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天然砾石海滩作为一种高能环境下的海岸堆积体,因其粒径粗、孔隙度大等特征,是良好的海岸防护屏障。了解砾石海滩形成过程离不开砾石形貌这一重要参数,但要快速、准确获得大量砾石的定量参数比较困难。本文对山东北长山岛3个砾石海滩(九丈崖、月牙湾、长滩)、南长山岛的4个砾石海滩(仙境源、林海、长山尾和明珠广场)进行现场剖面测量并采集砾石样品及砾石图像,应用ImageJ软件对砾石进行原位无干扰数字图像测算,可以快速大量分析砾石粒径、磨圆度等形貌参数。结果显示:砾石的粒径范围为4～79 mm,主要集中在中砾,各海滩分选较好;其中,北长山岛海滩的砾石平均粒径略小于南长山岛,北长山岛九丈崖海滩的砾石平均粒径最大,南长山岛的仙境源海滩砾石平均粒径最小。向海方向从滩肩到高潮线平均粒径逐渐减小,但在水边线处增大。砾石磨圆度介于0.59～0.75之间,等级均为圆状,砾石海滩均已达到较成熟阶段;其中北长山岛的月牙湾海滩砾石磨圆最好,长滩海滩砾石的磨圆最差,由陆向海磨圆度值呈增大的趋势。形状比率范围介于1.36～1.77之间,与磨圆度呈明显负相关(R2=0.98),砾石由陆向海从长条状渐变为椭圆状。南、北长山岛的砾石海滩的砾石形貌受到物源、动力条件和人为活动的影响。研究区砾石海滩坡度范围为16%～35%,海滩坡度与沉积物粒径呈正相关。 相似文献
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砾石海滩的沉积和形态动力特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
天然砾石海滩的物质主要来源于河流输入，海岸侵蚀，海底侵蚀，沿岸输送，人类活动及冰川搬运等，砾石海滩在地貌上表现出明显的分带性，海滩坡度的大小随物源和动力条件发生变化，砾石的磨蚀速率与岩性及周围沉积物粒度组成有关，人工砾石海滩建设可借鉴天然砾石海滩的形成和演化过程，合理地设计物质组成，砾石形状和大小，以便能更快地使人工海滩达到平衡状态并维持海滩的稳定性。 相似文献
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海南岛东北部海岸极端波浪事件沉积记录 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来超强台风的活动规律具有重要科学和实践意义。历史上影响海南岛地区的台风十分频繁，但因缺少确切而详实的记载往往无法判断其是否为超强台风，因此迫切需要寻找千百年尺度的超强台风沉积记录。本文对海南岛东北部翁田镇沿海地区进行详细野外调查，选定白石堡海岸沙丘剖面为研究对象，在该沙丘剖面中识别出风暴越岸沉积和海滩岩巨砾沉积。根据沉积学分析和动力过程分析，这两种类型沉积极有可能是由历史上的台风事件形成，形成年代可能达到距今3 400 a；将该沉积层中的海滩岩巨砾与台风"威马逊"搬运的最大海滩岩巨砾进行对比，发现形成该沉积层海滩岩巨砾的台风事件强度应比台风"威马逊"更强，表明该区域历史上超强台风的存在，这对建立千百年尺度的台风序列有很重要的意义。同时，研究区岸外珊瑚岸礁发育良好，动力分析表明礁坪宽度对于波浪消减、海岸防护具有显著作用。然而，随着海南岛珊瑚岸礁日益衰亡、风暴强度逐渐加大和海面持续上升，未来海南岛地区的海岸极端风浪危害和海岸侵蚀形式威胁正日益加大，亟待加强海南岛珊瑚岸礁保护。 相似文献
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从海岸演变、沉积过程、动力条件、泥沙运移等多角度阐述了北戴河海滩养护区域自然环境条件.北戴河海岸属于岬湾沙质海岸,具备岬湾养滩的天然条件,发育多条断续分布的水下沙坝,原滩剖面为侵蚀性剖面;西海滩蚀退速率＞2 m/a,属于严重侵蚀岸段;波浪的强浪向NNE和ENE,常浪向S,潮流为NE —SW向的往复流,沿岸泥沙净输沙方向为NE— SW向.洋河浅海泥沙中值粒径为0.31～0.58 mm,物化性质均符合养滩需求,为理想沙源.通过构建合适的人工岬头和离岸潜堤配合人工养滩可以恢复受蚀的海滩. 相似文献
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砂质海岸是广东和海南岛主要岸线类型,占岸线总长1/3以上,其规模取决于岸线轮廓、物质来源、海岸动力等因素。据不同动力过程、粒度、结构与历史的差别,从海向陆一般可分为海滩沙、岸堤沙,风积沙和晚更新世老红砂等不同沉积类型;据形态特点、沉积特征和分布情况,可将现代砂质海岸分为7种地貌类型。砂质海岸蕴藏着可供开发利用的资源,如沙荒地的改造利用、砂矿开采、海滨旅游、港口建设等。 相似文献
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由于自然环境的变化和人类活动的加剧,海岸侵蚀的状况越发严重,近年来国际上砾石养滩作为一种新的海滩养护方法开始兴起,由于其粒径粗、孔隙度大,波浪下渗率较高,起到抵浪消浪的作用,从而形成稳定度较高的海滩,在海滩养护中有着重要的作用。2014年和2016年对山东长岛的砾石海滩做过2次实地调查,研究发现砾石海滩确存在侵蚀现象,滩面下蚀深度最高达到0.6m,海滩宽度也有变窄的趋势。因此,建议当地采用砾石养滩的方法进行海滩修复,根据当地状况并结合国外砾石养滩的案例可知,砾石抛填的位置应在高潮线以上,填充厚度至少应达到3~4m,粒径以2~50mm较好,将滩肩扩宽至30m海滩能够稳定一段时间。砾石海滩经修复后不仅能够防护海岸,也能够促进当地旅游业的发展,提升城市的品味。 相似文献
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粤东及琼东北第四纪老红砂风成的若干证据 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
粤东及琼东北第四纪老红砂分布于全新世和现代海岸风少强烈作用带,其野外产状,沉积构造与海滩砂不同,粒度,石英砂磨圆度,石英砂表面微结构统计,孢粉和硅藻等分析证明这些老红砂与海岸沙丘砂有着成因上的联系,热释光年代为距今１．６２－５．１９万ａ,故它们是毗邻海滩的海岸风成砂,形成于末次冰期的低海洋平面期,其形成和分布与盛行风和向岸风的共同作用有关。 相似文献
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岬湾砂、砾质海岸是海岛、海岸带重要的旅游资源, 具有较高的社会经济和生态价值, 长期以来备受关注。本文以浙江朱家尖岛东岸的5个代表性岬湾海滩为例, 基于2019年台风季节早期、中期及晚期测量获得的海滩地形和沉积物数据, 结合海滩近岸的水动力数据, 分析了砂质海滩和砾石海滩这两种不同类型岬湾海滩的沉积地貌动态变化。结果表明, 朱家尖岛东岸5个海滩在台风季节出现了不同的体积变化, 大沙里、东沙、千沙、乌石塘和小乌石塘海滩的单宽体积变化分别为11.93m3·m-1、-54.41m3·m-1、-19.75m3·m-1、2.19m3·m-1和-1.96m3·m-1。砾石滩较砂质海滩更为稳定, 无人类活动干扰的砂质海滩在台风季节侵蚀更少、变化更小。台风季节大沙里、东沙、千沙、乌石塘和小乌石塘海滩表层沉积物的平均粒径分别为2.47Փ、2.24Փ、2.64Փ、-5.96Փ和-6.03Փ, 粒径粗化和离岸输运是5个海滩表层沉积物在台风季节的主要表现, 砂质海滩的沉积物粒度特征变化比砾石海滩要大。沉积物粒径、台风强度及台风期间的主要波向与海滩走向之间的关系、海岸工程这3种因素都可能对海滩在台风季节的沉积地貌动态变化产生影响。本文研究结果可为台风季节的海滩管理提供参考。 相似文献
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Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction. 相似文献
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Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters. 相似文献
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Klaus Kremling 《Marine Chemistry》1983,13(2):87-108
In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O2H2S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH2S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO3). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin. 相似文献
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P.N. Froelich L.W. Kaul J.T. Byrd M.O. Andreae K.K. Roe 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,20(3):239-264
Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO3 and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River. 相似文献
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Linjie Zheng Tomoharu Minami Shotaro Takano Hideki Minami Yoshiki Sohrin 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(5):669-685
A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r 2 = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu. 相似文献