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1.
利用水平面太阳直接辐射日曝辐量反演大气气溶胶光学厚度的方法研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文发展了一个从宽带水平面太阳直接辐射日曝辐量 (总辐射与散射辐射日曝辐量之差) 反演光谱大气气溶胶光学厚度的方法, 包括建立一个 “等效” 的瞬时太阳天顶角模型, 并提出了一个基于气溶胶标高的云影响甄别方法。对该反演方法的数值模拟和误差分析表明: “等效” 瞬时太阳天顶角模型的不稳定性引起的光学厚度反演误差平均为3.66％; 光学厚度日变化对一段较长时间的平均光学厚度的影响不显著; 订正造成的散射辐射误差≤20％时, 光学厚度平均偏差≤4％。通过与AERONET产品的比对验证表明: 本文发展的光学厚度反演方法和云影响甄别方法都是有效的; 晴空反演的0.75 μm光学厚度与AERONET的相关系数超过0.95, 平均误差约0.02; 云甄别方法计算的季节和年平均光学厚度与AERONET具有较好的一致性。 相似文献
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近地层大气气溶胶对曙暮光辐射强度和天空颜色的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用离散坐标法(DISORT)辐射传输软件包UVSPEC的伪球面模式,计算了300～850 nm波段曙暮光时期地面不同观测仰角的辐射强度和天空颜色.模式选取美国标准大气(U.S. 1976),考虑多次散射效应及水汽、臭氧和二氧化碳的吸收.分析研究了近地层大气不同气溶胶光学厚度时曙暮光天空辐射强度和颜色指数随太阳天顶角和观测仰角的变化.结果表明,曙暮光时天空的红蓝光颜色指数随近地层大气气溶胶光学厚度的变化显著.此方法理论上可以用于近地层气溶胶光学厚度的反演测量. 相似文献
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基于MODTRAN模式与卫星资料的晴空净太阳辐射模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨了中分辨率大气辐射传输模式MODTRAN4.0与卫星资料同化在模拟净太阳辐射中的应用,并利用CERES卫星资料作为MODTRAN模式输入参数,对2005年北京上甸子进行了晴空下的地表净太阳辐射模拟与比较。结果表明:利用MODTRAN4.0模式和CERES卫星资料可以较为精确地模拟晴空天气下的净太阳辐射,平均绝对误差为25.74 W/m2,平均相对误差为4.98%。此外,对净太阳辐射的影响因子的研究表明:太阳天顶角、反照率、水汽含量、大气光学厚度与臭氧浓度等因子与净太阳辐射均呈负相关关系,且太阳天顶角与反照率影响较大,其余因子影响较小。 相似文献
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本文通过求解辐射传输方程,研究了斜视视程对大气消光系数分布、散射相函数、总光学厚度、太阳的天顶角和方位角以及目标物和背景的反照特性的敏感性.根据数值模拟实验资料,提出了一个简单的斜视视程的近似表达式. 相似文献
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塔克拉玛干沙漠春季大气气溶胶光学特性研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
本文利用多波段光度计在新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠探测的1986年4月11日至5月10日的太阳直接辐射强度和天空亮度资料,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠晴空大气和沙暴期间大气气溶胶的光学厚度、谱分布以及折射率的变化特性。 相似文献
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关于中国大气气溶胶光学厚度的一个参数化模式 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：16
应用中国 1 6个气象台站探测的 1 990年太阳宽带直射辐射信息 ,反演得到了这些台站大气气溶胶光学厚度资料 ,发展了一个应用地面气象能见度和水汽压信息确定大气柱气溶胶光学厚度的参数化模式 ,它比 Elterman模式更适合中国的广大地区。研究还发现 ,比较 Elter-man气溶胶粒子浓度垂直分布模式 ,中国许多地方气溶胶粒子浓度垂直衰减较慢。 相似文献
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卫星3.7 μm通道被广泛用于反演云粒子有效半径.为了解云的垂直非均一性对该通道反射率的影响,作者基于SBDART辐射传输模式,分别计算了有效粒子半径垂直连续变化分布下和垂直分层均一分布下的3.7 μm反射率.结果表明对于有效粒子半径垂直连续变化分布的云,当云比较薄(光学厚度小于10)时,如果把有效粒子半径垂直非均一的云当作垂直均一的云进行反演,会出现一定的误差,该误差随着光学厚度的增大而减小.当云足够厚(光学厚度大于10)时,该误差小于10％,可以认为此处云粒子垂直结构的变化对3.7 μm通道反射率没有影响.对于有效粒子半径垂直分层均一分布的云,当光学厚度比较大时,只有靠近云顶的“浅层”(即有效辐射层,其光学厚度约为3～10)的云参数变化才能对3.7 μm反射率产生影响.有效辐射层的光学厚度与云上层有效粒子半径、太阳天顶角和卫星天顶角等因素呈反相关,与相对方位角无无明显的联系. 相似文献
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光学遥感大气气溶胶特性 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
本文提出一种光学遥感大气气溶胶特性的新方法。由多波段望远光度计观测的太阳直接辐射和太阳所在地平纬圈天空亮度的相对分布值,同时反演出气溶胶散射相函数,整层大气的光学厚度随波长的变化,进而用“库”方法反演出气溶胶粒子的尺度谱和折射率的实部和虚部。对比平行观测的结果表明,光学遥感方法所得的结果是可信的。本文同时也讨论了北京地区大气气溶胶的光学参数在不同季节的变化。 相似文献
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本文提出了一个参数化的多次散射激光雷达方程,该方程基于本文引出的四个因子,即几何消光因子、消光分布因子、前向散射因子和后向散射因子.前两个因子表征多次散射成分对大气消光系数分布、激光的发散角和接收视场角以及接收孔径的依赖关系,后两个因子表征多次散射成分对散射相函数的依赖关系.这个参数化多次散射雷达方程在241个数值试验中得以检验,这些试验包含很宽的大气条件和雷达几何参数,包括14个大气散射相函数,均匀和不均匀的大气消光系数分布,0.5至1之间变化的一次散射反照率,地基和空间站激光雷达两种情形.数值试验表明,在小于4的光学厚度内参数化的解和Monte-Carlo解之间的标准偏差小于27％,而本模式的计算时间比Monte-Carlo方法偏小4个数量级左右.本模式不仅适合于研究多次散射对激光回波信号和激光大气遥感的效应,而且对于考虑多次散射的激光大气探测而言,是一个合适的应用模式. 相似文献
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Qiu Jinhuan 《大气科学进展》1998,15(1):17-30
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Summary The diffuse sky radiation component in the ultraviolet wavelengths is often at least 50% of the global irradiance under clear skies, and is the dominant component of ultraviolet global radiation under translucent overcast skies. The distribution of sky radiance was measured in a rural area and modeled for wavelength bands of ultraviolet-B (UVB, 280–320 nm) and ultraviolet-A (UVA, 320–400 nm). Sky radiance measurements were made during the summer of 1993 over a wide range of solar zenith angles using radiance sensors mounted on a hand-operated hemispherical rotation mount. UVB irradiance measurements were also made during each scan. Since the ratio of measured irradiance under overcast skies and that predicted for clear skies was not correlated with cloud base height, opaque cloud fraction, or solar zenith angle, it was concluded that the scattering from the clouds dominated the global irradiance, and this scattering was relatively unaffected by the scattering off opaque clouds in the translucent atmosphere.Analysis of the translucent overcast sky UVA and UVB radiance measurements using a semi-empirical distribution model showed that the spectral influences on multiple scattering, single scattering, and horizon brightening components of the distributions agreed with basic atmospheric radiation theory. The best model used solar zenith, the sky zenith, and the scattering angle with resultant coefficient of determination values of 0.62 and 0.25 for the UVA and UVB respectively. The developed equations can be applied directly to the diffuse sky irradiance on the horizontal to provide radiance distributions for the sky.With 6 Figures 相似文献
13.
Z. Li 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1996,54(3-4):235-248
Summary An angular dependence model (ADM) is needed to convert radiance measurements into fluxes. This paper provides an overview on the progress and issues related to the angular correction of radiation data at the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA), followed by an investigation on the performance of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) ADMs in the Arctic during summer. The variation of inferred albedo with viewing geometry indicates the merit of an ADM. The ERBE ADM for land does well as it leads to near constant albedos for given solar zenith angles. The ADM for snow/ice is least satisfactory when applied to the Arctic in summer. The performance of the ocean ADM is acceptable except at large solar zenith angles for which albedo increases with viewing zenith angle. Significant and systematic variation of albedo with viewing angle and relative azimuth angle are manifest when the overcast ERBE ADM is applied to over-cast-over-snow/ice scenes. A methodology for correcting ERBE ADMs was proposed by normalizing the anisotropic factor over bins containing sufficient measurements.With 6 Figures 相似文献
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Jong-Min Yeom Kyung-Soo Han Jae-Jin Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2012,48(2):115-123
Solar surface insolation (SSI) represents how much solar radiance reaches the Earth??s surface in a specified area and is an important parameter in various fields such as surface energy research, meteorology, and climate change. This study calculates insolation using Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-1R) data with a simplified cloud factor over Northeast Asia. For SSI retrieval from the geostationary satellite data, the physical model of Kawamura is modified to improve insolation estimation by considering various atmospheric constituents, such as Rayleigh scattering, water vapor, ozone, aerosols, and clouds. For more accurate atmospheric parameterization, satellite-based atmospheric constituents are used instead of constant values when estimating insolation. Cloud effects are a key problem in insolation estimation because of their complicated optical characteristics and high temporal and spatial variation. The accuracy of insolation data from satellites depends on how well cloud attenuation as a function of geostationary channels and angle can be inferred. This study uses a simplified cloud factor that depends on the reflectance and solar zenith angle. Empirical criteria to select reference data for fitting to the ground station data are applied to suggest simplified cloud factor methods. Insolation estimated using the cloud factor is compared with results of the unmodified physical model and with observations by ground-based pyranometers located in the Korean peninsula. The modified model results show far better agreement with ground truth data compared to estimates using the conventional method under overcast conditions. 相似文献
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The influence of various cloud parameters and the interactions with the ground albedo and the solar zenith angle have been studied by means of model simulations. The radiative transfer model suitable for a cloudy atmosphere as well as for a clear atmosphere has been developed on the basis of the Discrete Ordinate Method. This study leads to a general understanding for cloudy atmospheres: in the presence of a uniform cloud, the cloud scattering is dominant to molecular and aerosol scattering, and it is also wavelength-independent; the ratio of transmitted irradiance in a cloudy atmosphere to that in the background clear atmosphere is independent of cloud height and solar zenith angle. That’s to say, the radiation downwelling out of a cloud is quite isotropic; it decreases approximately exponentially with the cloud optical depth at a rate related to the ground albedo; the reflected irradiance at the top of the atmosphere is dependent on cloud optical depth as well as on solar zenith angle, but not on ground albedo for clouds of not very thin optical depth. 相似文献
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An accurate and rapid method for solving radiative transfer equation is presented in this paper. According to the fact that the multiple scattering component of radiance is less sensitive to the error of phase function than the single scattering component is, we calculate the multiple scattering component by using delta-Eddington approximation and the single scattering component by solving radiative transfer equation. On the ground, when multiple mattering com-ponent is small, for example, when the total optical depth τ is small, the accurate radiance can be obtained with this method. For the need of the space remote sensing, the upward radiance at the top of the atmosphere is mainly studied, and an approximate depression is presented to correct the multiple scattering component. Compared with the more precise Gauss-Seidel method, the results from this method show an accuracy of better than 10% when zenith angle θ < 50o and τ ≤ 1. The computational speed of this method is, however, much faster than that of Gauss-Seidel method. 相似文献
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Broadband solar irradiance data obtained in the spectral range 400–940 nm at Kwangju, South Korea from 1999–2000 have been analyzed to investigate the effects of cloud cover and atmospheric optical depth on solar radiation components. Results from measurements indicate that the percentage of direct and diffuse horizontal components of solar irradiance depend largely on total optical depth (TOD) and cloud cover. During summer and spring, the percentages of diffuse solar irradiance relative to the global irradiance were 5.0% and 4.9% as compared to 2.2% and 3.0% during winter and autumn. The diffuse solar irradiance is higher than the direct in spring and summer by 24.2%, and 40.6%, respectively, which may largely be attributed to the attenuation (scattering) of radiation by heavy dust pollution and large cloud amount. In cloud-free conditions with cloud cover ≤2/10, the fraction of the direct and diffuse components were 66.0% and 34.0%, respectively, with a mean daily global irradiance value of 7.92±2.91 MJ m−2 day−1. However, under cloudy conditions (with cloud cover ≥8/10), the diffuse and direct fractions were 97.9% and 2.2% of the global component, respectively. The annual mean TOD under cloudless conditions (cloud cover≤2/10) yields 0.74±0.33 and increased to as much as 3.15±0.67 under cloudy conditions with cloud amount ≥8/10. An empirical formula is derived for estimating the diffuse and direct components of horizontal solar irradiance by considering the total atmospheric optical depth (TOD). Results from statistical models are shown for the estimation of solar irradiance components as a function of TOD with sufficient accuracy as indicated by low standard error for each solar zenith angle (SZA). 相似文献
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基于地面太阳短波总辐射对气溶胶光学特性和地表反照率的敏感性, 该文提出了一个评估我国气象台站总辐射资料准确度的方法。该方法选用气溶胶光学厚度和太阳天顶角较小情形下的晴天辐射资料, 从太阳直射辐射反演气溶胶光学厚度, 用于计算宽带透过率, 再从该透过率和总辐射资料反演太阳常数E0, P, 并采用E0, P对世界辐射基准 (WRR) 的偏差表示总辐射资料的不确定性。模拟结果表明:气溶胶折射率虚部和大气柱水汽含量的输入误差是两个主要的评估不确定因子。用于准确度评估的资料越多, 越有利于平滑气溶胶、水汽含量等输入参数随机误差的效应, 评估结果越合理。应用这一方法, 该文评估了2000— 2004年我国沈阳、额济纳旗、北京、乌鲁木齐、格尔木、上海和广州7个气象台站总辐射资料的准确度。7个站共有1161个太阳常数反演值, 都满足太阳天顶角余弦 (μ0) 大于0.7的条件。这些E0, P值对WRR的最大偏差为7.33%, 97.78%的E0, P值对WRR的偏差小于5%, 总平均E0, P值对WRR偏差只有-1.15 %。依据这些结果, 当μ0≥0.7时, 这些台站的晴天总辐射资料的不确定度估计为5%。 相似文献
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Abstract Radiance criteria for distinguishing low, middle, and high clouds in the 9.5–11.5 μm band of the infrared are developed and used to produce local cloud maps. The performance of this radiance contrast method for mapping clouds from the earth's surface is evaluated with a view to using the technique for objective observation of cloud amount and distribution in the sky hemisphere. Discrimination radiance formulas are developed using a multilayer, wavenumber‐specific infrared radiative transfer model including cloud parameters measured by other workers and atmospheric conditions measured by radiosonde. The clear sky radiance (N0) is the dominant independent variable in the discrimination formulas. The variation of N0 with time (primarily due to changes in atmospheric water vapour content) and zenith angle are found to be important in distinguishing cirriform clouds from clear sky and other clouds. The local cloud maps are produced by applying the discrimination radiances (in voltage form) to the output from a narrow‐view infrared radiometer pointed at a sky‐scanning mirror. It is necessary to assume that the radiance from a cloud observed at the surface decreases unambiguously with an increase in cloud base height. Cloud maps for five days in July 1978 indicate the mapping technique shows promise under a wide range of sky conditions. Cloud motions rapidly degrade the maps’ quality over time‐scales that are much less than the current manual cloud sampling period of 1 h. 相似文献