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普查了1986-2000年冬季河南省70个暴雪的个例资料,分析了河南省暴雪的时空分布特征及其天气形势特征,建立了横槽型和两槽一脊型的暴雪天气学模型.通过对2003年2月9-10日(横槽型)和2003年3月4-5日(两槽一脊型)河南省出现的两场区域性暴雪过程的环流背景、成因特征、物理量等的对比分析发现,暴雪天气一般发生在经向环流与纬向环流相互调整之时,低空急流与低层切变线上气旋性曲率东扩或低涡东移是产生暴雪的重要原因,冷垫是产生暴雪的基本条件,最后给出了两类典型暴雪的具体预报特征. 相似文献
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分析了2001年1月6日河南省中北部出现的区域性暴雪天气过程中天气系统的演变、物理量场，并对数值预报产品作出天气学解释。 相似文献
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2003年河南省两类典型暴雪天气对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对2003年2月9～10日和3月4～5日河南省出现的两场区域性暴雪的环流背景、成因特征、物理量的对比分析,得出了低层切变线上气旋性曲率东扩或低涡东移是产生暴雪重要原因的结论;并给出了这两种不同类型暴雪天气的预报着眼点. 相似文献
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2003年河南省两类典型暴雪天气对比分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对2003年2月9～10日和3月4～5日河南省出现的两场区域性暴雪的环流背景、成因特征、物理量的对比分析，得出了低层切变线上气旋性曲率东扩或低涡东移是产生暴雪重要原因的结论；并给出了这两种不同类型暴雪天气的预报着眼点。 相似文献
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2000年冬季阿勒泰区域性大-暴雪成因分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对形成2000年冬季阿勒泰地区出现的6场区域性大－暴雪天气过程的欧亚大尺度环流与天气尺度影响系统的特征、水汽条件及垂直运动条件等进行综合分析，得出形成阿勒泰区域性大－暴雪天气的重要指标，从而进一步提高阿勒泰区域性大－暴雪天气的预报准确率，对防灾减灾具有重要意义。 相似文献
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暴雪是我市冬季和初春的重要灾害性天气之一。本文分析了我市近500年暴雪的发生规律,并着重对1977～1989年出现的17次区域性暴雪的气候特征、天气形势和单点资料进行研究,从而建立了本市区域性暴雪的预报方法。经两年试用,具有较好的效果。一、天气标准和资料来源日纯雪量≥5毫米或雪深增量≥5厘米为大雪日,日纯雪量≥10毫米或雪深增量≥10厘米为暴雪日;全市有≥3站大雪,其中≥1站暴雪,称区域性暴雪日。 相似文献
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本文对吉林省延边地区的暴雪灾害及其天气气候特征、环流形势特征及主要影响系统等进行了分析和探讨。结果表明：延边暴雪灾害具有明显的区域性特征，其环流形势特征和主要影响系统也与产生全省暴雪的环流形势和影响系统有很大差别，在天气分析预报中应引起注意。 相似文献
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雪灾是内蒙古地区的主要的气象灾害，对全区牧业和人民生活造成了严重危害和影响。在充分分析内蒙古地区气候特征的基础上，依据SVM回归方法，利用T213资料，建立了暴雪的SVM回归方法预报模型，建立了自动化的SVM暴雪预报业务系统，并对其进行了业务试验。给出了依据SVM方法建立的暴雪实时业务预报系统的检验结果。结果表明，SVM回归方法能运用于暴雪的预报，建立的自动化的SVM暴雪预报业务系统能在预报业务中发挥了一定的作用。 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
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Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity’s ability to protect our planet’s climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology 总被引：50，自引：0，他引：50
This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles. 相似文献
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Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
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A. P. Marques M. C. Freitas M. A. Reis H. Th. Wolterbeek T. Verburg J. J. M. De Goeij 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,49(1-3):211-222
Transplants of the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata were suspended in nylon bags in a special device allowing a fixed orientation of the lichen towards the wind direction, viz. facing the wind (F orientation) or shielded from the wind by its substrate (T orientation). The F- and T-orientation data were mutually compared and also with reference values (= time zero values of the transplants). The data were analysed via Monte Carlo added target transformation factor analysis (MCATTFA) to get information on possible emission-source profiles and their contributions to total-element levels in transplants, in F- and T-orientations. Both orientations did not differ for Na, Mg, P, Cl, K, Fe, Co, Ni, Ga, Se, Br, Sr, Ba, La, Nd, Sm, Lu and Ta, but showed some time-related differences for Cr and Zn. For the remaining elements the data presents a high variability. Under the conditions of the experiment, F- and T-oriented transplants generally did not result in differences in source profiles reflected, nor in differences in source contributions to element levels in the transplants. 相似文献
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全球雷电活动研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
雷电是发生在大气圈中伴随雷暴天气出现的一种瞬时高电压、大电流、强电磁辐射的灾害性天气现象。雷电活动对航空、航天、石油、化工、通讯等关系着国计民生的行业有着重要影响,因此越来越受到人们的关注。本文是关于近年来全球雷电专家对雷电活动研究成果的总结与归纳,主要是对雷电活动的探测手段、全球雷电活动特征、各种天气背景条件下（台风及中尺度对流系统等）雷电活动特征、雷电活动对气候变化的响应与影响等方面的研究进展,尽量完整及时的呈现出学界对雷电活动的最新研究进展。 相似文献
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IPCC于2019年8月7日通过了《气候变化与土地特别报告》决策者摘要,报告第3章评估了气候变化与荒漠化的关系,取得了一些新认识,包括全球旱地(dryland)和荒漠化的范围、荒漠化过程与影响因素、荒漠化的检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化的联系。在估计荒漠化变化、荒漠化变化检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化联系方面还存在不足。这些评估结果对我国认识旱地和荒漠化范围的变化、影响荒漠化因素、荒漠化过程、荒漠化变化检测与归因,荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,以及防治荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化方面等都有重要的启示。 相似文献
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北京种植桃气候适应性及优势分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
依据桃的光、温、水及病害发生等生长气候特性,选择了北京平谷地区典型的早、中、晚熟等4个品种桃,利用北京平谷地区30年的气候资料,从地形、土壤和水资源、冬季冻害和霜冻、开花授粉、果实生长期、日较差与病害等多方面分析论证了平谷桃种植的气候适应性及相对于北京南部平原地区的气候优势。分析表明,平谷桃种植在气候资源上具有地形小气候优势,且冬季无冻害之忧,春季几乎无低温霜冻之害,开花授粉期相对平原地区具有气候优势,果实生长期适宜日数较多,而不适宜的高温日数较大兴区偏少,在对果实品质有影响的日较差方面相对于平原地区具有明显优势,病害发生发展也较大兴区轻。与北京其他地区相比,平谷气候更适于发展桃种植。 相似文献
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S. Augusto P. Pinho C. Branquinho M. J. Pereira A. Soares F. Catarino 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,49(1-3):53-65
Polychlorodibenzeno-dioxins and polychlorodibenzeno-furans (PCDD/Fs) are considered among the most toxic compounds on earth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate atmospheric PCDD/F deposition and identify the areas with greater deposition of these compounds in an important industrialized and urbanized region of Portugal, using lichens as biomonitors. For this purpose, samples of the lichen Xanthoria parietina were collected at 60 sampling sites, covering urban, industrial, forestry and agriculture areas, and analyzed for PCDD/Fs, sulfur, nitrogen, zinc, iron, chromium, lead, cobalt, nickel, copper, calcium, manganese, magnesium and potassium. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in lichens were compared with the other elements and related to land-use and population density. The results obtained through the geostatistical interpolations and after principal component analysis have shown that PCDD/F deposition estimated by lichens is greater near industrial and highly populated urban areas. We found that lichens are suitable biomonitors of PCDD/F atmospheric deposition and can contribute to a better knowledge of air quality in a region, enabling identification of critical pollutant deposition areas. 相似文献