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天然气水合物是一种新型的清洁能源, 南海北部神狐海域的地质条件有利于水合物的形成和储藏。传统的多道地震(MCS)数据难以得到精确的速度信息, 并且只能从时间域上判断地质体纵向分布。海底地震仪(OBS)是一种常用的主动源地震仪器, 可以接收到更清晰的气枪信号。相比于MCS, OBS剖面上的折射震相可以揭示较深部的地层速度信息。文章结合MCS和OBS的优势, 识别水平叠加剖面上的反射层位, 并得到初始模型; 将OBS剖面和水平叠加剖面拼合, 从而判断OBS剖面上反射震相所对应层位; 拾取OBS台站上的反射和折射震相, 使用RayInvr软件正演模拟得到水合物存在区域的二维速度模型, 解决了MCS中较为困难的时深转换问题。最终模型显示了水合物、游离气区域的埋深、厚度和速度, 以及似海底反射(BSR)下方更深部界面的深度和速度特征。 相似文献
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海洋拖缆主动源多道地震技术是应用于海洋天然气水合物资源调查的主要技术方法。不同于常规油气藏勘探,海底天然气水合物成藏机制复杂多样,海底似反射(Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)特征与水合物赋存并非完全对应。为提高海洋天然气水合物矿体识别的可靠性,地震属性技术在水合物资源调查中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文对我国南海北部海域天然气水合物调查中的关键属性进行了对比、分析及筛选试验研究。试验针对海洋高分辨多道三维地震数据,采用三维地震层速度控制综合处理技术完成了BSR区域的成像,提取了与BSR相关的多种地震属性,并对BSR地震属性体的内部特性进行了分析,实现了BSR特征水合物矿体的识别,并提取了BSR上方和下部结合层带的地震属性。研究结果表明,在水合物赋存地层极其复杂的条件下,地震属性分析技术在海洋复杂浅地层水合物识别方面具有可行性和技术优势。 相似文献
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马克兰陆缘地震反射资料表明那里存在一分布广泛的强反射的似海底反射层（BSR）。我们运用非线性全波形反演方法分析该海域多道地震数据来研究BSR详细的速度结构及其成因。结果表明，在500m深的海底下，纵波速从2.2km/s突然减到１.3km/s，低速带一般厚２００－３００m，可能含有丰富的游离气体，这与ＯＤＰ１６４航次在布莱克海台钻探的情况类似，由于断层的上升和增生楔中的沉积作用，与沉积柱有关的水合物稳定带裂解后向上运移，产生了大量的游离气体。 相似文献
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陆缘气体水合物的一个显著特征是似海底反射(BSR)。该反射通常与预测的气体水合物稳定区域的底部相一致。因为气体水合物的出现受到温压条件的控制，有人认为BSR标志着一个等温面，所以可以用它来估计陆缘热流。关键参数有BSR深度的温度、海底温度以及BSR与海底之间的热导率结构。然而，这些所需参数通常难以得到，必须用气体水合物稳定性模型和地震速度得出热导率的经验方程求取。在本文中．使用了钻穿气体水合物区域的l0个ODP站位的井下温度、热导率、孔隙度和测井数据来研究估计值的质量。我们对巴基斯坦马克兰陆缘的约束条件的分析和应用如下：(i)尽管毛细作用力、化学杂质或不平衡条件会降低(或升高)BSR深度的温度，但是该温度依然可以用海水一甲烷体系近似算出。倘若能对热探针测量加以校准，则地温梯度的误差会小于10％，否则可出现高达20％或者更高的不确定性。此外．因必须考虑底部水温的季节性变化．这又可对温度梯度的影响造成达近10％的误差；(ii)一定数量的低热导率气体水合物对体积热导率的影响可以忽略；(iii)BSR与海底之间的热导率剖面通常可以用平均值近似算出；(iv)应该用海底测量代替经验方程，因为经验方程会产生5—30％的误差。除了需要高质量的地震数据以外，一个先决条件是要有大量的热导率数据和海洋学数据。推荐使用热探针来测量地温梯度，这可使热流测量值的不确定性是其估计值降低到5—10％。如果不使用这些数据，则误差／不确定性可以达到计算值的50—60％。 相似文献
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在斯瓦尔巴群岛西部的高分辨率地震剖面上可识别出强似海底反射（BSR）（振幅变化大）。据高频海底水听器（HF－OBH）资料计算，在BSR之上速度达1840m/s，暗示沉积物含气体水合物；BSR之下出现低速层，认为含气沉积物所致，厚度12－25m。另外，在经典的水合物稳定带（HSZ）之内。可识别出含游离气的两个低速层，而理论上这里不存在游离气。 相似文献
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南海北部白云凹陷渗漏型天然气水合物地球物理证据 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
根据水合物的聚集方式，海底水合物可以分为以似海底反射（BSR）为标志的扩散型水合物和无BSR的渗漏型水合物。渗漏型水合物与海底断裂、裂缝相伴。2008年，中国科学院广州水合物研究中心以渗漏型水合物成藏理论为指导，在中国科学院创新课题和国家自然科学基金广东联合基金的支持下，在南海北部白云凹陷进行了海上调查，采集了高分辨率浅层地震剖面数据，通过数据分析，发现了渗漏型水合物存在的地球物理证据。 相似文献
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台湾近海碰撞带内水合物BSR分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用偏移后的6道和120道反射剖面，在台湾近海增生柱内误别出似海底反射层（BSR），BSR具反极性，并随水深增加，BSR在海底浅层地层深度加大，说明BSR可作为甲烷水合物稳定域底界的标志。BSR位于台湾造山带及中国大陆边缘剥蚀沉积物区内，沉积物富含有机质，因此可提供甲 烷气体，在该区的北部陆地存在气苗也暗示这些地层内存在的甲烷。BSR具体发育在背斜脊部，泥火山，指示甲烷气迁移并圈闭。背斜内近期海底上隆可减少孔隙压力，因此水合物分解释放游离气，从而增强了BSR处的声波阻抗差。在海底峡谷区明显缺乏BSR，在背斜内的BSR之下发现“平点”，说明孔隙空间充填水合物后降低沉积物的渗透率，故增强了圈闭游离气。我们估算了台湾南部附近BSR深度和分布范围，面积超过77000km^2，特别是在潮海沟一侧增生柱斜坡之下大约30％－60％的地区有BSR，即使水深相近，增生柱海沟－侧（西边）的BSR深度比向弧一侧（东边）的浅，说明沿尼拉海沟沉积物加积并脱水，使流体从深部向浅部流动，地温梯度增高。 相似文献
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用于研究东海天然气水合物的地震资料处理方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对东海海域二维地震、单道地震、浅层剖面等资料进行的综合研究表明 :用于研究天然气水合物的地震资料处理应提高速度分析精度和分辨能力 ,进行子波估算 ,压制多次波 ,相对保持振幅 ,DMO,AVO及波阻抗特殊处理等。在地震剖面上天然气水合物主要特征有 :BSR、振幅异常、速度异常、AVO异常等标志特征。据此 ,可对天然气水合物进行识别和预测。东海海域是天然气水合物可能赋存的有利部位 ,其中冲绳海槽是天然气水合物成藏的目标区域。 相似文献
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M. W. Lee D. R. Hutchinson W. F. Agena W. P. Dillon J. J. Miller B. A. Swift 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1994,16(3):163-184
Gas hydrates are stable at relatively low temperature and high pressure conditions; thus large amounts of hydrates can exist in sediments within the upper several hundred meters below the sea floor. The existence of gas hydrates has been recognized and mapped mostly on the basis of high amplitude Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) which indicate only that an acoustic contrast exists at the lower boundary of the region of gas hydrate stability. Other factors such as amplitude blanking and change in reflection characteristics in sediments where a BSR would be expected, which have not been investigated in detail, are also associated with hydrated sediments and potentially disclose more information about the nature of hydratecemented sediments and the amount of hydrate present.Our research effort has focused on a detailed analysis of multichannel seismic profiles in terms of reflection character, inferred distribution of free gas underneath the BSR, estimation of elastic parameters, and spatial variation of blanking. This study indicates that continuous-looking BSRs in seismic profiles are highly segmented in detail and that the free gas underneath the hydrated sediment probably occurs as patches of gas-filled sediment having variable thickness. We also present an elastic model for various types of sediments based on seismic inversion results. The BSR from sediments of high ratio of shear to compressional velocity, estimated as about 0.52, encased in sediments whose ratios are less than 0.35 is consistent with the interpretation of gasfilled sediments underneath hydrated sediments. This model contrasts with recent results in which the BSR is explained by increased concentrations of hydrate near the base of the hydrate stability field and no underlying free gas is required. 相似文献
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Xu Ning Wu Shiguo Shi Buqing Lu Bing Xue Liangqing Wang Xiujuan Jia Ying 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009,26(8):1413-1418
Many mud diapirs have been recognized in southern Okinawa Trough by a multi-channel seismic surveying on R/V KEXUE I in 2001. Gas hydrates have been identified, by the seismic reflection characteristics, the velocity analysis and the impedance inversion. Geothermal heat flow around the central of the mud diapir has been determined theoretically by the Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Comparing the BSR derived and the measured heat flow values, we infer that the BSR immediately at the top of the mud diapirs indicate the base of the saturated gas hydrate formation zone (BSGHFZ), but not, as we ordinarily know, the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ), which could be explained by the abnormal regional background heat flow and free gas flux associated with mud diapirs. As a result, it helps us to better understand the generation mechanism of the gas hydrates associated with mud diapirs and to predict the gas hydrate potential in the southern Okinawa Trough. 相似文献
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冲绳海槽天然气水合物稳定带特征及资源量评价 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据冲绳海槽多道地震资料的处理解释,在16条地震剖面上发现了水合物似海底反射层BSR,经过AVO、波形反演等特殊的处理技术,首次直接利用BSR圈定了冲绳海槽天然气水合物的具体分布范围,直接利用数据得出了天然气水合物稳定带厚度在冲绳海槽的分布趋势,认为海槽南部最厚,中部次之,北部最薄,并通过计算得出了冲绳海槽水合物稳定带的厚度和水合物资源量,对今后海槽水合物勘查和资源量评价具有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
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Small amounts of free gas in interstitial sediment pores are known to significantly lower compressional (P-) wave velocity (Vp). This effect, combined with moderately elevated Vp from the presence of gas hydrates, is usually thought to be the cause for the often observed strong negative reflection coefficients of bottom simulating reflections (BSRs) at the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS). At several locations however, weak BSRs have been observed, which are difficult to reconcile with a presence of gas in sediment pores. We here present a rock physics model for weak BSRs on the Hikurangi Margin east of New Zealand. Thin sections of a fine-grained mudstone sample from a submarine outcrop in the vicinity of a weak BSR show macroscopic porosity in the form of fractures and intrafossil macropores. We apply the Kuster-Toksöz theory to predict seismic velocities for a rock with water-saturated interstitial micropores and gas or hydrates in macroscopic pore space simulating fractures or compliant macropores. We match field observations of a weak BSR with a reflection coefficient of −0.016 with two end-member models; (1) rocks with gas hydrate-filled voids with a concentration of <4% of bulk sediment overlying water-filled voids, or (2) fully gas-saturated voids at a concentration of <2% beneath water-filled voids. A natural system is likely to consist of a combination of these end-members and of macroporosity filled with a mixture of water and gas or hydrate. Our results suggest weak BSRs may be caused by gas hydrate systems in fractures and macropores of fine-grained sediments with fully water-saturated interstitial pore space. Gas may be supplied into the macroscopic pore space by diffusion-driven short-range migration of methane generated within the gas hydrate stability field or, our favoured model based on additional geologic considerations, long-range advective migration from deeper sources along fractures. 相似文献
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根据冲绳海槽多道地震资料的处理解释,在16条地震剖面上发现了水合物拟海底反射层BSR,经过AVO、波形反演等特殊的处理技术,首次直接利用BSR圈定了冲绳海槽天然气水合物具体分布范围,直接利用数据得出了天然气水合物稳定带厚度在冲绳海槽的分布趋势,认为海槽南部最厚,中部次之,北部最薄,并通过计算得出了冲绳海槽水合物稳定带的厚度和水合物资源量,对今后海槽水合物勘查和资源量评价具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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Multi-channel seismic reflection data from the western continental margin of India (WCMI) have been analyzed to construct a plausible model for gas hydrate formation. A reflector at 2950 ms two way travel time (TWT) on one of the sections is interpreted to represent the base of the layer of the methane hydrate, identified by a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) that lies almost 500 ms beneath the sea floor. BSRs of similar origin are common world wide, where they are usually interpreted to mark the base of gas hydrate bearing clastic sediment, with or without underlying free gas. In this study we present a model with the contrasting physical properties that produce synthetic wavelets that match with the observed BSR amplitude and waveforms for varying source-receiver offsets of multi-channel seismic reflection data. The preliminary results presented here put important constraints on models that predict the distribution and formation of hydrate. Offset-dependent amplitude recovery also gives an appropriate response for hydrate characterization. 相似文献
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Che-Chuan Lin Andrew Tien-Shun Lin Char-Shine Liu Chorng-Shern Horng Guan-Yu Chen Yunshuen Wang 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2014,35(1):21-35
We utilized reflection seismic and bathymetric data to infer the canyon-infilling, fold uplift, and gas hydrate occurrences beneath the frontal fold at the toe of the accretionary wedge, offshore SW Taiwan. The lateral migrating paleo-Penghu canyons has cut across the frontal fold with six distinct canyon/channel incisions marked by channel infills. The longitudinal bathymetric profile along the modern canyon course shows a knickpoint of ~300 m relief at this frontal fold, indicating that the rate of fold uplift is greater than that of canyon incision. The age for the initial thrusting of this fontal fold is around 240 kyr ago, as estimated by using the maximum thickness of growth strata of this fold divided by the sedimentation rate obtained from a nearby giant piston core. Bottom simulating reflector (BSR) on seismic sections indicates the base of gas hydrate stability zone. Beneath the frontal fold, there is a widespread occurrence of BSRs, suggesting the highly probable existence of substantial quantities of gas hydrates. A seismic flat spot and a few push-down reflectors below BSR are found lying beneath the anticlinal axis with bathymetric four-way dip closure. The flat spot, cutting across a series of dipping reflections beneath BSR, may indicate the contact between free gas and its underlying formation water. The push-down reflectors beneath BSRs are interpreted to result from abundant free gas hosted beneath the gas hydrate stability zone. The multiple paleo-canyon infills seen along and beneath the frontal fold and above BSRs may provide thick porous sands to host gas hydrates in the frontal fold. 相似文献
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Cristián Rodrigo Antonio González-Fernández Emilio Vera 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2009,30(1):1-19
Multichannel seismic reflection data recorded between Arauco Gulf (37°S) and Valdivia (40°S), on the Chilean continental margin,
were processed and modeled to obtain seismic images and sub-surface models, in order to characterize the variability of the
bottom-simulating reflector (BSR), which is a geophysical marker for the presence of gas hydrates. The BSR is discontinuous
and interrupted by submarine valleys, canyons, as well as by faults or fractures. The BSR occurrence is more common south
of Mocha Island due to moderate slopes and greater organic matter contribution by rivers in that area. Tectonic uplift and
structural instability change the stability gas hydrate zone and consequently the BSR position, creating in some cases missing
or double BSRs. Our modeling supports the presence of gas hydrate above the BSR and free gas below it. Higher BSR amplitudes
support higher hydrate or free gas concentrations. In the study area, gas hydrate concentration is low (an average of 3.5%)
suggesting disseminated gas hydrate distribution within the sediments. Also higher BSR amplitudes are associated with thrust
faults in the accretionary prism, which serve as conduits for gas flow from deeper levels. This extra gas supply produces
a wider thickness of gas hydrates or free gas. 相似文献
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使用重力取样器、渔网、深潜器等手段,已经在海底及以下浅表层的区域采获天然气水合物样品,但关于浅表层水合物的发育机制、分布规律、与海底地形的关系等问题还缺乏基本认识。根据2006年鄂霍次克海天然气水合物调查航次的调查数据,发现萨哈林东北陆坡区,特别是中、下陆坡区发育大量海底凸起。这些凸起一般呈不对称的丘形,宽几百米,高几十米。与海底沙波、沙脊不同,海底凸起为孤立海底地形,在南北方向上并不连续。海底剖面仪结果清楚地显示古陆坡凸起的发育。现今海底陆坡凸起的幅度普遍地要小于古陆坡凸起的幅度,个别地方古今陆坡凸起的形态有所变化,但大部分古、今陆坡凸起是一一对应的,基本形态没有根本变化。在萨哈林陆坡地区存在两个方向的挤压应力场,分别是由德鲁根盆地向萨哈林陆坡方向的挤压应力场和萨哈林陆坡沿萨哈林走滑断裂向南的挤压应力场,海底陆坡凸起是这两大应力场复合作用的结果。浊反射区中的游离气是底辟构造中的超高压多相物质向上迁移形成的,浊反射区上方对应的海底凸起应该是宏观构造挤压和局部底辟发育叠合的结果,浊反射区上方的海底凸起,在形态等方面应该和其他仅由挤压构造原因形成的凸起有所区别,比如顶部发育裂口等。在底辟构造中,由于游离气体的向上迁移,在整个水合物稳定域中从下到上,直至海底都可能形成水合物。 相似文献