共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
利用中尺度模式ARPS模拟了2005年7月22日一次典型华北暴雨过程的云物理特征,对比分析了高密度大冰雹下落末速度增大时对云和降水的发展演变、云系宏微观结构、垂直风场以及云系的宏观热力场的影响.结果表明,产生这次暴雨的中尺度对流系统经历了对流云团发展、加强及合并过程,其高层为冰晶、雪,中层为霰/雹、过冷云水,低层主要是雨水;霰/雹形成和融化的冷云过程对雨水的形成起重要作用.高密度大冰雹下落末速度增大时:(1)对暴雨区降水量、云的分布、厚度和含水量有较明显的影响;(2)可以引起云中高含水量区合并,累积含水量减小,含水量中心位置发生变化;(3)云系有提前进入消散阶段的趋势;(4)对云中霰/雹和雨滴的垂直分布范围及其含水量极大值影响显著,霰/雹含水量区向下延伸约1 km,雨滴含水量最大值高度也随之降低.同时霰/雹含水量减小,而雨滴含水量增加;(5)上升气流的发展受到抑制,云顶高度降低,云中含水量减小,伴随微物理过程的相变潜热也随之减小. 相似文献
2.
本文运用WRF3.9区域数值模式模拟了2017年7月13日吉林省永吉县暖区暴雨,较好地再现了此次暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统的单体触发、线状对流群触发、组织化发展以及弓状回波等典型阶段的细致过程;在此基础上,分析了造成暖区降水的中尺度对流系统的云微物理特征,探讨了其影响暖区降水的可能机制。结果表明:吉林永吉暖区降水发生在东北冷涡主导的有利的多尺度环境配置下,引发暖区降水的中尺度系统主要是冷云系统,暖区范围大,过冷水分布位置高,冰晶粒子与过冷水并存,并存区的“播种”效应使得其下方生成大量霰。雨水质量收支及热量收支分析表明:暖区降水系统的触发及组织化阶段,雨水的主要来源是云滴碰并增长,主要汇项是冰晶对雨水的收集;而弓状回波阶段,降水的主要源项除了云滴碰并增长之外,霰融化作用也起到关键的作用,降水主要汇项在低层为雨水蒸发,高层为霰对雨滴的收集;暖区降水的主要热源是水汽凝结潜热释放,主要冷却项是雨水和云水的蒸发。弓状回波阶段,其前部的入流与地面冷垫上方的后向入流汇合后将水汽带入高层;“播种”效应使距地面8 km高度附近的霰粒子含量显著增多,该高度与水汽凝结释放大量潜热形成的高温区重合,故霰粒子大量融化为雨水,产生强降水过程。 相似文献
3.
云微物理过程对强对流风暴的影响之数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
本文运用三维对流云模式对美国SPACE计划(South Park Area Cumulus Experiment)1977年7月19日South Park地区一例强对流风暴进行了模拟,目的是考察不同云微物理过程对风暴的影响.不同微物理方案模拟对比有助于我们加深对风暴内部微物理过程的了解.结果表明,不同微物理方案模拟的风暴内部动力场、强度有所不同.不考虑冰相过程的暖雨方案,模拟的风暴最弱;冰相过程中仅考虑冻结/融化潜热释放,模拟的风暴强度在后期稍弱.由于降水绝大部分由霰、雹转变而来,以及霰、雹粒子对运动场的影响及其相变潜热作用,冰相过程中如果不考虑霰、雹的模拟方案,模拟风暴的动力场及降水场都发生改变. 相似文献
4.
非绝热加热对冷锋锋生过程影响的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用半地转模式研究了非绝热加热对冷锋锋生过程的影响。计算结果表明，非绝热加热包括大尺度凝结潜热、积云对流加热和感热都可以在加热区诱发出附加的锋生场。从而使加热区内的锋区强度得到明显加强；三种加热都能使上升速度增大，其中大尺度凝结潜热释放可在锋前出现一条宽约２００ｋｍ的强降水带．积云对流加热可使上升运动区范围缩小或在低层出现中尺度雨带，感热加热是产生中尺度雨带的一种可能机制。计算还表明，大尺度凝结潜热对锋生过程的影响最明显。它可以影响锋生过程中所有物理量。而积云对流加热和感热加热只对位温场和垂直速度场有明显影晌。但影响程度没有大尺度凝结潜热大。 相似文献
5.
利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)的数值模拟,结合NECP/FNL再分析资料、地面、探空、多普勒雷达基数据和卫星产品等观测资料,综合分析了2014年3月30日发生在贵州省西南部的一次冰雹天气过程。研究了有利于冰雹发生的环流特征和环境条件,分析了冰雹云系的发展演变特征、云微物理结构特征,初步分析了冰雹形成的云物理机制。结果表明:此次冰雹天气是典型的低压辐合线型降雹类型,地面降雹位置位于700 hPa切变线和近地面辐合线附近及南侧;发生此次冰雹过程的对流云系经历了对流云系的初生阶段、合并加强阶段、成熟降雹阶段和东移阶段。贵州地区上空对流云系的微物理结构具有混合相云特征,高层为冰晶、雪,中层为云水、霰,低层为雨水、冰雹。霰和云水是形成雨水和冰雹的主要来源,霰撞冻过冷云水和霰的自动转化是冰雹形成的主要微物理机制。 相似文献
6.
边界层辐合线发展成飑线的数值试验 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：8
利用高分辨率η坐标模式，以一个实际飑线个例的常规资料为初值，通过嵌入一定强度的边界中层尺度辐合线，进行了边界层辐合线型飑线激发的数值试验，结果表明，飑线实例的大尺度环境场提供了累积的有效浮力能，小尺度积云对流则通过对流翻腾提供高层水汽凝结潜热加热和低层降温冷却，而中尺度幅合线通过提供带状辐合上升运动，起着胚胎和组织积云对流的作用，这样大、中、小三种尺度相互作用导致了边界层中尺度辐合线发展成为飑线。 相似文献
7.
西北区东部一次暴雨的数值模拟试验 总被引：19，自引：23，他引：19
运用双向嵌套的中尺度数值预报模式MM5，对1998年7月上旬西北区东部一次暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明，该模式能较好地模拟这次暴雨过程，对这次暴雨过程相关的中尺度系统的发生发展也作出了较成功的模拟；大尺度及积云对流尺度的凝结潜热在降水过程中是一个主要因子，潜热释放将加热中高层大气，促使高层大气辐散，低层辐合，垂直运动加强，导致较大的降水；初始时刻不同地区低层大气水汽含量的多寡直接对本次暴雨产生影响，并为这次暴雨提供了水汽源；地面水汽和感热的垂直输送为暴雨的发生发展补充了能量。 相似文献
8.
利用MM5模式对太行山迎风坡暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,分析了太行山迎风坡降水的微物理结构特征及山脉对降水的影响。结果表明,降水过程既有太行山地形作用造成的暖云降水又包含汽、水、冰混合的冷云降水,当冰相粒子与液态水的中心上下接近垂直时,1 h降水量最大;地形对于降水增幅作用较大,低层东风遇太行山阻挡辐合抬升形成地形雨;地形造成的弱垂直运动将影响高层上升强度,进而改变水汽分布,并通过微物理过程使得水汽发生相变,该个例中垂直上升运动使得雪和霰相粒子迅速增长,从而导致雨滴增大并克服重力作用下降,在下落过程中捕获低层地形云中水滴变成更大雨滴降落;而在上升过程中水汽凝结释放潜热,对物理量场有一个反馈作用。 相似文献
9.
利用WRF中尺度模式,结合FY-2E卫星云图和常规气象资料,对台海地区一次冬季冷锋降水过程进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明:1)微物理方案对台海地区冬季冷锋降水过程的模拟具有敏感性,Milbrandt双参数微物理方案能较好地再现云系层次结构、冰相降水过程及其云系的对流发展,24 h累积降水量模拟结果优于其他微物理方案.2)锋区的降水粒子(雨水、雪晶和霰)混合比大于锋后,锋区雨带集中在地面锋线的中段,锋后雨带偏向冷区的西南段.3)锋区附近云系受低空急流及台湾岛中部高山地形抬升共同作用,在迎风坡形成强降水中心,对应空中霰含量高值区.4)低空高相当位温、强辐合、正涡度和对流性不稳定与高空强辐散和负涡度的配置是本次冷锋云系维持与发展的重要原因. 相似文献
10.
采用T213L31模式大气分析资料,诊断计算天气学中的凝结函数降水、水汽通量散度降水,并理想设计与诊断计算气层对流不稳定降水和层结不稳定降水,用于对2007年8月间西太平洋登陆台风帕布和圣帕降水运动进行诊断计算与分析。结果表明:热带扰动中凝结函数降水场呈弱态,但有较强水汽通量散度降水场,且水汽辐合降水运动组织对流不稳定降水和层结不稳定降水。在热带扰动发展与台风形成时,其低层风场水汽辐合与积云对流相互作用的过程,同时是气层对流不稳定能量与气块(团)湿不稳定能量的积聚过程,前者可带来暴雨,后者可带来大暴雨。相关天气学分析表明:台风暴雨是大尺度风场及中尺度水汽辐合降水运动组织起中、小尺度气层、气块(团)对流降水运动,对流性降水是由风场支配故变化较大、较快。 相似文献
11.
A Simulation Study on the Characteristics of Cloud Microphysics of
Heavy Rainfall in the Meiyu Front 
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下载免费PDF全文 A heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front during 4--5 July 2003 is simulated by use of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 (V3--6) with different explicit cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. The characteristics of microphysical process of convective cloud are studied by the model outputs. The
simulation study reveals that: (1) The mesoscale model MM5 with explicit cloud microphysical process is capable of simulating the instant heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front, the rainfall simulation
could be improved significantly as the model resolution is increased, and the Goddard scheme is better than the Reisner or Schultz scheme. (2) The convective cloud in the Meiyu front has a
comprehensive structure composed of solid, liquid and vapor phases of water, the mass density of water vapor is the largest one in the cloud; the next one is graupel, while those of ice, snow, rain
water and the cloud water are almost same. The height at which mass density peaks for different hydrometeors is almost unchangeable during the heavy rainfall period. The mass density variation of rain water, ice, and graupel are consistent with that of ground precipitation, while that of water vapor in the low levels is 1--2 h earlier than the precipitation. (3) The main contribution to the water vapor budget in the atmosphere is the convergence of vapor flux through advection and convection, which provides the main vapor source of the rainfall. Besides the basic process of the auto-conversion of cloud water to rain water, there is an additional cloud microphysical process that is essential to the formation of instant heavy rainfall, the ice-phase crystals are transformed into graupels first and then the increased graupels mix with cloud water and accelerates the conversion of cloud water to rain water. The positive feedback mechanism between latent heat release and convection is the main cause to maintain and develop the heavy precipitation. 相似文献
12.
Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall.While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies,the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform,constant,large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity.The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate.Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions,whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions,which is,in turn,offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions.The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions. 相似文献
13.
一次梅雨锋暴雨云物理特征的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用中尺度数值模式MM5(V3.6),选用模式中不同的显式云物理方案,对2003年7月4-5日发生在江淮流域的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并根据模拟结果对造成此次暴雨过程的对流云团的微物理特征进行了分析.研究结果表明:(1) 具有详细云物理过程的中尺度模式MM5对短时强降水过程具有较好的模拟能力,提高MM5模式的分辨率,可以更好地模拟短时梅雨锋暴雨过程,模式中的Goddard云物理方案的模拟结果要优于Reisner方案和Schultz方案.(2) 梅雨锋对流云团是一种复杂的固、液、气三相混合体结构,在云体区域内的平均质量密度分布中,水汽的质量密度最大,其次是霰,而冰晶、雪、云水和雨水的质量密度较小且数值大小彼此接近,各种相态粒子质量密度峰值出现的高度随时间无明显变化.雨水、云冰和霰的质量密度随时间演变规律与地面降水强度的变化特征相一致,近地面层水汽密度随时间的演变规律比地面降水强度提前1-2个小时,水汽通量的辐合对暴雨时段内水汽的补充和维持起到了重要的作用.(3) 除了最基本的云水向雨水转化的云微物理过程之外,此次降水过程还显示,在中层500-700 hPa范围内雪、冰晶等冰相粒子首先转化为霰粒子,而霰和云水的结合进一步加速(剧)云水向雨水的转换,成为短时特大暴雨形成不可或缺的动力机制,云物理过程中的相变潜热与对流运动的正反馈机制是促进暴雨维持和发展的最重要热力因子. 相似文献
14.
By using the Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM),the basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Rananim are simulated and verified against observations.Five sets of experiments are designed to investigate the effects of the cloud microphysical processes on the model cloud structure and precipitation features.The importance of the ice-phase microphysics,the cooling effect related to microphysical characteristics change,and the influence of terminal velocity of graupel are examined.The results indicate that the cloud microphysical processes impact more on the cloud development and precipitation features of the typhoon than on its intensity and track.Big differences in the distribution pattern and content of hydrometeors,and types and amount of rainfall occur in the five experiments,resulting in different heating and cooling effects.The largest difference of 24-h rain rate reaches 52.5 mm h-1.The results are summarized as follows:1) when the cooling effect due to the evaporation of rain water is excluded,updrafts in the typhoon's inner core are the strongest with the maximum vertical velocity of-19 Pa s-1 and rain water and graupel grow most dominantly with their mixing ratios increased by 1.8 and 2.5 g kg-1,respectively,compared with the control experiment; 2) the melting of snow and graupel affects the growth of rain water mainly in the spiral rainbands,but much less significantly in the eyewall area; 3) the warm cloud microphysical process produces the smallest rainfall area and the largest percentage of convective precipitation (63.19％),while the largest rainfall area and the smallest percentage of convective precipitation (48.85％) are generated when the terminal velocity of graupel is weakened by half. 相似文献
15.
Water vapor, cloud, and surface rainfall budgets associated with the landfall of Typhoon
Krosa on 6--8 October 2007 are analyzed based on a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation.
The model is integrated with imposed zonally-uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal
temperature, and vapor advection from NCEP/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The simulation
data that are validated with observations are examined to study physical causes associated with
surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The time- and domain-mean analysis shows that when
Krosa approached the eastern coast of China on 6 October, the water vapor convergence over land caused
a local atmospheric moistening and a net condensation that further produced surface rainfall and an
increase of cloud hydrometeor concentration. Meanwhile, latent heating was balanced by advective
cooling and a local atmospheric warming. One day later, the enhancement of net condensation led to
an increase of surface rainfall and a local atmospheric drying, while the water vapor convergence
weakened as a result of the landfall-induced deprivation of water vapor flux. At the same time,
the latent heating is mainly compensated the advective cooling. Further weakening of vapor convergence
on 8 October enhanced the local atmospheric drying while the net condensation and associated surface
rainfall was maintained. The latent heating is balanced by advective cooling and a local atmospheric
cooling. 相似文献
16.
台风“云娜”在近海强度变化及结构特征的数值研究Ⅰ:云微物理参数化对云结构及降水特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
首先对AREM模式模拟的台风基本结构和云结构进行验证,检验了模拟结果的可靠性.在此基础上,设计了5组试验来研究云微物理参数化方案对台风"云娜"云结构及降水特征的影响.试验设计主要突出冰相云微物理过程、云微物理特征引发的冷却效应以及霰下落速度的重要性.结果表明:云微物理参数化过程对云的发展和降水特征的影响更为显著.各试验的水凝物分布和强度不同,降水类型和强度存在较大差异,由此引起的云中热力结构也有较大区别;在所有试验方案中,24 h降水率最大差异为52.5 mm/h.云微物理过程对云和降水特征的具体影响表现在:(1)如果不考虑雨水蒸发冷却效应,此时台风内核上升运动强度最强(达到-19 Pa/s),雨水和霰粒子增长最明显,相对于对照试验增量分别为1.8和2.5 g/kg.(2)霰和雪的融化对于螺旋雨带中雨滴的增长十分重要,但他们可能不是云墙中雨水形成的主导因子.(3)不同方案的降水模拟特征也存在较大差别,采用暖云参数化后,降水区域最小,但其中对流降水比例最大(63.19%);霰落速减半后,降水区域最大,其中非对流降水比例也最大(51.15%). 相似文献
17.
Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall are examined with the equilibrium simulation data from three experiments conducted with a two-dimensional cloud resolving model with imposed temporally and zonally invariant winds and sea surface temperature and zero mean vertical velocity. The experiment without ice radiative effects is compared with the control experiment with ice microphysics (both the ice radiative and microphysical effects) to study effects of ice radiative effects on diurnal rainfall variations whereas it is compared with the experiment without ice microphysics to examine ice microphysical effects on the diurnal rainfall variations. The ice radiative processes mainly affect diurnal cycle of convective rainfall whereas the ice microphysical processes have important impacts on the diurnal cycles of both convective and stratiform rainfall. Turning off the ice radiative effects generally enhances convective rainfall during the morning and evening and suppresses convective rainfall in the afternoon whereas turning off the ice microphysical effects generally suppresses convective and stratiform rainfall during the morning and enhances convective and stratiform rainfall in the afternoon and evening. The ice radiative and microphysical effects on the diurnal cycle of surface rainfall are mainly associated with that of vapor condensation and deposition, which is controlled by air temperature through saturation specific humidity. The ice effects on the diurnal cycle of local temperature tendency are largely explained by that of latent heating since the diurnal cycle of radiation is insensitive to the ice effects. 相似文献
18.
Mechanism of high rainfall over the Indian west coast region during the monsoon season 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. S. Maheskumar S. G. Narkhedkar S. B. Morwal B. Padmakumari D. R. Kothawale R. R. Joshi C. G. Deshpande R. V. Bhalwankar J. R. Kulkarni 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(5-6):1513-1529
The mechanism responsible for high rainfall over the Indian west coast region has been investigated by studying dynamical, thermodynamical and microphysical processes over the region for the monsoon season of 2009. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts wind and NCEP flux data have been used to study the large scale dynamical parameters. The moist adiabatic and multi-level inversion stratifications are found to exist during the high and low rainfall spells, respectively. In the moist adiabatic stratification regime, shallow and deep convective clouds are found coexisting. The Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement EXperiment aircraft data showed cloud updraft spectrum ranging from 1 to 10 m s?1 having modal speed 1–2.5 m s?1. The low updrafts rates provide sufficient time required for warm rain processes to produce rainfall from shallow clouds. The low cloud liquid water is observed above the freezing level indicating efficient warm rain process. The updrafts at the high spectrum end go above freezing level to generate ice particles produced due to mixed-phase rainfall process from deep convective clouds. With aging, deep convection gets transformed into stratiform type, which has been inferred through the vertical distribution of the large scale omega and heating fields. The stratiform heating, high latent heat flux, strong wind shear in the lower and middle tropospheric levels and low level convergence support the sustenance of convection for longer time to produce high rainfall spell. The advection of warm dry air in the middle tropospheric regions inhibits the convection and produce low rainfall spell. The mechanisms producing these spells have been summarized with the block diagram. 相似文献
19.
青海省秋季一次对流云人工增雨的数值模拟 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
利用中国气象科学研究院的三维对流云数值模式，模拟了青海省2002年秋季一次对流云过程，分析了青海省秋季对流云云体发展的动力学特点和微物理特征。数值模拟结果表明，青海省秋季的对流云降水几乎全部是由霰的融化形成的，而自然云中冰晶含量少、冰霰自动转化形成霰胚的过程非常微弱。但采用合适的方法催化以后，冰晶的核化、繁生量增加，通过冰霰自动转化过程形成大量霰胚，霰胚再通过其他冷云微物理过程迅速增长，融化成降水。催化后各种微物理机制都比催化前活跃，同时催化改变了云体的动力场分布，在动力过程和微物理过程的相互促进下，使增雨取得了很好的效果。 相似文献