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1.
基于星载测雨雷达探测的亚洲对流和层云降水季尺度特征分析 总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16
利用热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达10年探测结果,就季尺度亚洲对流降水和层云降水的降水频次和强度及降水垂直结构的特点进行了研究.结果表明春、秋、冬三季东亚季平均降水环西太平洋副热带高压呈带状分布,雨强一般不超过10 mm/d;夏季,沿孟加拉湾、中国西南、中国东部至日本的大片雨区中出现了大于12 mm/d强降水;亚洲陆面对流和层云降水强度均弱于洋面.亚洲山地强迫不但可引起迎风坡上千公里长度的高降水频次和强降水带,而且导致其下风方向降水频次减少.季尺度降水频次分析表明,亚洲大部分地区对流降水频次小于3%;而层云降水频次一般大于3%,最高可超过10%;副热带高压南侧及西南侧的热带地区对流和层云降水频次均高于副热带高压北侧及西北侧的中纬度地区;降水频次的区域分布还表明,春季中南半岛至中国华南及南海南部对流活动多于同期的印度次大陆.季平均对流和层云降水廓线的季节变化主要表现为"雨顶"高度的季节变化,即降水云的厚度变化;两类降水平均廓线季节变化的区域性差异表明,热带外地区较热带地区显著、陆面较同纬度洋面显著、孟加拉湾比南海显著,而南海和西太平洋暖池无明显的季节变化.此外,降水结构的剖面分析还表明对流降水存在4层结构、层云降水存在3层结构. 相似文献
2.
热带测雨卫星测雨雷达探测的亚洲夏季积雨云云砧 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
热带测雨卫星(TRMM)测雨雷达探测产品资料中"其他"类型降水一直被忽略,它具有什么物理含义也无从知晓。文中利用个例分析和统计分析方法,对10年夏季亚洲"其他"类型降水进行了研究。个例分析结果表明"其他"类型降水的平均廓线表现了积雨云云砧特征,其廓线峰值(约0.6—1.0 mm/h)高度位于8—10 km,且云砧顶部具有0.8以上的可见光平均反射率和低于215 K远红外平均亮温;根据个例中积雨云云砧廓线特点,文中定义5 km以上各层累计降水率大于1 mm/h为云砧廓线,对亚洲夏季积雨云云砧样本进行了统计,结果表明该地区夏季云砧样本占"其他"类型降水样本总数的近70%;统计结果还表明夏季亚洲积雨云云砧出现频次为0.1%—0.4%,它至少超过对流降水频次的十分之一,亚洲云砧出现频次的特点是陆面高于洋面;云砧的结构特点表明云砧平均厚度3—4 km,其底部高度约6 km,顶部高度在10—12 km;云砧的平均可见光反射率在0.8—0.9,远红外平均亮温低于220 K。 相似文献
3.
本文基于2000~2014年共计15年夏季(6~8月)的TRMM卫星PR(测雨雷达)探测结果 2A25资料,对高原东坡及临近区域降水的水平、垂直分布特征,以及日变化特征进行了分析,结果揭示了高原对降水的影响。由降水样本数占PR总观测样本数的比例可知,降水频次表现为高原低、东部盆地高的特点,平均降水强度也类似。层云降水频次高于对流降水,但平均降水率低于对流降水。降水的垂直分布表明,下垫面高度超过3km时,降水率廓线峰值出现在5~6km,而其它地区峰值出现在3~4km高度。该区域的降水以夜雨为主;高原上的对流类型降水主要发生在白天,盆地和丘陵地区降水主要发生在夜间。 相似文献
4.
利用星载测雨雷达探测结果对夏季中国南方对流和层云降水气候特征的分析 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
本文利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)上搭载的测雨雷达(PR)十年的探测结果, 对夏季中国南方对流降水和层云降水的气候特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:夏季中国南方层云降水频次较对流降水频次高出两倍以上, 而对流降水强度至少是层云降水强度的4倍; 就整个中国南方而言, 这两种类型的降水对总降水量贡献相当。日变化分析表明夏季中国南方大部分地区的对流降水主要出现在午后, 层云降水出现时间并不集中, 但这两类降水的频次日变化均显示了明显的地域性特征; 对降水廓线日变化的分析结果表明, 对流降水和层云降水廓线的日变化主要表现在“雨顶”高度的日变化, 即对流降水云的厚度有明显的日变化变化特征, 不同地区的降水廓线存在明显的差异。降水率剖面分析结果显示了对流降水的“雨顶” 高度日变化较层云降水剧烈, 降水率的日变化则相反, 且层云降水率的地域性特征更强。 相似文献
5.
基于PR和VIRS融合资料的东亚台风和非台风降水结构分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
借助JAXA/EORC热带台风数据集资料,实现了台风区和非台风区的分离,在此基础上,利用热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达和可见光/红外扫描仪的融合观测资料,对1998~2007年东亚雨季台风及非台风降水的气候特征和降水云红外信号特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)东亚台风降水强度谱较非台风降水谱更宽,特别是对流降水主要分布在5~20 mm/h之间;强降水更多,主要分布在东亚洋面。2)雨季东亚降水的主要形式是非台风层云降水,但台风降水对局地降水量的贡献也不容忽视,例如台湾以东附近洋面可达20%。3)台风降水云亮温海陆分布差异显著;其雨顶高度在4~9 km(层云)和4.5~12.5 km(对流)之间均有分布,较非台风降水雨顶高度谱更宽。4)不同等级的台风在降水强度、覆盖区域和云顶10.8μm亮温分布上差异大。 相似文献
6.
基于云亮温和降水回波顶高度分类的夏季青藏高原降水研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM, Tropical Rain Measuring Mission)第七版逐日逐轨测雨雷达(PR, Precipitation Radar)及可见光和红外扫描仪(VIRS, Visible and Infrared Scanner)的融合数据集,研究了夏季青藏高原上降水类型的特征.统计结果表明第七版PR降水回波强度及降水率廓线资料(2A25)仍旧误判青藏高原上以层云降水为主(比例高达85%);以云顶相态定义的青藏高原降水类型统计表明,冰相云顶和冰水混合相云顶的降水分别占43%和56%;以降水回波顶高度定义的降水类型统计表明,深厚弱对流降水和浅薄降水分别占77%和22%,而深厚强对流降水仅占1%.空间分布的统计表明,冰相云顶降水和冰水混合相云顶降水的频次和强度自高原西部向高原东部和东南部增加,其降水回波顶高度自高原西、中部向东部降低.深厚强对流降水和浅薄降水的频次由西向东增加,而深厚弱对流降水频次分布是西少、北少、南多,高原南部比北部的深厚弱对流降水频次高出近1倍;深厚弱对流降水和浅薄降水的平均强度也表现了自高原西部、中部向东部的增大,而其降水回波顶高度分布则相反.总体上,夏季青藏高原降水频次和强度自西向东增多和增大,而云顶和降水回波顶高度则相反. 相似文献
7.
基于TRMM资料的西南涡强降水结构分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用热带测雨卫星TRMM资料和NCEP再分析资料,研究了2007年7月17日发生在四川东部和重庆西部地区的一次西南涡强降水系统的水平和垂直结构特征。结果表明,此次强降水系统由一个主降水云团(云带)和多个零散降水云团组成,属于对流性降水,强降水雨强大、范围广。降水系统中对流云降水的样本数量比层云降水少,但对流云降水的平均降水率大,对总降水量的贡献比层云大。对流云降水的雨强谱主要集中在1~50 mm·h-1范围内,而90%层云降水的雨强都在10 mm·h-1以下。从降水系统的垂直结构来看,强降水系统的雨顶高度可伸展到16 km,最大降水率位于地面上空2~6 km的大气层,降水强度的垂直和水平分布不均匀,对流层低层云滴的碰并增长过程对降水起主要作用。西南涡引发的强降水中不管是层云降水还是对流云降水,6 km高度以下降水量的贡献最大,不同高度降水量对总降水量贡献的大小随着高度的升高而减小。 相似文献
8.
青藏高原及其下游地区降水厚度季、日变化的气候特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用10年的TRMM卫星降水雷达观测资料, 首次对青藏高原及其下游平原及海洋地区降水厚度的地区差异进行了对比分析, 并对青藏高原及其周边地区对流和层云降水厚度的水平分布及其日变化和季节变化进行了统计分析, 结果表明: (1) 青藏高原地区对流和层云降水厚度都要比下游平原地区更为浅薄, 东部海洋地区对流降水厚度比平原地区小, 而层云降水厚度与平原地区相当。青藏高原及其下游平原地区对流降水厚度的日变化特征非常明显, 海洋地区对流降水厚度日夜差异则不大。层云降水厚度在各地区的日变化特征都不明显。青藏高原、下游平原及海洋地区对流和层云降水厚度的季节变化都非常明显, 从冬至夏, 对流和层云降水逐渐变得深厚, 而从夏入冬, 对流和层云降水则逐渐变得浅薄。(2) 青藏高原及其周边地区对流和层云平均降水厚度的分布形式和降水量分布具有较好的对应关系, 降水量大的地区其降水厚度一般较为深厚, 降水少的地区则降水厚度比较浅薄。对流和层云降水厚度存在明显差异, 对流降水一般要比层云降水深厚。青藏高原及其周边地区降水厚度水平分布的日夜差距不大, 但季节变化非常明显, 且与气候系统的季节变化紧密相关。 相似文献
9.
TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究 总被引：40，自引：16，他引：40
文中利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达和微波成像仪探测结果,研究了1998年7月20日21时(世界时)和1999年6月9日21时发生在武汉地区附近和皖南地区的两个中尺度强降水系统的水平结构和垂直结构,以及TMI微波亮温对降水强弱和分布的响应。研究结果表明:这两个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,它对总降水量的贡献超过了层云降水。降水水平结构表明,两个中尺度强降水系统由多个强雨团或雨带组成,它们均属于对流性降水;降水垂直结构分析表明,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达15km,强对流降水主体中存在垂直方向和水平方向非均匀降水率分布区,层云降水有清晰的亮度带,层云降水的上方存在多层云系结构。降水廓线分布表明:对流降水廓线与层云降水廓线有明显的区别,并且降水廓线清晰地反映了降水微物理过程的垂直分布。整个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水与层云降水的区别还反映在标准化的总降水率随高度的分布。微波信号分析表明:TMI85 GHz极化修正亮温,19.4与37.0,19.4与85.5,37.0与85.5 GHz的垂直极化亮温差均能较好地指示陆面附近的降水分布。 相似文献
10.
华南汛期作为我国雨季爆发的第一阶段一直是预报与研究的热点问题,对其降水-云宏微观垂直特性的认识还不够深入。双频星载雷达资料对强、弱降水三维探测进行优化,并补充对洋面降水的探测。借助这两方面优势,对华南对流性、层云性两类主要降水类型的垂直特征进行统计,分析降水反射率因子与降水粒子垂直分布、亮带特征与垂直分层降水贡献,对比华南陆地在回波顶高方面与南海洋面的异同,最后针对华南前后汛期的降水垂直分布特征进行分析。(1)对流性降水反射率因子快速增长区域主要发生在低层,层云性降水反射率因子快速增长区域位于亮带层附近。(2)当发生强降水时,对流性降水的粒子浓度并不是总高于层云性降水,但前者粒子半径大于后者;强层云性降水往往来自于大小均一的粒子聚集,并没有形成更大直径的液滴。(3)华南陆地回波顶高季节变化较南海洋面强烈,浅薄对流降水发生频率受季风影响从春至秋存在先增后减特征,深对流发生频率在夏季增幅显著。南海地区回波顶高虽无明显季节变化但在3 km和5.5 km存在明显的双峰特征。(4)前汛期对流性降水的高浓度、大尺度的粒子更利于向更高高度发展,而层云性降水粒子浓度及半径的垂直分布在华南前后汛期无明显差异。前后汛期回波顶高异同主要出现在广西中部,广东中部和沿海地区。 相似文献
11.
In this study, a merged dataset constructed from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar rain products and Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive data is used to investigate the thermal structural characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation in the rainy season (May–August) of 1998–2012 over East Asia. The results show that the storm tops for convective precipitation are higher than those for stratiform precipitation, because of the more unstable atmospheric motions for convective precipitation. Moreover, the storm tops are higher at 1200 UTC than at 0000 UTC over land regions for both convective and stratiform precipitation, and vice versa for ocean region. Additionally, temperature anomaly patterns inside convective and stratiform precipitating clouds show a negative anomaly of about 0–2 K, which results in cooling effects in the lower troposphere. This cooling is more obvious at 1200 UTC for stratiform precipitation. The positive anomaly that appears in the middle troposphere is more than 2 K, with the strongest warming at 300 hPa. Relative humidity anomaly patterns show a positive anomaly in the middle troposphere (700–500 hPa) prior to the occurrence of the two types of precipitation, and the increase in moisture is evident for stratiform precipitation. 相似文献
12.
Diurnal phase of late-night against late-afternoon of stratiform and convective precipitation in summer southern contiguous China 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Using the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) observations combined with the surface rain
gauge data during 1998–2006, the robust diurnal features of summer stratiform and convective precipitation over the southern
contiguous China are revealed by exploring the diurnal variations of rain rate and precipitation profile. The precipitation
over the southern contiguous China exhibits two distinguishing diurnal phases: late-night (2200–0600 LST) and late-afternoon
(1400–2200 LST), dependent on the location, precipitation type and duration time. Generally, the maximum rain rate and the
highest profile of stratiform precipitation occur in the late-afternoon (late-night) over the southeastern (southwestern)
China, while most of the stratiform short-duration rain rate tends to present late-afternoon peaks over the southern China.
For convective precipitation, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile occur in the late-afternoon over most of the southern
contiguous China, while the convective long-duration rain rate exhibits late-night peaks over the southwestern China. Without
regional dependence, the convective precipitation exhibits much larger amplitude of diurnal variations in both near surface
rain rate and vertical extension compared with stratiform precipitation and the convective rain top rises most rapidly between
noon and afternoon. However, there are two distinctive sub-regions. The diurnal phases of precipitation there are very weakly
dependent on precipitation type and duration time. Over the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau, the maximum rain rate
and the highest profile of either convective or stratiform precipitation occur in the late-night. Over the southeastern coastal
regions, both the near surface rain rate and rain top of convective and stratiform precipitation peak in the late-afternoon. 相似文献
13.
The relationship between surface rain rate and depth of rain system(rain depth) over Southeast Asia is examined using 10-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation radar(PR) measurements.Results show that,in general,a large surface rain rate is associated with a deep precipitating system,but a deep rain system may not always correspond with a large surface rain rate.This feature has a regional characteristic.Convective rain develops more frequently over land than over the ocean,while stratiform rain can extend to higher altitudes over the ocean than over land.A light surface rain rate has the largest probability to occur,regardless of rain depth.A convective rain system is more likely associated with a stronger surface rain rate than a stratiform rain system.Results show that precipitation systems involve complex microphysical processes.Rain depth is just one characteristic of precipitation.A linear relationship between surface rain rate and rain depth does not exist.Both deep convective and stratiform rain systems have reflectivity profiles that can be divided into three sections.The main difference in their profiles is at higher levels,from 4.5 km up to 19 km.For shallow stratiform rain systems,a two-section reflectivity profile mainly exists,while for convective systems a three-section profile is more common. 相似文献
14.
TRMM测雨雷达对1998年东亚降水季节性特征的研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
利用热带测雨计划卫星上的测雨雷达得到的降水资料,对1998年东亚降水,特别是中国大陆东部、东海和南海的降水,进行了分析研究,并对比了热带降水研究结果。年统计结果表明,东亚地区层状云降水出现概率极高(比面积达83.7％),对流云降水的比面积仅占13.6％,然而两者对总降水量的贡献相当。结果还表明,暖对流云降水出现的比例和对总降水量的贡献很小。在季节尺度,对流云和层状云降水的比与两者的面积比成比例关系。除夏季外,测雨雷达降水量与GPCP降水量可比性好。研究结果还指出:在中纬度陆地和海洋上对流云和层状云的比降水量和比面积呈相反方向作季节性南北移动,这一活动与东亚季风变化一致;该地区降水的季节性变化还表现为降水垂直廓线的变化。除冬季外,南海地区降水垂直结构呈热带特征。CRAD分析表明,对流云降水的地面雨强变化大,尤其在陆地上,而层状云多表现为地面弱降水。 相似文献
15.
The diurnal cycles of precipitation over north China during summer in four strong rainfall years are examined using two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling data. The diurnal signals are analyzed in terms of precipitation budget, fractional rainfall coverage and rain intensity over convective and stratiform rainfall area. The analysis of precipitation budget shows that the diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation mainly correspond respectively to those of water vapor convergence and transport of hydrometeor from convective rainfall area to stratiform rainfall area in 1964, 1994 and 1995, whereas they mainly correspond to those of water vapor convergence in 2013. The diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation are mainly associated with those of rain intensity in 1964, 1994 and 1995. In 2013, the diurnal cycle of stratiform precipitation is mainly related to that of fractional rainfall coverage over stratiform rainfall area. The multiple peaks of convective precipitation mainly correspond to the rain intensity maxima associated with strong water vapor convergence. 相似文献
16.
Precipitation Structures of a Thermal Convective System Happened in the Central Western Subtropical Pacific Anticyclone 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, characteristics of precipitating clouds in a thermal convective system (TCS) occurred in the southeastern mainland of China at 15:00 BT (Beijing time) on August 2, 2003 in the central western subtropical Pacific anticyclone (WSPA) is studied by using TRMM tropical rainfallmeasuring mission PR (precipitution radar) and IR Infrared radiation measurements. The precipitating cloud structures in both horizontal and vertical, relationship among storm top, cloud top, and surface rain rate are particularly analyzed. Results show that a strong ascending air at 500 hPa and a strong convergence of moisture flux at 850 hPa in the central WSPA supply necessary conditions both in dynamics and moisture for the happening of the TCS precipitation. The TRMM PR observation shows that the horizontal scale of the most TCS precipitating clouds is about 30-40 km, their averaged vertical scale is above 10 km, and the maximum reaches 17.5 km. The maximum rain rate near surface of those TCS clouds is beyond 50 mm h-1. The mean rain profile of the TCS clouds shows that its maximum rain rate at 5 km altitude is 1 km lower than the estimated freezing level of the environment. Compared with the mesoscale convective system (MCS) of "98.7.20", both systems have the same altitude of the maximum rain rate displayed from both mean rain profiles, but the TCS is much deeper than the MCS. From the altitude of the maximum rain rate to near surface, profiles show that rain rate reducing in the TCS is faster than that in the MCS, which implies a strong droplet evaporation process occurring in the TCS. Relationship among cloud top, storm top, and surface rain rate analysis indicates a large variation of cloud top when storm top is lower. On the contrary, the higher the storm top, the more consistent both cloud top and storm top. And, the larger the surface rain rate, the higher and more consistent for both cloud top and storm top. At the end, results expose that area fractions of non-precipitating clouds and clear sky are 86% and 2%, respectively. The area fraction of precipitating clouds is only about 1/8 that of non-precipitating clouds. 相似文献
17.
Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models. 相似文献