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1.
东海沉积物中铁(Ⅲ)氧化物还原活性的动力学表征   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
运用还原性溶解动力学实验和活性连续体(reactive continuum)模型表征了东海表层和柱状沉积物中铁(Ⅲ)氧化物的还原活性及反应进程中的动力学行为,通过动力学数据拟合得到了活性铁氧化物理论含量m0、表观速率常数k'和活性非均匀度γ。结果表明,表层沉积物中铁氧化物的m0在26.14~60.51 μmol/g之间,变化较小;表征高活性铁氧化物还原动力学行为的标准化初始还原速率(J/m0=k')变化也较小,最大相差仅7.25倍;但不同站位沉积物中铁氧化物活性的非均匀度变化较大,当铁氧化物溶解达到90%时,其速率与初始速率相差2~4个数量级。表层沉积物中铁氧化物的m0,k'和γ 3个动力学参数之间不存在相关性;柱状沉积物中m0,k'和γ 3个动力学参数都随深度的增加呈总体减小的趋势,且三者之间存在良好的线性关系,这是沉积物早期成岩作用中铁成岩循环的结果。与传统的化学提取相比,活性连续体模型得到3个动力学参数(m0,k'和γ)能从多个角度表征铁氧化物还原活性和动力学行为的细微差别。  相似文献   

2.
李曦  曾湘  张昭  邵宗泽 《海洋学报》2016,38(8):83-92
异化铁还原微生物在铁元素的地球化学循环中具有重要意义。深海热液活动是大洋铁元素的重要来源,目前深海热液环境中铁代谢相关微生物研究很少。本文对一株分离自深海热液区的嗜热异化铁还原菌新种Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens DY22619T的铁还原特性进行分析,比较了该菌对无定形羟基氧化铁、无定形铁氧化物和针铁矿3种不同铁氧化物的铁还原速率;并利用透射电镜对矿化产物进行矿物形貌、组成元素和晶型的分析。研究发现该菌生长在指数期至稳定期时,铁还原速率最快,其中对无定形羟基氧化铁和无定形铁氧化物的还原速率较高,达2.82 μmol/h和2.15 μmol/h;透射电镜结果表明,该菌可将3种不同胞外铁氧化物均还原矿化形成颗粒状磁铁矿,由针铁矿矿化形成的磁铁矿少但粒径最大,而由无定形铁氧化物形成的磁铁矿晶面不同于另外两种铁氧化物。结果表明,该菌有很强的铁还原和矿化能力,能厌氧呼吸还原三价铁氧化物,但是铁氧化物的性质对该菌胞外铁还原能力和矿化形成的磁铁矿的性质有重要影响。本研究为认识深海热液环境中异化铁还原菌在铁元素的地球化学循环和生物成矿过程提供了参考。  相似文献   

3.
测试了具代表性的成岩型结核和水成型结壳的稀土元素，以研究稀土元素在这两种成因的海洋铁锰氧化物沉积物的特征及其与成因的关系。稀土元素特征表明稀土元素没有参与成岩型结核的成岩作用。即没有加入到1nm水锰矿中去，而是加入到无定形铁的氧化物、氢氧化物中去。同样，稀土元素也没有直接参与水成结壳的水成作用，即没有加入到锰、铁的氧化物、氢氧化物中去，而是与钙、磷相关。推测在很大程度上是先沉淀在钙、磷相中然后才加入到水成结壳中。稀土元素在这两种类型的沉积物的分布与其成因密切相关。  相似文献   

4.
姜学钧  文丽  林学辉  姚德 《海洋科学》2009,33(12):114-121
借助相分析中的偏提取方法对取自东太平洋深海平原上的成岩型铁锰结核进行了选择性提取实验以研究稀土元素在其中各矿物或氧化物相中的分布模式以及铁氧化物和锰氧化物对稀土元素的吸附机制.结果显示,尽管1 nm-水锰矿相对无定形铁的氧化物/氢氧化物而言是成岩型结核中的优势矿物,但是稀土元素主要富集在无定形铁的氧化物/氢氧化物中.虽然稀土元素在海水中主要是以碳酸盐络合物的形式存在,但是无定形铁的氧化物/氢氧化物则是从海水中获得自由稀土元素离子来络合,而1 nm-水锰矿则直接吸附稀土元素的碳酸盐络合物.因此,无定形铁的氧化物/氢氧化物对稀土元素来说具有比1 nm-水锰矿更强的络合能力.成岩型结核的Ce负异常是由于成岩型结核形成于缺氧微环境中,该环境不能把可溶性的Ce~(3+)氧化成不溶性的Ce~(4+)发生沉淀.  相似文献   

5.
运用还原性溶解动力学实验和活性连续体(reactive continuum)模型表征了东海表层和柱状沉积物中铁(Ⅲ)氧化物的还原活性及反应进程中的动力学行为,通过动力学数据拟合得到了活性铁氧化物理论含量m0、表观速率常数k'和活性非均匀度γ。结果表明,表层沉积物中铁氧化物的m0在26.14~60.51 μmol/g之间,变化较小;表征高活性铁氧化物还原动力学行为的标准化初始还原速率(J/m0=k')变化也较小,最大相差仅7.25倍;但不同站位沉积物中铁氧化物活性的非均匀度变化较大,当铁氧化物溶解达到90%时,其速率与初始速率相差2~4个数量级。表层沉积物中铁氧化物的m0,k'和γ 3个动力学参数之间不存在相关性;柱状沉积物中m0,k'和γ 3个动力学参数都随深度的增加呈总体减小的趋势,且三者之间存在良好的线性关系,这是沉积物早期成岩作用中铁成岩循环的结果。与传统的化学提取相比,活性连续体模型得到3个动力学参数(m0,k'和γ)能从多个角度表征铁氧化物还原活性和动力学行为的细微差别。  相似文献   

6.
渤海南部沉积物中的活性铁及氧化还原环境   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
研究了渤海南部沉积物中的活性铁、沉积物粒度、氧化还原环境及其关系。结果表明，沉积物中的活性铁与沉积物颗粒度大小关系不大，河流输入物对沉积物活性铁浓度有重要影响，沉积物中活性铁与其氧化还原环境有密切关系。  相似文献   

7.
土壤和沉积物中活性铁对有机质的吸附对有机质具有长期稳定和保存作用，从而在地质时间尺度上缓冲大气CO2浓度。本文利用连二亚硫酸钠还原性溶解提取活性铁氧化物（FeR）及与之结合的有机碳（Fe-OC），定量研究了南黄海沉积物中FeR与OC之间的结合方式以及FeR对OC的保存作用，讨论了深度增加对二者相互作用的影响。结果表明，南黄海沉积物中Fe-OC占沉积物总有机碳的份数（fFe-OC）为（13.2±7.47）%，即活性铁对OC的年吸附量为0.72 Mt，占全球边缘海沉积物TOC年埋藏通量的0.44%。Fe-OC的平均OC:Fe为4.50±2.61，表明共沉淀作用对有机质的保存起重要作用，且其比值随海源有机质含量增加而增加。Fe-OC稳定碳同位素（δ13CFe-OC）结果表明，FeR优先保存活性有机质，但这种选择性随OC:Fe增大而减弱。随深度增加，fFe-OC和δ13CFe-OC均未表现出显著变化，这与该海域沉积物中有机质活性较低、铁还原作用较弱有关。  相似文献   

8.
沉积物是海洋生态系统磷循环的载体之一,铁氧化物作为海洋沉积物活性组分的重要部分,对磷在沉积物上的吸附解吸有着重要贡献,进而影响着磷在沉积物-水界面的交换。本文利用自行合成的α-Fe_2O_3和无定形氧化铁,研究了无机磷(以KH_2PO_4为例)在其上的吸附特征,并考察了离子强度等对该吸附过程的影响。结果表明,无定形氧化铁对无机磷的吸附平衡时间较短且吸附量较大,这与其较差的结晶度,较大的比表面积有关。无机磷在氧化铁上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich吸附等温式,研究发现两种铁氧化物的吸附热力学函数均为ΔH~θ0,ΔG~θ0,ΔS~θ0,说明整个吸附过程是吸热、自发、熵增加的过程;随着离子强度的增大,无机磷在两种铁氧化物上的平衡吸附量增加,吸附pH边曲线实验发现,无定形氧化铁对无机磷的吸附量随着pH的升高而减小。  相似文献   

9.
海洋沉积物中还原性无机硫和活性铁的地球化学过程与沉积物环境质量演变密切相关。本研究利用改进的冷扩散法和盐酸萃取法分别对烟台夹河口北部海域深约4 m的柱状沉积物中的酸性可挥发硫(AVS)、黄铁矿硫(CRS)、元素硫(ES)和活性铁(FeⅡ和FeⅢ)进行了测定,并从地球化学机理方面探讨了硫与铁的分布特征及其耦合机制。结果表明,烟台夹河口北部近海深层柱状沉积物中还原性无机硫以CRS为主,其次是AVS和ES,其中AVS含量垂向分布较均匀,而CRS和ES含量在垂向上呈表层和底层高,中间层低的趋势;活性铁以Fe(Ⅱ)为主,其随深度增加而增加,Fe(Ⅲ)随深度逐渐降低,大部分Fe(Ⅲ)被还原为溶解态的Fe(Ⅱ),并且与硫酸盐还原产生的H_2S相结合生成CRS和ES,导致CRS和ES在柱状沉积物底部积累;同时研究表明,较低的硫化度和矿化度,活性铁不是还原性无机硫累积的限制因子。  相似文献   

10.
对胶州湾李村河口9个短柱状样沉积物中活性金属、AVS和有机质含量等参数进行了分析.其中AVS含量:198.4～0.4 μmol/g,平均35.8μmol/g.大部分样品活性金属含量具有 Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr >V > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd 的顺序.活性重金属 Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Pb, Co, Cd 含量之和 ( ΣM ) 为:0.53～17.39 μmol/g.通过对所测数据分析发现,大多数活性金属间具有较好的相关性,反映了它们具有相同的来源或相似的早期成岩地球化学特征.近河口区沉积物的地球化学特征与远河口区差异明显:近河口区底层水为还原环境,AVS 形成的制约因素是活性铁的可获得性,而活性重金属的分布受到AVS的控制并主要以金属硫化物或硫化物吸附态的形式存在,AVS 仍具有较大的吸附重金属的潜力,同时硫化物中重金属再次释放造成二次污染的潜在性也较大;而在离河口稍远的海域,沉积物中 AVS 形成的控制因素是有机质的供给和环境氧化还原状态的变化,活性重金属主要以铁氧化物结合态存在,表层沉积物中重金属的环境敏感性及生物有效性都较高.  相似文献   

11.
运用溶解动力学实验及活性连续体模型表征了长江河口至东海邻近海域表层沉积物中铁(Fe)和磷(P)的活性。通过动力学数据拟合得到了活性组分的理论含量m0和表观速率常数k。结果表明，Fe(Ⅱ)普遍存在于表层沉积物中，这应是高活性有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ)絮凝/沉淀到沉积物中后快速还原的结果。沉积物中黏土及总有机碳（TOC）含量对Fe(Ⅱ)的m0及其k值起重要控制作用。从长江河口至邻近海域沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)均以FeCO3形态为主，FeCO3的溶解及与之相结合磷(主要为交换态P和自生P)的释放导致Fe(Ⅱ)和P具有相似的溶解动力学特征。与吸附于Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相的P相比，与Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相共沉淀的P的m0较高，但k较低。与TOC含量较低的粗粒沉积物中的Fe(Ⅲ)相比，TOC含量较高的细粒沉积物中Fe(Ⅲ)的m0值较小，但k值较大。以上特征是Fe不同的氧化还原过程导致的。Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的含量(m0)和活性(k)总体上控制着与之相结合P的含量(m0)及溶解活性(k)。虽然传统活性Fe形态分析未能揭示出长江河口沉积物中活性Fe的富集作用，但溶解动力学表征结果表明，Fe的絮凝/沉淀导致河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集，且该过程主要发生在盐度明显增加的低盐度河口区。  相似文献   

12.
Discovery Bay, a carbonate-dominated embayment in north Jamaica, has been subject to inputs for 40 years of iron-rich bauxite sediment associated with the local mining and transport of processed bauxite. As such, this site is an ideal natural laboratory to study the records and impacts of iron oxide inputs upon geochemical, diagenetic, and microbial processes in tropical carbonate sediments.Total Fe contents in sites in the bay not receiving bauxite inputs are negligible and porewater Ca2+, SO42− and Cl− indicate that bacterial sulphate reduction is an important process. In contrast, surface sediments receiving bauxite inputs contain significant total Fe, from 44 μmol/g in shallow (5 m water depth) sites to 110 μmol/g in deeper (20 m water depth) sites. Up-core increases in total Fe record increased temporal inputs into the bay. Within these Fe-rich sediments porewater data shows the presence of FeII released by bacterial FeIII reduction. There is no direct evidence for significant bacterial sulphate reduction in these sediments. Iron oxides within all bauxite-impacted sediments display a high potential reducibility, from 40% to 80% of the total Fe present as dithionite-extractable FeIII. Experimental analysis of the potential susceptibility to, and rates of, bacterial FeIII reduction, utilising Discovery Bay sediment and Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 (a known FeIII-reducer) has confirmed the high bacterial reducibility of iron oxides within the sediment. Up to 75% of initial dithionite-extractable FeIII in the sediments was reduced over 15 days.The presence of iron oxides within the Discovery Bay shallow marine carbonate systems has markedly altered the chemical diagenetic processes taking place, with a shift from apparent dominance of bacterial sulphate reduction at non-impacted (Fe-poor) sites, to highly significant bacterial FeIII reduction in Fe-rich bauxite-impacted sediments. Given the perceived global increases in terrigenoclastic sediment inputs into tropical carbonate systems as a result of land-use and climate changes, coupled with the documented role that iron oxide reduction plays in nutrient and contaminant cycling in sediment systems, more research into the perturbation of early diagenesis by iron oxide inputs is required.  相似文献   

13.
In order to understand the role of sulfate and Fe(III) reduction processes in the net production of monomethylmercury (MMHg), we amended anoxic sediment slurries collected from the Venice Lagoon, Italy, with inorganic Hg and either potential electron acceptors or metabolic byproducts of sulfate and Fe(III) reduction processes, gradually changing their concentrations. Addition of sulfide (final concentration: 0.2–6.3 mM) resulted in an exponential decrease in the sulfate reduction rate and MMHg concentration with increasing concentrations of sulfide. Based on this result, we argue that the concentration of dissolved sulfide is a critical factor controlling the sulfate reduction rate, and in turn, the net MMHg production at steady state. Addition of either Fe(II) (added concentration: 0–6.1 mM) or Fe(III) (added concentration: 0–3.5 mM) resulted in similar trends in the MMHg concentration, an increase with low levels of Fe additions and a subsequent decrease with high levels of Fe additions. The limited availability of dissolved Hg, associated with sulfide removal by precipitation of FeS, appears to inhibit the net MMHg production in high levels of Fe additions. There was a noticeable reduction in the net MMHg production in Fe(III)-amended slurries as compared to Fe(II)-amended ones, which could be caused by a decrease in the sulfate reduction rate. This agrees with the results of Hg methylation assays using the enrichment cultures of anaerobic bacteria: whereas the enrichment cultures of sulfate reducers showed significant production of MMHg (4.6% of amended Hg), those of Fe(III), Mn(IV), and nitrate reducers showed no production of MMHg. It appears that enhanced Fe(III)-reduction activities suppress the formation of MMHg in high sulfate estuarine sediments.  相似文献   

14.
Summer porewater and spring and summer surficial sediment samples were collected from 26 locations in the intertidal region of the Fraser River estuary. Porewaters were analysed for dissolved iron and manganese (as defined by species <0·2μm in diameter) to assess the contribution of diagenesis to concentrations of iron and manganese oxides at the sediment–water interface. Surficial sediment samples were geochemically characterized as: % organic matter (% LOI); reducible iron (RED Fe, iron oxides) and easily reducible manganese (ER Mn, manganese oxides). Grain size at each site was also determined. The sediment geochemical matrix, as defined by the above four parameters, was highly heterogeneous throughout the intertidal region (three-way ANOVA;P<0·0001). For RED Fe and ER Mn, this heterogeneity could be explained by either diagenetic processes (RED Fe) or by a combination of the proximity of the sample sites to the mouth of the Fraser River estuary plus diagenetic processes (ER Mn). Correlation (Spearman Rank Correlation Test (rs), of dissolved iron within the subsurface sediments with amounts of RED Fe recovered from the associated surface sediments was highly significant (rs=0·80, P<0·0001); high concentrations of RED Fe at the sediment–water interface co-occurred with high concentrations of dissolved iron, regardless of the proximity of the sample locations to riverine input. Compared with iron, the relationship between dissolved manganese and ER Mn from surface sediments was lower (rs=0·58;P<0·0008). Locations most strongly influenced by the Fraser River contained greater concentrations of ER Mn at the sediment–water interface than that which would be expected based on the contribution from diagenesis alone. Sediment grain size and organic matter were also influenced by the proximity to riverine input. Surficial sediment of sites close to the river mouth were comprised primarily of percent silt (2·0μm–50μm) whereas sites not influenced by riverine input were primarily percent sand (grain size >50μm). Concentrations of organic matter declined from the mouth to the foreslope of the estuary. With the exception of RED Fe, temporal variation (May vs July) was insignificant (P>0·05, three-way ANOVA). Concentrations of RED Fe recovered from the surficial sediments were in general greater in the summer vs spring months, although spring and summer values were highly correlated (Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient; PPCC; R=0·89;P<0·0001). As the bioavailability of metals is dependent on sediment geochemistry, availability throughout the intertidal region will also be spatially dependent. This heterogeneity needs to be taken into account in studies addressing the impact of metals on estuarine systems.  相似文献   

15.
Reactive iron (Fe) oxides in marine sediments play a critical role in removal of free sulfide. In this study, 0.5 and 6 N HCl-extractable Fe, acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and pyrite were examined in sediments at three sites of eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay to investigate the interactions of sulfur and Fe and possible influences of eutrophication on free sulfide removal. The results indicate that formation and accumulation of AVS and pyrite are limited by low availability of labile organic matter, despite eutrophication of the bay water. Quick buffering of free sulfide proceeded mainly via consumption of 0.5 N HCl-extractable Fe (labile Fe), however, the consumption did not result in a depletion of the Fe pool. High residual buffering capacity enables a quick removal of free sulfide in porewater, and thereby it is difficult for sulfide to accumulate and to cause detrimental effects on benthic organisms at the present steady state. Significant effects of eutrophication on Fe and sulfur geochemistry is restricted only to the estuarine sediments which were subject to direct wastewater discharges, whereas no such effects were observed in other sediments of the bay.  相似文献   

16.
Interconversion rates of the mononuclear ferric iron species Fe(OH)30 and Fe(OH)2+ are derived and their implications for the behavior of these species in seawater are examined. The previously reported formation constant for Fe(OH)30 and its claimed extreme adsorptive reactivity in seawater are shown to be mutually inconsistent. Although Fe(OH)30 is probably a stoichiometrically minor dissolved iron species, its rapid formation from Fe(OH)2+ could substantially enhance the rates of heterogeneous reaction rates of the [Fe(OH)2+ + Fe(OH)30] pool if the latter species is very reactive.  相似文献   

17.
In the paper (Wang and Morse, 1996) that preceded this study, we presented results of experiments performed using a silica gel crystal growth technique to produce pyrite under conditions approximating those commonly occurring in anoxic marine sediments. The primary focus of that study was on the chemical pathways that pyrite formation follows and how differing conditions influenced reaction kinetics and morphology of pyrite crystals. In this paper, we present results of further long-term (up to 1 y) studies of pyrite formation, using the silica gel experimental technique, in which we investigated the role that different precursor iron (hydr)oxide minerals and marine organic matter play in pyrite formation. The minerals studied were akaganeite (β-FeOOH), ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 · 4H2O), goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe2O3), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), and magnetite (Fe3O4). Marine organic matter used in this study was freeze-dried plankton collected from near-surface water in the Gulf of Mexico. The influence of precursor iron (hydr)oxide mineralogy, although important for initial iron sulfidization rates, was relatively minor compared to other variables, such as solution pH and sulfide concentration, in controlling the rate of pyrite formation. Consequently, major variations in the observed rate of pyritization of different iron (hydr)oxide minerals in sediments (e.g., Canfield and Berner, 1987) may reflect large differences in surface areas of the minerals rather than their intrinsic reactivity and is a confirmation of the estimates of Canfield et al. (1992) that most iron oxides have similar reactivity. The presence of marine organic matter (freeze-dried plankton) caused an increase in the sulfidization rate of goethite and a major (about 20 ×) decrease in the rate of pyrite formation. This can be interpreted as indicating that organic matter-iron interactions are important in both iron (hydr)oxide dissolution, and pyrite nucleation and growth. A possible explanation for this behavior is that dissolved organic matter produced during the long experiments (up to 1 year) increased the rate of goethite dissolution while inhibiting pyrite nucleation and growth by complexing iron. The lessons learned in the study of other mineral reaction kinetics (e.g., calcite and aragonite), that rates determined in pure inorganic systems, may not always be reliably applied to natural systems where organic matter can significantly influence mineral dissolution and growth rates, are, alas, repeated here for pyrite.  相似文献   

18.
Laboratory experiments were conducted on the light-induced dissolution of three well defined Fe(III) (hydr)oxide phases (γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH, and α-Fe2O3) with oxalate as reductant/ligand. Upon irradiation of an aerated γ-FeOOH suspension of pH 3, photooxidation of oxalate and photochemical formation of dissolved Fe(II) occurred according to a 1:1 stoichiometry. This was not observed with aerated α-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3 suspensions of pH 3, where photooxidation of oxalate was not accompanied by formation of appreciable concentrations of dissolved Fe(II). We hypothesize that in aerated α-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3 suspensions, oxidation of surface Fe(II) outcompetes its detachment from the crystal lattice. Also in deaerated suspensions, α-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3 behaved differently from γ-FeOOH with regard to light-induced dissolution. We interpret our results by assuming that light-induced dissolution of α-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3 in deaerated suspensions of pH 3 occurred mainly through Fe(II)-catalyzed thermal dissolution of the solid phases, where Fe(II) was initially formed by photoreductive dissolution and then predominantly via photolysis of dissolved Fe(III) oxalate complexes. With γ-FeOOH, on the other hand, dissolved Fe(II) formation occurred probably mainly through photochemical reductive dissolution under photooxidation of adsorbed oxalate. From our results we conclude that the efficiency of detachment of reduced surface iron is a key parameter of the overall kinetics of photoreductive dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides in aquatic systems, and that thermodynamically stable phases such as α-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3 are not readily dissolved in the presence of O2, even at low pH-values and in the presence of light and reductants like oxalate. We propose that redox cycling of iron at the surface of crystalline Fe(III) (hydr)oxide phases, i.e. reduction and oxidation of surface iron without transfer into solution, may be an important pathway of transformation of thermodynamically stable atmospheric Fe(III) (hydr)oxides into less stable and thus more soluble phases.  相似文献   

19.
Iron solubility equilibria were investigated in seawater at 36.22‰ salinity and 25°C using several filtration and dialysis techniques. In simple filtration experiments with 0.05 μm filters and Millipore ultra-filters, ferric chlorides fluorides, sulfates, and FeOH2+ species were found to be insignificant relative to Fe(OH)2+ at p[H+] = ?log [H+] greater than 6.0. Hydrous ferric oxide freshly precipitated from seawater yielded a solubility product of 1Kso = [Fe3+][H+]?3 = 4.7 · 105. Solubility studies based on the rates of dialysis of various seawater solutions and on the filtration of acidified seawater solutions indicated the existence of the Fe(OH)30 species. The formation constant for this species can be calculated as 1β3 = [Fe(OH)30] [H+]3/[Fe3+] = 2.4 · 10?14. The Fe(OH)4? species is present at concentrations which are negligible compared to Fe(OH)2+ and Fe(OH)30 in the normal pH range of seawater. However, there is at least one other significant ferric complex in seawater above p[H+] = 8.0 (possibly with bicarbonate, carbonate, or borate ions) in addition to the Fe(OH)2+ and Fe(OH)30 species.  相似文献   

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