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1.
渔获物平均营养级(Mean trophic level of fishery landings,MTL)是目前评估人类捕捞活动影响的研究中使用最广泛的生物多样性指标之一。根据联合国粮农组织FAO提供的渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级数据,本文评估了1950-2010年太平洋、大西洋和印度洋各沿海国海洋渔业开发状态。研究发现,在全球三大洋75个主要捕捞国中,43个国家MTL呈显著下降趋势,发生了Pauly于1998年提出的“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象;但是,仅16个国家MTL的下降是由于高营养级种类的衰退,而27个国家属于“捕捞沿着海洋食物网”的下降机制。此外,20个国家MTL呈恢复上升趋势,但是,该恢复上升趋势通常伴随着传统低营养级种类产量的大幅下降;在上述20个国家中,11个国家的低营养级鱼类产量呈显著下降趋势。需谨慎分析“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象,掌握MTL的潜在变化机制。  相似文献   

2.
西北太平洋沿海国海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据联合国粮农组织FAO提供的1950—2010年西北太平洋各沿海国的渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级(TL)以及Sea Around Us Project Database提供的无脊椎动物营养级,探讨了61年来西北太平洋各沿海国渔获物平均营养级的变化情况,以此判定各沿海国海洋渔业资源可持续利用情况。结果表明:除朝鲜外,其他沿海国均出现"捕捞对象沿着海洋食物网向下移动"的现象;中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯渔获物平均营养级降低的速度分别为0.26/10a、0.21/10a、0.24/10a、0.15/10a;由于各国采取的渔业管理措施不同,导致各国渔业资源出现不同的现状。渔获物平均营养级的变化情况能够反映捕捞活动下各海域海洋生态系统的变化情况,建议西北太平洋各沿海国建立起基于渔获物统计的海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价监测系统,以掌握各国海洋生态系统结构和功能是否健康,为建立基于生态系统的渔业管理提供基础。  相似文献   

3.
鲁泉  苏雪  方舟  陈新军 《海洋学报》2021,43(8):118-127
渔业资源可持续利用是渔业经济可持续发展的基础。本文根据联合国粮农组织提供的1950?2018年东印度洋渔业生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种的营养级,探讨了69年间东印度洋渔获量平均营养级(MTL)以及营养级平衡指数的长期变化趋势,以此来判定其渔业资源可持续利用状况。研究认为,1950?2018年东印度洋渔获量呈现稳步增长趋势,其中云鲥(Tenualosa ilisha)、鲱鱼(Clupea pallasi)、印度鲭(Rastrelliger kanagurta)为重要渔获种类,其累计年产量占总产量的比重均在10%以上。MTL变动大致可分3个阶段:1950?1974年渔获MTL总体处在高位,其值范围为3.39~3.71,平均值为3.60±0.07,期间年渔获量呈现稳定的增长趋势,平均年增长率为6.4%;1975?1999年渔获MTL呈现波动,其值范围为3.21~3.51,平均值为3.35±0.08,期间年渔获量呈现稳定的小幅度增长趋势,平均年增长率为4.8%;2000?2018年渔获MTL年间波动较小,其值为3.31~3.43,平均值为3.38±0.03,期间年渔获量呈现缓慢稳定的增长趋势,平均年增长率为1.6%。3个阶段的平均营养级平衡指数分别为0.59±0.22、0.94±0.14、1.25±0.04,其值呈现稳定的增长趋势且年间变化幅度越来越小,说明其群落结构越来越趋稳定。渔业资源的开发利用程度增加,而MTL下降程度较小,营养级平衡指数呈现上升趋势,说明渔获量的增加能够弥补MTL的下降;且仅统计营养级大于3.25的种类时,1950?1974年、1975?1999年、2000?2018年3个阶段的MTL平均值分别为4.16±0.04、4.18±0.04、4.19±0.03,呈现小幅稳定增长的趋势,表明高营养级种群渔业资源未受到破坏。研究认为,东印度洋海洋生态系统稳定,高营养级种群渔业资源处于未充分开发状态。  相似文献   

4.
东北大西洋海洋捕捞渔获物营养级变化研究   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
东北大西洋是重要的海洋捕捞海域,该海域渔业栖息环境易受北极气候变化的影响。为此,本文基于1950-2012年东北大西洋FAO的渔获统计数据,对已开发的293种渔获物平均营养级(mTL)、营养级平衡指标(FIB)和渔获营养级分类(TrC)进行时间序列的统计,为进一步研究该海域渔业资源受北极气候变化的影响提供基础。研究认为,平均营养级(mTL)从1950年(mTL=3.71)下降至2012年(mTL=3.57),每年下降约0.02TL(r=-0.614;P<0.01),而近8年来营养级平衡指数持续下降。同时,研究表明,东北大西洋渔获物平均营养级和气候变化(海表温上升、北大西洋涛动和海冰缩减等)息息相关,其中渔获量出现高产值均在海表温异常年份:1956年、1976年和1997年。本文分析了东北大西洋渔获物营养级变动情况,为研究东北大西洋渔获组成变化与气候变化的关系提供研究基础,也为渔业资源的可持续开发提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

5.
根据长山群岛 1965-2016 年渔业统计资料,分析长山群岛海域主要捕捞渔获物产量、平均营养级 (Mean trophic level, MTL)、渔业均衡指数 (Fishing in balance index,FiB) 年际变化,探讨其海洋渔业资源利用状况,并利用小波分析方法研究52年来渔获物 MTL 周期变化特征。研究表明: (1) 长山群岛捕捞产量、MTL 和 FiB 指数呈阶段性变化; (2) 长山群岛渔业资源开发经历初期开发、扩张捕捞、过度捕捞、资源破坏等四个阶段,渔业资源环境正在逐渐恶化;(3) 受人类捕捞活动影响,MTL 在 15~19 年和 24~34 年两种时间尺度下呈周期波动,30 年为第一主周期,17 年为第二主周期。长山群岛渔业资源破坏日益严重,未来几年平均营养级将呈下降趋势。为防止渔业资源进一步衰退,应加强捕捞活动管理力度,落实海洋渔业资源保护制度;完善预警机制,构建海洋渔业资源监测系统;同时应积极调整长山群岛渔业产业结构,提高资源产出效率.  相似文献   

6.
东海区海洋捕捞渔获物的营养级变化研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
根据东海区主要海洋渔业公司1950~1995年分品种渔获物产量的统计数据,分析了东海区渔获物营养级的变化过程,用平均营养级指数来评估东海区海洋渔业资源的开发利用状况。结果表明,经过几十年的捕捞开发,东海区渔获物的平均营养级已从1965年的3.5下降到1990年的2.8,自1974年后海区的产量主要依靠捕捞低营养级品种如马面鲍等而获得。东海区海洋捕捞渔获物营养级结构已经发生了变化,1974年后捕捞主要在低营养级品种内进行。另外还描述了东海区带鱼等品种的种群内部结构小型化、低龄化现象。  相似文献   

7.
根据中国渔业统计年鉴1956—2014年中国北方三省一市(河北省、辽宁省、山东省和天津市)的捕捞量统计资料,综合分析了黄、渤海海域38种主要渔获种类的平均营养级、渔获量及渔获组成的长期变化情况,并结合FIB指数(Fishing in Balance Index),深入探讨黄、渤海渔业状况的年间变化。研究表明,1956—2014年黄、渤海渔获物平均营养级在3.63~4.46的范围内波动,整体呈下降趋势。大致可分为4个阶段:(1)1956—1969年,平均营养级整体呈下降趋势,在1957年达到历史最高点4.46,1969年下降到3.83;(2)1970—1975年,整体呈上升趋势,在1975年上升到第三个高峰值4.32;(3)1976—1997年,整体呈下降趋势,平均营养级在波动中逐渐下降,1992年达到历史最低点3.63;(4)1998—2014年,整体有小幅度上升,最终稳定在3.83左右。FIB指数整体呈先下降后上升的趋势。1956—1968年,FIB指数经过一个振荡后逐渐下降到最低点-1.57;1969—2006年,FIB指数整体在波动中逐渐上升至最高点1.78;2007—2014年,FIB指数下降后趋于稳定。渔获量的长期变化显示,近几十年间黄、渤海高营养级和中低营养级种类的渔获量均呈上升趋势,但高营养级种类所占比例下降,中低营养级种类所占比例上升。与全球及其它海域相比,黄、渤海渔获物平均营养级的下降幅度和下降速率均高于全球平均水平和葡萄牙海域,但低于南澳大利亚和东海海域。  相似文献   

8.
80年代以来,欧美一些国家的渔业科学家开始研究海洋捕捞副渔获物(以下简称副渔获物)问题,发表了一系列文章,但对副渔获物的定义至今也没有完全统一。在我国直到目前为止,副渔获物这个名字即使在渔业界也比较陌生。1995年10月,中国水产科学研究院在江苏省南通市主持召开了“中国海洋捕捞的副渔获物(兼捕)问题和对策研究研讨会”,是我国首次副渔获物的专题会议、会后还成立了副渔  相似文献   

9.
通过对1998~2005年浙江中北部沿岸3个张网监测点的渔业监测调查,阐述了浙江沿岸张网渔业中的主要经济幼鱼带鱼、小黄鱼、鲳鱼的渔获量比例月变化;同时结合浙江省的渔业统计资料和主要鱼种的生物学测定资料,以张网渔业中主要经济鱼种的平均网获量作为预报当年渔汛补充群体渔获量的主要影响因子,经回归统计分析,分别建立了带鱼和小黄鱼的渔获量单因子预报方程.结果表明:2000~2005年,张网中的带鱼、小黄鱼、鲳鱼3种主要经济鱼类幼鱼合计占总渔获量的月平均比例达22.79%,6~8月为幼鱼的出现高峰期,月平均比例为53.86%,7月份达到最高值,为62.66%.其中5~9月幼带鱼占渔获量的月平均比例范围为11.42%~46.42%,6~11月小黄鱼占渔获量的月平均比例范围为9.73%~14.30%,4~8月鲳鱼占渔获量的月平均比例范围为3.32%~6.52%.设5~9月张网中幼带鱼的日平均网获量(X,kg/网)与当年9~12月渔汛中带鱼补充群体的渔获量(Y,×108尾),经相关分析,可以得到Y关于X的一元一次、一元二次和一元三次函数的预报方程.设6~10月张网小黄鱼幼鱼的日平均网获量(x,尾/网)与当年浙江省小黄鱼的渔获量(y,万t),经相关分析,可以得到y关于x的一元一次、一元二次函数的预报方程.预报方程的相关系数和预报精度基本符合应用要求,表明沿岸产卵场和索饵场附近的张网渔获物中主要经济幼鱼的发生量与当年渔汛补充群体渔获量密切相关.张网渔业的监测调查可以反映当年主要经济幼鱼发生量情况,应加强对沿岸张网渔业的管理及保护主要经济幼鱼.  相似文献   

10.
太湖渔业产量和结构变化及其对水环境的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
依据太湖渔业和水环境监测资料,分析研究了1952~2006年太湖渔业产量、结构变化以及对水环境的影响.结果表明:1952~2006年太湖渔业总产量呈上升趋势;捕捞渔获物组成中,小型鱼类湖鲚为优势种,产量占渔获物比例从1952年的640.5t和15.8%增加至2006年的21130t和60.2%;而银鱼、鮊鱼、鲢鳙等其他鱼类在渔获物中比例大幅度下降,2006年渔获物组成远不及1952年合理.结果表明,太湖的逐渐富营养化、不合理的捕捞方式和过高的捕捞强度,以及太湖受改变的水力学特点等导致了这一变化.1991~2006年东太湖养殖渔业尤其是网围养蟹业迅速发展,养殖规模不断扩大后的大量投饵及不合理的水生植被利用方式给东太湖水环境带来了严重影响,东太湖水体现处于富营养状态.因此,需要控制太湖渔业捕捞强度、调整鱼种放流结构、加强鱼类资源繁殖保护,改善养殖渔业方式以及加强对湖泊水环境的综合整治,以使太湖渔业与水环境和谐可持续发展.  相似文献   

11.
Since it was first documented in 1998, a trend of decreasing mean trophic level (MTL) has been reported in several ecosystems around the world. Some scientists have proposed that MTL may be used as an indicator of biodiversity and fishery sustainability. The use of this measure has been supported by several international bodies, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, European Union, and Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem and Adjacent Project. Recently, the use of MTL as an ecosystem health indicator has been called into question by the publication of studies examining the underlying cause of decreasing MTL. Evidence now shows that there are three primary mechanisms that could be driving the observed change: fishing down, fishing through, and increase to overfishing. Each of these scenarios corresponds to a specific sequence of fishery evolution over time. Additionally, the underlying ecology associated with these scenarios suggests that very different governance responses should be employed for each method. Rather than relying only on MTL trends for broad-based management decisions, MTL must be carefully examined in conjunction with historic catch data to determine the mechanism of change. Only then should this indicator be used to make management decisions, and such decisions should only be applied at the regional or ecosystem level.  相似文献   

12.
Ecosystem-based management is one of the most important approaches that may lead to reducing the impacts of fishing on ecosystems. In this context, we have assessed the impact of Iranian coastal fishing (using landing data of 49 exploited species) on the ecosystem of the North Sea of Oman (Sistan and Baluchestan Province), during the last decade (2002–2011), with emphasis on testing the occurrence of the “fishing down? phenomenon. The Mean Trophic Level (MTL) and Fishing-in-Balance (FiB) index are two indicators that we used for analysis. The data indicated that the increased total landings in this region might be related to the exploitation of marine fishery resources especially with regard to large pelagic fish. Over the past decade, moderate decreasing trends in MTL and an increasing trend in the FiB-index were observed. In this regard, an upward trend in the spatial expansion factor and also a downward trend in the piscivory index and in Primary Production Required (PPR) in the time period could all indicate a spatial expansion toward deep waters, the catching of the large pelagic piscivorous species, such as tuna, and a sign of fishing pressures on the ecosystem. The results suggest a range of fishery exploitation patterns throughout the food web but it seems that these patterns are not a consequence of ?fishing down?. We suggest that the monitoring research be continued in this region and these indicators should be used to make fisheries management decisions and to prevent the continuance of this trend in future.  相似文献   

13.
14.
史磊  秦宏  刘龙腾 《海洋科学》2018,42(11):126-134
由于海洋渔业资源的衰退,目前世界海洋捕捞业进入"零增长"的徘徊期。当前世界海洋捕捞业呈现以下发展趋势:海洋渔业资源争夺日益激烈,海洋捕捞业管理制度日益严格,世界海洋捕捞业产业转移趋势日趋明显,海洋捕捞业技术装备要求越来越高,国际社会越来越重视海洋捕捞业可持续发展。面对世界海洋捕捞业的发展趋势,我国应当继续发展资源养护型海洋渔业,从生态系统角度考虑海洋捕捞业管理措施,积极稳妥发展远洋渔业,参与国际渔业资源的开发,重视海洋捕捞业装备技术水平的提高。  相似文献   

15.
Japanese fisheries production in the Japan/East Sea between 1958 and 2003 increased to their peak (1.76 million tons) in the late 1980s and decreased abruptly with the collapse of Japanese sardine. Catch results for 58 fisheries and various environmental time-series data sets and community indices, including mean trophic level (MTL) and Simpson’s diversity index (DI), were used to investigate the impacts of fishing and climate changes on the structure of the fish community in the Tsushima warm current (TWC) region of the Japan/East Sea. The long-term trend in fisheries production was largely dependent on the Japanese sardine that, as a single species, contributed up to 60% of the total production in the Japanese waters of the Japan/East Sea during the late 1980s. Excluding Japanese sardine, production of the small pelagic species was higher during 1960s and 1990s but lower during 1970s and 1980s. This variation pattern generally corresponds with the trend in water temperature, warmer before early 1960s and after 1990s but colder during 1970s and 1980s. The warm-water, large predatory fishes and cold water demersal species show opposite responses to the water temperature in the TWC region, indicating the significant impact of oceanic conditions on fisheries production of the Japan/East Sea. Declines in demersal fishes and invertebrates during 1970s and 1980s suggested some impact of fishing. MTL and DI show a similar variation pattern: higher during 1960s and 1990s but lower during 1970s and 1980s. In particular, the sharp decline during the 1980s resulted from the abundant sardine catches, suggesting that dominant species have a large effect on the structure of the fish community in the Japan/East Sea. Principal component analysis for 58 time-series data sets of fisheries catches suggested that the fish community varied on inter-annual to inter-decadal scales; the abrupt changes that occurred in the mid-1970s and late 1980s seemed to correspond closely with the climatic regime shifts in the North Pacific. These results strongly suggest that the structure of the fish community in the Japan/East Sea was largely affected by climatic and oceanic regime shifts rather than by fishing. There is no evidence showing “fishing down food webs” in the Japan/East Sea. However, in addition to the impacts of abrupt shifts that occurred in the late 1980s, the large predatory and demersal fishes seem to be facing stronger fishing pressure with the collapse of the Japanese sardine.  相似文献   

16.
China(herein referred as China’s mainland,and excluding Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)ranks as the world’s leading fishing nation,with approximately 11.1 million tons of domestic marine catch acquired in 2017.Marine fisheries resources in China are mainly exploited by its 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,and the development of fishing industry varies among them.However,few studies have examined the exploitation history of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities.In this paper,we systematically quantified the exploitation history of marine fishery resources in China and then measured the vulnerability of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities of China to a reduction in marine catches.Our analysis suggested that Chinese marine fisheries experienced rapid growth from the mid-1980 s to the end of the 20 th century,and this rapid increase in marine catches were mainly promoted by increased fishing effort.The total primary production required level amounted to approximately 80%of the average primary productivity in 2017,and Zhejiang,Fujian,Shandong,Hainan and Guangdong provinces were the main fishing provinces in China.By assessing three dimensions of vulnerability(exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity)to the impacts of a reduction in marine catches in the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,we found that Hainan,Guangxi,Zhejiang and Fujian provinces had high or very high vulnerability,while the municipalities of Shanghai and Tianjin had low vulnerability.Identifying suitable adaptation policies and management plans based on the differences in vulnerability among coastal provinces is important in sustainable fisheries management.  相似文献   

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