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1.
40 a来，长江流域大部分地区年平均温度呈现上升趋势，20世纪90年代增温幅度最大; 在季节变化上，除了夏季，其他季节都呈升高趋势；全流域夏季降水量显著增加，尤其表现在20世纪90年代，这主要由于长江流域大部分地区夏季暴雨日数显著增加的结果；夏季径流量和年最大洪峰流量在长江中下游地区均呈现显著增加趋势。长江流域夏季降水量的增加，尤其是暴雨日数的增多必然会增加长江流域中下游地区的洪水风险。20世纪90年代以来，长江洪水的频繁发生是对气候变暖的响应。 相似文献
2.
选取长江流域沿线及三峡库区12个代表站,根据中国500年旱涝图集等级和各站建站以来5—9月降水量资料,按照旱涝等级标准,分别得到长江全流域、上游流域、中游流域、下游流域及其三峡库区1470—2011年旱涝等级序列。结果表明:长江各流域及其三峡库区均呈现较为明显的旱涝交替阶段,20世纪偏旱频率强烈增加,19世纪和20世纪偏涝频率明显增加。长江流域和三峡库区偏旱以上等级具有准160年周期震荡,全流域偏涝以上存在准140年的周期震荡,但20世纪后有所减弱,三峡库区偏涝以上等级存在准百年的周期震荡。三峡建坝蓄水前后库区降水EOF时空分布呈一致减少趋势,与此同时长江上游降水呈下降趋势,反映了长江上游流域及三峡库区气候趋旱;M-K突变检验显示水库蓄水前后流域上游和库区降水均未发生显著变化。在全球气候变化的背景下,三峡库区旱涝演变并不是孤立事件,而是与长江上游乃至整个长江流域旱涝背景密不可分。 相似文献
3.
利用英国东英格利亚大学CRU(Climatic Research Unit)逐月气温、日本高分辨率亚洲陆地降水数据集APHRODITE(Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data IntegrationTowards Evaluation)逐日降水资料以及耦合模式比较计划CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5)多模式集合逐月气温、降水格点数据,评估了CMIP5多模式集合对包括印度河、恒河、湄公河、萨尔温江、伊洛瓦底江和布拉马普特拉河全区域(简称南亚大河流域)气候变化的模拟能力,并对流域2016—2035、2046—2065和2081—2100年气候变化可能趋势进行了预估。结果表明:CMIP5多模式集合对流域年平均气温的时间变化和空间分布特征有较强的模拟能力,时间空间相关系数都达到0.01的显著性水平,尤其对夏季气温的模拟要优于其他季节;对降水而言,模式对其也有较好的模拟能力,尤其是降水的季节性波动。预估结果表明:RCP2.6、4.5、8.5情景下,相对于基准期(1986—2005年),21世纪前期(2016—2035年)、中期(2046—2065年)和末期(2081—2100年)全流域年平均气温都有上升,且上升增幅随排放情景增大而增大,流域高海拔地区增幅较大;降水除21世纪前期RCP4.5、8.5情景下的增长趋势较小外,全流域年降水量都将增大;未来上述三段时期夏季持续升温将引起北部高海拔地区冰川的进一步消融;春季降水未来将持续增加,对全区水资源的贡献将增加;流域冬季降水的少量增加有助冰川累积和高海拔地区水资源的增加;三段时期夏季降水都有增长,洪涝发生的风险加大,极端降水事件可能增多。 相似文献
4.
辽河流域属于气候变暖较为显著区域,增温幅度比全球和全国的增温幅度都要高。同时辽河流域也是水资源较为匮乏且需求量大的地区,因此气候变化对水资源影响问题也更值得关注。基于长期历史观测气象水文数据和未来不同情景下气候变化预估资料,建立评估气候变化与径流量的关系,预估未来气候变化对径流量的可能影响,为辽河流域应对气候变化决策提供科学依据。结果表明:1961—2020年,辽河流域气温为持续上升趋势,降水没有明显的增减趋势,但存在阶段性变化;辽河流域降水量与径流量有较好的相关关系,具有较为一致的长期变化趋势与特征,年降水量与径流量相关数达到0.6以上。日降水量与径流量相关分析表明,降水发生后次日且为大雨降水等级(即日降水量≥25 mm)时,两者相关系数可高达0.85;敏感性试验和模式模拟试验表明,径流量对气候变化有明显的响应,降水增加(减少)、气温降低(升高),则径流量增加(减少);在未来RCP8.5排放情景下气温升高趋势最为明显,未来径流量也为显著增加趋势;RCP2.6排放情景下气温增加的幅度最小,未来径流量也表现为无明显增减趋势;RCP4.5情景下,气温增加的幅度居中,未来径流量则为减少趋势。 相似文献
5.
1986年以来，长江流域的极端强降水出现了显著增加的趋势，突出表现在中下游地区。长江中下游地区极端降水量的增加，既是极端降水强度增强，也是极端降水事件显著增加的结果。长江流域极端降水变化主要发生在东南部和西南部。趋势分析表明，自20世纪80年代中期以来，长江流域上游极端降水事件峰值提前到6月份出现，与长江中下游极端降水峰值出现的时间几乎同步，这必将加大遭遇性洪水发生的机率。20世纪90年代以来长江洪水的频繁发生，与长江流域极端降水时空分布的变化密切相关。 相似文献
6.
1986年以来，长江流域的极端强降水出现了显著增加的趋势，突出表现在中下游地区。长江中下游地区极端降水量的增加，既是极端降水强度增强，也是极端降水事件显著增加的结果。长江流域极端降水变化主要发生在东南部和西南部。趋势分析表明，自20世纪80年代中期以来，长江流域上游极端降水事件峰值提前到6月份出现，与长江中下游极端降水峰值出现的时间几乎同步，这必将加大遭遇性洪水发生的机率。20世纪90年代以来长江洪水的频繁发生，与长江流域极端降水时空分布的变化密切相关。 相似文献
7.
根据1951-2006年黄河和长江流域雨涝灾害灾情统计资料,分析了两个流域雨涝灾害发生频率的时空分布特征,结果表明：近50 a以来,特别是20世纪80年代以来,受气候变化影响,黄河和长江流域雨涝灾害不断增加,农作物受灾、成灾面积呈增加趋势,损失日趋严重,且长江流域受雨涝灾害影响范围较大,灾害发生频率大于黄河流域。受暴雨影响,夏季两个流域雨涝发生频率最高、范围最广。20世纪80年代末以来,黄河流域雨涝灾害增加趋势较为明显,而长江流域80年代初雨涝受灾面积和成灾面积显著增加。两个流域雨涝灾害的受灾率均自上游至下游逐渐增加,其中长江流域中下游地区受雨涝灾害影响较大。 相似文献
8.
《干旱气象》2021,(2)
利用1961—2017年长江流域700个气象站夏季(6—8月)逐日降水量资料,采用泰森多边形法计算各子流域面雨量,通过Box-Cox变换和百分位法确定长江各子流域极端降水事件阈值,分析各子流域夏季极端降水事件的时空分布特征以及流域间降水空间配置关系。结论如下:(1)长江流域夏季极端降水事件的年代际特征明显,20世纪60年代至70年代极端少雨事件频发,20世纪80年代至90年代中下游以极端多雨事件为主,上游以极端少雨事件为主,21世纪以来以大范围极端少雨事件为主,且多发生在上游,而金沙江石鼓以上易发生极端多雨事件。(2)长江流域夏季极端降水前2个空间分布模态表现为:流域大部一致型,即岷沱江东部、嘉陵江北部及两湖南部夏季极端降水与流域其他地区呈反位相;南北反位相型,即长江以南与以北地区夏季极端降水呈相反的空间分布。(3)当夏季极端多雨时,长江流域夏季降水空间差异较大,空间分布格局大致有4类,但以沿江干流偏多为主;夏季极端少雨时,长江流域夏季降水空间一致性较高,以全流域大部偏少为主,仅岷沱江和嘉陵江或者两湖南部偏多。 相似文献
9.
使用NASA/NCAR有限区域大气环流模型FvGCM结果驱动高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM3 (20 km),进行1961～1990年当代气候模拟(控制试验)和2071～2100年IPCC A2排放情景下未来气候模拟(A2情景模拟试验)。将RegCM3径流模拟结果同大尺度汇流模型LRM [分辨率0.25°(纬度)×0.25°(经度)]相连接,模拟预估未来气候变化对我国黄河流域水文过程的影响。结果表明:相对于当代气候,未来黄河流域呈现气温升高、降水增加(夏季7～8月降水减少)和蒸发增大的趋势,且空间分布极不均匀,造成河川径流在5～10月减少,加剧流域夏季的水资源短缺;未来气温升高使得融雪径流增加,可能导致更早和更大的春季径流,使径流过程发生季节性迁移,引起黄河流域水资源年内分配发生变化。 相似文献
10.
为探讨气候变化对石羊河流域生态环境的影响，利用流域多年（1959-2018年）气象、水文和卫星遥感资料，采用线性倾向率、滑动t检验等方法,分析流域气温、降水、河流流量、植被覆盖、沙尘暴的变化事实及趋势，并使用相关系数（pearson）法研究气温和降水分别与环境要素的关系，得到气候变化对流域生态环境的影响程度。结果表明:气温呈显著上升趋势，增温速度为下游0.42℃．（10a）-1＞中游0.36℃．（10a）-1＞上游0.35℃．（10a）-1, 近10年增温最显著，较60年代升高了1.67℃。四季气温均呈显著上升趋势，增温速度为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季。降水呈波浪略增加趋势，增幅为上游8.3mm．（10a）-1＞中游7.0mm．（10a）-1＞下游4.1mm．（10a）-1，近10年增加最显著，较60年代增加了17%。四季降水呈弱增加趋势，增加幅度为夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季。河流流量以波浪式持平变化；植被覆盖面积和归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）显著增大；沙尘暴频次显著减少，近10年较60年代减少了13.05d。流域气候暖湿化近20年较显著，气候变化有利于增加本地水资源总量、提高地表植被覆盖率、抑制沙尘暴的发生，对生态环境和大气环境质量改善有积极作用。 相似文献
11.
根据海河流域1961-2010年气象观测资料,检验IPCC AR4中全球气候模式和多模式集合的模拟能力,并预估未来2011-2050年气候变化的可能趋势,结果表明:全球气候模式以及多模式集合对海河流域都具有一定的模拟能力,其中MIUB_ECHO_G模式和多模式集合具有相对较好的模拟能力.海河流域气温和降水未来情景预估表明:气温整体呈现增加趋势,尤其是A1B情景下各模式的年升温率均高于全国水平;未来降水也呈现增加趋势,在A1B和B1情景下,各模式都为夏季降水增加显著.A2情景下,春季时各模式降水均增加显著,A1B情景下,MIUB_ECHO_G模式模拟在2013年出现突变,降水量出现显著增长,A2情景下,MIUB_ECHO_G模式和多模式集合模拟的降水量则是在2031年和2001年出现突变,出现显著增长. 相似文献
12.
利用澜沧江流域1951—2008年的降水和气温观测资料以及多模式集成的21世纪(2010—2099年)不同情景下(SRES A1B、SRES A2和SRES B1)气候变化模拟试验的预估结果,分析了该流域过去58年降水和气温的变化,并预估了未来90年的气候变化趋势。结果表明,在全球增暖的大背景下,过去58年澜沧江流域的年降水量下降了46.4mm,气温有所上升,升温率达到了0.15℃/10a。在未来的90年,无论在哪种排放情景下,降水都表现为明显的上升趋势,而且相对于过去58年的结果,3种不同情景下降水的年代际变率都有所增加,其中A2情景值最大,B1情景值最小。年平均气温无论是在过去的58年还是在未来的90年都以明显的上升趋势为主,3种情景下气温的升温率远远超过过去58的结果。 相似文献
13.
Daily maximum rainfall (R1D) was higher in the Jialing River basin, the Taihu Lake area and the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River basin in the 1990s, and there was a good relationship between ECHAM5/MPI-OM model simulation and the observed data about extreme precipitation (R1D). Under the IPCC SRES A2, A1B, and B1 scenarios, R1Ds are all projected to be in increasing trends in the upper Yangtze River basin during 2001-2050, and R1D shows a more significant increasing tendency under the A2 scenario when compared with the A1B scenario before 2020. With respect to the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, an increasing tendency is projected before 2025, and since then the increasing tendency will become insignificant. There might be more floods to the south of the Yangtze River and more droughts to the north in the next decades. 相似文献
14.
Climate Simulation and Future Projection of Precipitation and the Water Vapor Budget in the Haihe River Basin 
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下载免费PDF全文 The climatological characteristics of precipitation and the water vapor budget in the Haihe River basin (HRB) are analyzed using daily observations at 740 stations in China in 1951-2007 and the 4-time daily ERA40 reanalysis data in 1958-2001. The results show that precipitation and surface air temperature present significant interannual and interdecadal variability, with cold and wet conditions before the 1970s but warm and dry conditions after the 1980s. Precipitation has reduced substantially since the 1990s, with a continued increase of surface air temperature. The total column water vapor has also reduced remarkably since the late 1970s. The multi-model ensemble from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has capably simulated the 20th century climate features and successfully reproduced the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature. Unfortunately, the models do not reproduce the interdecadal changes. Based on these results, future projections of the climate in the HRB are discussed under the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2. The results show that precipitation is expected to increase in the 21st century, with substantial interannual fluctuations relative to the models’ baseline climatology. A weak increasing trend in precipitation is projected before the 2040s, followed by an abrupt increase after the 2040s, especially in winter. Precipitation is projected to increase by 10%-18% by the end of the 21st century. Due to the persistent warming of surface air temperature, water vapor content in the lower troposphere is projected to increase. Relative humidity will decrease in the mid-lower troposphere but increase in the upper troposphere. On the other hand, precipitation minus evaporation remains positive throughout the 21st century. Based on these projection results, the HRB region is expected to get wetter in the 21st century due to global warming. 相似文献
15.
Daily maximum rainfall(R1D)was higher in the Jialing River basin,the Taihu Lake area and the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River basin in the 1990s,and there was a good relationship between ECHAM5/MPI-OM model simulation and the observed data about extreme precipitation(R1D).Under the IPCC SRES A2,A1B,and B1 scenarios,R1Ds are all projected to be in increasing trends in the upper Yangtze River basin during 2001-2050,and R1D shows a more significant increasing tendency under the A2 scenario when compared with the A1B scenario before 2020.With respect to the middle and lower Yangtze River basin,an increasing tendency is projected before 2025,and since then the increasing tendency will become insignificant.There might be more floods to the south of the Yangtze River and more droughts to the north in the next decades. 相似文献
16.
基于全球气候系统模式结果的重庆21世纪气候变化预估分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC）第4次评估报告提供的13个新一代气候系统模式的模拟结果,分析了不同情景下（高排放SRESA2、中等排放SRESA1B和低排放SRESB1）重庆地区21世纪的气候变化。结果表明：21世纪重庆气候总体有显著变暖、变湿趋势,年平均气温变暖趋势为每100年2．3～4．2℃,年降水增加趋势为每100年5．9％～8．8％。冬季变暖最明显,春季降水增加较显著、秋季减少较明显。在A2、A1B和B1情景下,21世纪后期气温分别比常年偏高3．68、3．28、2．26℃,年降水分别比常年偏多5．24％、5．77％和3．43％。 相似文献
17.
Jin Huang Jinchi Zhang Zengxin Zhang Shanlei Sun Jian Yao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,108(3-4):325-343
In this study, the applicability of the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) in modeling five extreme precipitation indices including R10 (no. of days with precipitation ≥10?mm?day?1), SDI (simple daily intensity), CDD (maximum number of consecutive dry days), R1d (maximum 1-day precipitation total) and R5d (maximum 5-day precipitation total) in the Yangtze River basin, China was investigated. The investigation mainly includes the calibration and validation of SDSM model on downscaling daily precipitation, the validation of modeling extreme precipitation indices using independent period of the NCEP reanalysis data, and the projection of future regional scenarios of extreme precipitation indices. The results showed that: (1) there existed good relationship between the observed and simulated extreme precipitation indices during validation period of 1991–2000, the amount and the change pattern of extreme precipitation indices could be reasonably simulated by SDSM. (2) Under both scenarios A2 and B2, during the projection period of 2010–2099, the changes of annual mean extreme precipitation indices in the Yangtze River basin would be not obvious in 2020s; while slightly increase in the 2050s; and significant increase in the 2080s as compared to the mean values of the base period. The summer might be the more distinct season with more projected increase of each extreme precipitation indices than in other seasons. And (3) there would be distinctive spatial distribution differences for the change of annual mean extreme precipitation indices in the river basin, but the most of Yangtze River basin would be dominated by the increasing trend. 相似文献
18.
Statistical downscaling of daily mean temperature, pan evaporation and precipitation for climate change scenarios in Haihe River, China 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
A statistical downscaling method (SDSM) was evaluated by simultaneously downscaling air temperature, evaporation, and precipitation in Haihe River basin, China. The data used for evaluation were large-scale atmospheric data encompassing daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the daily mean climate model results for scenarios A2 and B2 of the HadCM3 model. Selected as climate variables for downscaling were measured daily mean air temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation data (1961–2000) from 11 weather stations in the Haihe River basin. The results obtained from SDSM showed that: (1) the pattern of change in and numerical values of the climate variables can be reasonably simulated, with the coefficients of determination between observed and downscaled mean temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation being 99%, 93%, and 73%, respectively; (2) systematic errors existed in simulating extreme events, but the results were acceptable for practical applications; and (3) the mean air temperature would increase by about 0.7°C during 2011~2040; the total annual precipitation would decrease by about 7% in A2 scenario but increase by about 4% in B2 scenario; and there were no apparent changes in pan evaporation. It was concluded that in the next 30 years, climate would be warmer and drier, extreme events could be more intense, and autumn might be the most distinct season among all the changes. 相似文献
19.
我国夏季降水及相关大气环流场未来变化的预估及不确定性分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(IPCCAR4)的15个耦合气候模式在不同排放情景下的模拟结果,对我国夏季降水及相关大气环流场的未来时空变化特征与模式之间的不确定性作了研究。结果表明,在全球变暖背景下,我国夏季降水表现出较强的局地特征。其中,我国东部和高原地区的降水在21世纪表现出明显的增加趋势,而且这种趋势随着变暖的加剧而增强,同时模式模拟结果之间的一致性也更好,表明这一结果的可信度较高。在全球变暖背景下,我国新疆南部地区表现为持续的降水减少趋势,而我国西南地区夏季降水的变化则呈现出先减少(21世纪初)后增加的特征,不同模式对降水这些局地特征的模拟也都表现出较好的一致性。其他地区夏季降水在21世纪的变化不大,同时模式模拟的一致性也较差。多模式模拟的我国未来百年夏季降水的这些变化特征在温室气体高、中、低不同排放情景下基本一致,A2情景预估结果变化最大,A1B次之,B1相对最小。东亚夏季大气环流场的预估结果显示,在全球变暖的背景下,大部分模式的模拟结果都表明,东亚夏季风环流有所增强,从而使得由低纬度大洋和南海地区向我国大陆的水汽输送增加,造成该地区大气含水量的增多,从而为我国东部地区夏季降水的增加提供有利条件。此外,随着全球变暖的加剧,西太平洋副热带高压持续增强,其变化对我国东部地区夏季降水的影响程度和范围也明显增大。这些环流场及其不确定性的分析结果进一步加强了我国夏季降水未来变化预估结果的可信度。 相似文献
20.
A. Barrera-Escoda M. Gonçalves D. Guerreiro J. Cunillera J. M. Baldasano 《Climatic change》2014,122(4):567-582
The North Western Mediterranean basin (NWMB) is characterised by a highly complex topography and an important variability of temperature and precipitation patterns. Downscaling techniques are required to capture these features, identify the most vulnerable areas to extreme changes and help decision makers to design strategies of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. A Regional Climate Model, WRF-ARW, is used to downscale the IPCC-AR4 ECHAM5/MPI-OM General Circulation Model results with high resolution (10 km), considering three different emissions scenarios (B1, A1B and A2) for 2001–2050. Model skills to reproduce observed extremes are assessed for a control period, 1971–2000, using the ERA40 reanalysis to drive the WRF-ARW simulations. A representative set of indices for temperature and precipitation extremes is projected. The modelling system correctly reproduces amplitude and frequency of extremes and provides a high degree of detail on variability over neighbouring areas. However, it tends to overestimate the persistence of wet events and consequently slightly underestimate the length of dry periods. Drier and hotter conditions are generally projected for the NWMB, with significant increases in the duration of droughts and the occurrence of heavy precipitation events. The projected increase in the number of tropical nights and extreme temperatures could have a negative effect on human health and comfort conditions. Simulations allow defining specifically vulnerable areas, such as the Ebro Valley or the Pyrenees, and foreseeing impacts on socio-economic activities in the region. 相似文献