发系统不同,第1次暖区暴雨过程迎风坡地形对其起触发作用,西南急流使得后向传播的对流云带维持;第2次低涡暴雨过程的触发系统为低层位于贵州一带的西南涡,西部冷空气侵入与西南急流加强是低涡对流云团维持较长时间的原因;第3次锋面暴雨的触发系统为冷锋,锋面配合锋前暖湿气流使对流云带加强。(4)第1次过程暖区暴雨MCS模态主要为线状后向扩建类,极端强降水出现在线对流中后端;第2次过程低涡暴雨MCS模态为涡旋类,极端强降水出现在涡旋中心附近;第3次过程锋面暴雨MCS模态由前期后部层云区线状对流转为层状云包裹对流系统,强降水发生在线对流弯曲或中心强回波处。  相似文献   

4.
引发暴雨天气的中尺度低涡的数值研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
2008年7月17—19日发生在山东的大到暴雨天气是由“海鸥”台风和副热带高压共同向山东输送水汽,与弱冷空气相互作用造成的。对流层低层的中尺度低涡是暴雨天气的直接制造者。利用常规观测资料和中尺度模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)的模拟资料对该中尺度低涡的结构及形成机制进行了分析研究。结果表明,数值模拟可以清楚地捕捉到中尺度低涡东移过程中有新的涡旋中心形成,并与原来的涡旋中心合并的过程,而不是简单的沿切变线东移。中尺度低涡形成在增温增湿明显、上升运动为主的对流区内;中尺度低涡形成后其中心转为下沉运动,对流区东移,降水区位于低涡的东北和东南象限。中尺度低涡上空近地面层的冷池、600~400hPa的弱冷空气堆、900~850hPa的弱风区及高低空急流耦合发展是中尺度低涡形成和发展阶段的重要特征。中尺度低涡减弱阶段,下沉运动变强,低空急流和高空出流都明显减弱。涡度方程的收支表明,对流层低层的散度项、倾侧项及对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者。中低层的水平辐合、涡度由低层向高层的垂直输送都有利于中尺度低涡的形成和发展。倾侧项对中尺度低涡的形成也有重要贡献。中尺度低涡形成后期,低层辐合、高层辐散及垂直输送的减弱导致正涡度制造的减弱,从而使中尺度低涡减弱。  相似文献   

5.
利用加密自动站降水资料、FY-2E卫星云顶相当黑体温度TBB资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2010年7月16-18日四川盆地持续性暴雨天气过程中的西南低涡及伴随发展的中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行了分析。结果表明,500 hPa高空槽、700 hPa中尺度切变线和暖湿气流为MCS的发生提供了良好的环境条件;地面降水时空分布具有明显的中尺度特征,MCS是造成暴雨的重要原因;暴雨中心集中在TBB冷云区或边缘梯度密集带。在西南低涡发展过程中,MCS有利于激发上升气流,中低层的上升气流和正涡度配合利于热量和水汽垂直输送,高层的辐散进一步促使MCS的发展。水平涡度平流和涡度垂直输送项的配置影响上升气流和涡旋系统的发展,MCS对西南低涡的移动有一定的引导作用。有无MCS伴随发展时,对流活动对热量和水汽的输送能力迥异。  相似文献   

6.
利用常规天气资料及地面自动站、风廓线雷达、新一代天气雷达资料和ERA-Interim逐6 h 0.125°×0.125°再分析资料,分析2015年5月19日福建西部山区一次极端降水的中尺度特征。结果表明:(1)极端降水分为锋前暖区降水和锋面降水两个阶段,暴雨区位于低空西南急流轴左侧,水汽充足,冷暖空气交汇,不稳定能量大,抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度低,大气可降水量大及中等强度的垂直风切变形成有利于中尺度对流系统(mesoscale covective system, MCS)发展的环境条件。(2)锋前暖区降水期间,西南气流携带高能量和水汽充足的空气移入暴雨区被中尺度边界附近的冷出流空气抬升,不断产生新的对流单体,对流单体向东北偏东方向移动,排列形成短雨带;若干条东北—西南向长度不等的短雨带在中尺度出流边界北侧建立,缓慢向东移动,依次重复影响关键区;暴雨关键区存在辐合线和风速辐合,为降水提供了良好的动力抬升条件;向西南开口的河谷地形加强了对流的发展;对流单体不断后部建立和东北西南向多个短雨带重复影响同一地区的列车效应是此阶段MCS主要发展方式。(3)锋面降水期间,对流单体在低涡切变南侧风速辐合、水汽和能量大值区发展东移南压,中高层先于低层转偏北气流,表现出前倾特征,垂直风切变加大,冷空气从中高层先扩散南下,与低层暖湿空气交汇使对流加强,冷暖气流的交汇叠加风速辐合使得强降水加强并维持。对流单体后向传播向东移动产生的列车效应是此阶段MCS主要发展方式。  相似文献   

7.
2012年7月下旬内蒙古中部出现罕见的极端降水事件(简称"7·27"暴雨)。利用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测和精细化监测等资料分析了"7·27"暴雨成因。结果表明:(1)贝加尔湖低涡异于常年。巴尔喀什湖到鄂霍茨克海为阻塞高压,其底部横槽加深生成贝加尔湖低涡。低涡内有冷空气活动,在对流层低层及地面激发出低涡和气旋。(2)该过程的中尺度特征明显。地面中尺度切变线不断新生、稳定维持,形成多个中尺度雨带。高空β中尺度对流云团不断新生、合并加强,形成对流复合体M CS。河套西北部、河套南部、锡林郭勒盟中西部三个暴雨区均是中尺度对流复合体M CS发展的结果。(3)垂直方向上,暴雨发生前到暴雨期从地面至700 h Pa的大气比湿达10~22 g·kg-1,且850~700 h Pa水汽垂直输送达到最强;水平方向上,南风风力辐合,末端到达45°N以北,河套南部地区为"水汽汇"。(4)对流层高层大气涡旋运动是该过程的直接诱因。大气涡旋运动由200 h Pa向700 h Pa传播,正涡度平流在700 h Pa到200 h Pa随高度增加,高层水平辐散、低层补偿辐合,大气强迫上升产生暴雨。(5)对流层中层持续"干侵入",低层持续的暖湿输送,大气不稳定能量不断重建,这是极端暴雨过程的热力机制。(6)随着全球气候变暖,亚洲夏季风加强,来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向东亚副热带地区输送加强,水汽输送进一步向北扩展到我国华北内陆地区,是"7·27"暴雨过程的重要原因。  相似文献   

8.
王欢  倪允琪 《气象学报》2006,64(6):734-742
2003年7月4—5日淮河流域发生了一次中尺度强暴雨过程,致使淮河洪水泛滥。这次暴雨过程由中尺度对流系统(MCS)以及因其发展而产生的低涡造成。通过对此次过程的诊断分析和新一代细网格WRF中尺度预报模式的数值模拟,研究了这次过程发生发展的机制。模拟结果较好地描述了本次暴雨及中尺度系统发生、发展的时空演变过程。分析结果表明:此次移动性暴雨过程的前期由不断向东移动发展的MCS造成,后期降水则由低涡切变线产生的中尺度低涡引起。同时,副热带高压明显偏西偏北,并维持较长时间,造成雨带一直维持在淮河流域。高层辐合中心的加强使低空急流不断增强,低空急流的增强进而引起低层辐合的加强,而低层辐合的加强以及上升运动的潜热释放导致低涡的发生,低涡形成及形成后移动缓慢,造成了淮河流域的大暴雨。高层中尺度辐散区的抽吸对低层中尺度涡旋的发生发展起到了促进和加强的作用。低层的中尺度辐合场和高层的中尺度辐散场的发展与耦合对中尺度系统的发展有很好的预示作用。低层中尺度辐合区的减弱预示着系统的衰减,西南偏西的中层相对干冷空气侵入并在梅雨锋前缘下沉促进了系统的衰减。  相似文献   

9.
2012年庆阳市一次短时大暴雨的诊断   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
庆阳市2012年7月21日区域性大暴雨创造了环县1957年建站以来的历史极值,导致了人民财产的重大损失。本文利用常规资料、自动站等探测资料以及历史相似个例,对2012年7月21日庆阳市出现的区域性大暴雨天气进行分析。结果表明:(1)高空低槽伴随地面冷锋东移,受西太平洋副热带高压的阻挡移动缓慢,副高、大陆高压不断加强,造成贝加尔湖冷空气在两高之间大量堆积,为这场大暴雨发生奠定了基础;(2)2012年第8号台风“韦森特”登陆前,台风低压和副热带高压之间形成的强气压梯度导致通向庆阳市的南风低空急流建立并加强,为此次大暴雨的发生提供了充分的水汽条件;(3)在高空槽前正涡度平流的作用下,对流层中低层出现明显的辐合,产生强烈上升运动,低层暖湿气流抬升促使对流不稳定能量爆发,从而形成局地强对流和暴雨;(4)导致庆阳区域性大暴雨的中尺度对流系统起源于河套地区低层涡旋的发展,在中尺度涡旋向东北和向东扩展过程中,尺度明显增大,整个系统低层具有明显的气旋性切变和气旋性涡度,在有利的环境条件下整个中尺度对流系统的东移和发展壮大,最终导致庆阳市区域性大暴雨的发生。  相似文献   

10.
湖北省极端短时强降水MCS类型及特征分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
重点利用新一代天气雷达、常规探空和地面中尺度观测等资料,在详细分析湖北省2008—2015年62例极端短时强降水中尺度对流系统演变过程的雷达回波特征基础上,研究归纳了湖北省6类极端短时强降水MCS模态,其中包括4类线状(尾随层状云、平行层状云、后向扩建类、邻近层状云类)和2类非线状(涡旋状类和层状云环绕类)MCS模态。初步研究表明:(1)4类线状MCS的模态和环境风相对对流线分量的垂直分布与早期的研究结果基本一致。(2)非线状的涡旋状类MCS模态典型特征是大范围层状云降水包裹着螺旋式涡旋对流回波带,多形成于西南涡前切变线附近,主要与西南涡前鄂西山地平原过渡带边界层中尺度涡旋系统的触发和组织有关。(3)湖北省后向扩建类MCS常出现在山脉迎风坡一侧,与中尺度地形对冷池的阻挡、冷池对MCS的组织作用等有关。(4)涡旋状MCS持续时间较长、范围较大,而层状云环绕类MCS维持时间较短。  相似文献   

11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.  相似文献   

12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.  相似文献   

13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.  相似文献   

14.
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.  相似文献   

15.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.  相似文献   

16.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.  相似文献   

17.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.  相似文献   

18.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.  相似文献   

19.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.  相似文献   

20.
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on  相似文献   

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