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华南珊瑚礁的海岸生物地貌过程 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
海岸生物地貌学研究海岸带生物过程和动力-沉积-地貌过程之间的双向相互作用，是海岸生态系统响应和反馈全球变化的重要机制，被列为全球变化核心项目海岸带陆海相互作用研究的重点内容。20世纪90年代以来对华南珊瑚礁热带生物海岸生物地貌过程的调查研究显示：①造礁石珊瑚的高生长率和珊瑚礁高堆积速率是珊瑚礁生物地貌过程的物质基础；②珊瑚礁海岸地貌结构分带性和生物地貌类型和动力地貌类型叠加并共存；③潮汐水位严格控制珊瑚礁群落分布格局并形成重要的生物地貌界限；④珊瑚礁海岸生物地貌过程有利于消除或减缓海平面上升的浸淹效应；⑤珊瑚礁海岸不断加剧的人类活动干扰和生态破坏导致生物地貌功能削弱和海岸资源环境恶化。急需加强珊瑚礁管理和保护。 相似文献
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沉积物对珊瑚礁及礁区生物的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海水中日益增多的悬浮物和泥沙沉降是导致珊瑚礁严重衰退的原因之一。沉积物覆盖在珊瑚礁生物表面,影响其呼吸作用,而海水浊度的增加会减少光合作用的可利用光。过多的沉积物改变了礁区的物理以及生物过程,从而对珊瑚礁生态系的结构和功能产生不利影响。为了有效评估珊瑚礁的变化趋势,如优势种丰度以及空间分布的变化等,应用标准的监测方法进行长期监测对于掌握这一复杂生态系统的变化是非常关键的。综述了沉积物对珊瑚生长率、生长形态、代谢和繁殖与补充以及礁区生物的影响,并指出未来的研究方向,以期为珊瑚礁的保护提供参考。 相似文献
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海滨环境孕育了各式各样的生物地貌,通过生物与环境之间的物质能量交换,海滨生态系统的生物组分与地貌组分之间双向作用得以实现。特别是在现代海岸发育进程中,生物地貌塑造者对局地地貌产生的微弱作用,可以在宏观尺度上对海滨地貌的形成和发展产生深远影响。本文简要介绍了海滨生物地貌作用的主要机制和类型、海滨环境不同生物地貌作用复杂多变的动态过程,并对研究海滨环境生物地貌作用的方法、探索生物地貌格局的多尺度成因、递归的循环过程规律以及海滨生物过程与非生物干扰及过程的相互联系等领域取得的成果进行了总结。当前,海滨生物过程和动力-沉积-地貌过程之间的双向研究已成为认识和利用生物海岸对全球变化响应和反馈作用的关键,今后还需要对不同生物地貌作用的耦合、海滨生物地貌过程的生物作用模拟以及海滨生物地貌过程的演化等问题进行深入研究。 相似文献
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珊瑚礁生态系统被认为是“热带海洋沙漠”中的绿洲,有着非常高的物种多样性和生物生产力,可为当地居民提供食物和生活来源,并为游客提供美丽的海底景观,还可保护岛屿和大陆的海岸线免受海浪侵蚀。但是,随着珊瑚礁的利用在不断的变化和增长,珊瑚礁的退化也是触目惊心的。世界上很多地方珊瑚的死亡和珊瑚礁的退化状况都有研究和报道。造成这种状况的原因很多,主要是两个方面:一个是自然压力,即自然环境的剧烈变化,如全球气候的变暖、长棘海星的数量剧增、厄尔尼诺事件以及强风暴、强烈泥沙活动与沉积事件和火山爆发等;另一个是人为的压力,也就是人类活动的影响,如采集、污水扩散、挖掘造成的再沉积等。 相似文献
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海南省典型海岛地质灾害主要有坡地重力型、海-气相互作用型、水动力型和人类活动型等4种成因和崩塌、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、河道淤积和珊瑚礁破坏等5种地质灾害类型。崩塌为基岩岛主要灾害种类,占全部灾害的52.5%;海岸侵蚀普遍存在于各海岛的基岩和砂质岸段;部分岛屿达到中强度海水入侵程度;河道淤积和珊瑚礁破坏呈增加趋势。在全球海平面上升的大背景下,过度开采地下水、上游河道蓄水和不合理的海岸工程等人类活动所造成地质灾害种类愈发严重。 相似文献
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新学科的诞生是社会发展的需要,人类社会发展到今天,由于人类面临的资源与环境问题,使占全球面积71%的海洋成为21世纪开发的重点领域。然而,各成体系的海洋化学、海洋生物、海洋地质和海洋水文,已难以适应认识和解决当前面临的全球变化问题的需要。80年代初,随着国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)、全球海洋通量联合研究(JGOFS)、全球海洋生态系统动力学(GLOBEC)、全球海洋真光层研究(GOEZS)、海岸带陆海相互作用(LOICZ)等重大国际合作计划的兴起,处于这些学科交叉点上的海洋生物地球化学这新的分支学科应运而生,至90年代,这一边缘交又研究方向已成为海洋学研究的前沿领域。
我国的海洋生物地球化学研究虽起步较晚,但已取得飞速发展。至今,已开展实施了渤海生态系统动力学、东海海洋通量、台湾海峡生源要素生物地球化学过程、南海碳通量、南沙群岛珊瑚礁生态系物质循环等一系列重点项目的研究,强有力地推动了这一边缘交叉学科的发展。
海洋生物地球化学是利用化学、地质、生物、物理的观点综合研究海洋中物质循环的过程与规律,突出的特点是研究生物作用下的地球化学过程,研究的主要对象是生源要素(C,N,P,S,Si等)及与生物过程有关的其他元素。
本文从真光层内生源要素的循环、海水中颗粒物的生物地球化学过程、沉积物-海水界面过程中的生源要素,以及微型生物在生源要素的海洋生物地球化学循环中的作用等方面阐述了生源要素的海洋生物地球化学过程研究进展,以期推进我国该领域研究水平的提高。 相似文献
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全球珊瑚礁监测与管理保护评述 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
综述了全球珊瑚礁监测成果与管理保护新战略。从20世纪80年代末以来世界珊瑚礁受到普遍关注,催生了以全球珊瑚礁监测网络、全球珊瑚礁考查和全球珊瑚礁数据库为主的全球珊瑚礁监测体系,并从1998年起每2年出版世界珊瑚礁现状报告。到2004年为止,全球珊瑚礁已损失20%,另外的50%受到不同程度的威胁。全球变化影响可能超过人类活动影响,但未来情况有很大不确定性。全球珊瑚礁图集提供了最新面积资料。珊瑚礁管理保护必须采取维持礁系统的弹性、避免衰退相转移和维持礁生物关键功能组、扩大完全保护区面积等新战略。中国是世界珊瑚礁大国,应该为世界珊瑚礁保护作出贡献。 相似文献
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暖水珊瑚礁生态系统是热带海域最具生物多样性和代表性的生态系统之一。本研究分析了全球变化背景下暖水珊瑚礁生态系统的变化和风险,开展了受损暖水珊瑚礁生态系统退化和消失的致灾因子归因分析,综述了暖水珊瑚礁生态系统的适应性与修复技术研究。分析表明:①过去几十年来,暖水珊瑚礁生态系统快速退化,包括大面积白化和死亡、多样性明显减少和生态功能显著衰退,主要归因于海洋升温与人类活动等致灾因子的影响;②在温室气体高排放浓度情景下(RCP 8.5),相比工业革命前,到本世纪中叶,南海升温将可能远超过2℃,这表明南海暖水珊瑚礁生态系统正在逼近其气候临界点,即全球升温高于2℃时,90%~99%以上的暖水珊瑚将消失;③1980年代以来,海洋升温、海洋热浪和强热带气旋等海洋气候变化致灾因子对南海暖水珊瑚的危害性(影响的强度、范围和时间)明显增加,对暖水珊瑚礁生态系统产生了严重的影响;与此同时,近岸海域的过度或破坏性捕捞、采挖和潜水等人类活动,对暖水珊瑚造成了严重损害,增加了暖水珊瑚的气候脆弱性,而这种人类活动既是局部的,也是全球性的现象,使得暖水珊瑚更难以适应全球变暖的影响。分析还表明,为了增强暖水珊瑚适应气候与环境变化的恢复力(韧性),人们开展了诸多受损珊瑚礁生态系统的适应性与修复研究,但主要是采用无性繁殖或结合人工基质的修复方式,而应用有性繁殖技术恢复受损珊瑚礁的方式仍较少;最近,暖水珊瑚耐热的基因适应性研究取得了重要进展,为暖水珊瑚适应全球变暖提供了一种新的途径。本研究最后探讨了中国受损珊瑚礁生态系统的修复问题与对策。 相似文献
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Juan José Alvarado Jorge Cortés Hector Guzman Héctor Reyes‐Bonilla 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(5):1088-1102
Bioerosion is a natural process in coral reefs. It is fundamental to the health of these ecosystems. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reefs, the most important bioeroders are sponges, bivalves, sea urchins and the fish Arothron meleagris. In the 1980s, El Niño caused high coral mortality and an increase in macroalgal growth. As a result, greater sea urchin bioerosion occurred. This weakened the reef framework. Considering the high vulnerability of the ETP coral reefs, the goal of this study was to determine the current bioerosion impact of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum along the western coasts of Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panamá. The balance between coral bioaccretion and sea urchin bioerosion was also calculated. Between 2009 and 2010, in 12 coral reefs localities, D. mexicanum density, bottom cover and rugosity were quantified along band transects. The daily bioerosion rate was obtained from the amount of carbonates evacuated by sea urchins per unit time. The rate of coral accretion was calculated by multiplying the coral growth rate of the dominant genus by the density of their skeleton and by their specific coral cover. The localities were dissimilar (R = 0.765, P < 0.001) in terms of live coral cover, crustose calcareous algae, turf cover, rugosity index, and density and size of D. mexicanum. At all sites, with the exception of Bahía Culebra (Costa Rica), coral bioerosion was less than coral bioaccretion. Diadema mexicanum plays a dominant role in the balance of carbonates in the ETP, but this depends on reef condition (protection, overfishing, eutrophication) and so the impacts can be either positive or negative. 相似文献
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Emma Cebrian 《Marine Ecology》2010,31(4):533-538
Although bioerosion is among the most destructive forces on coral reefs, indirect effects influencing the bioerosion dynamics are understudied. Here, I assess the hypothesis that coral reef grazers indirectly facilitate proliferation of bioeroding sponges by removing epibiotic fleshy seaweeds from the Great Barrier Reef. This study quantifies the degree of spatial correlation between the distribution of bioeroding sponges and the distribution of grazing pressure, as evidenced by the abundance of seaweed and parrotfish bite marks. While the sponge tissue area was negatively correlated with seaweed coverage, the number of parrotfish bite marks was associated with less algae and more sponge tissue. Several factors derived from grazing on seaweeds may facilitate sponge growth: increases in the availability of light may favor primary production by symbiotic zooxanthellae and thereby increase growth of bioeroding sponges; on the other hand, sponge settlement may be facilitated on grazed substrates. All these factors are likely related, and contribute to an increasing erosion of coral reefs. Similar processes have recently been described in Mediterranean ecosystems, suggesting that the interactions I document here, could be widespread. 相似文献
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《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(5):419-438
The people living on the mountainous islands of the Society archipelago have the good luck to benefit from peaceful lagoon waters. The narrow littoral plain is protected from the assaults of the sea by a barrier-reef and the temptation to live by the sea-side is strong. It is all the more stronger as the mountains, although splendid, are not easy places to settle. As an interface between the terrestrial and lagoon environments, the shore line of the mountainous islands is mainly occupied by high vegetation in its natural configuration. Rocks, sandy beaches and muddy areas can be accounted for by geomorphologic factors directly linked to the transformation process of each mountainous island becoming an atoll. While the shore line in the mountainous islands of the Society archipelago is mostly natural, more than 40% has been directly modified by man. But nevertheless this anthropogenization does not correlate with population density or economic development. It results from the complex interactions between human and natural factors. Embankment works and excavating coral materials from the fringing reef are particularly destructive activities for the environment. Current concerns related to rising sea levels emphasized the quality of the shore line for human activities and development of the littoral in the future. Only joint management encompassing the lagoon and terrestrial environments will maintain the natural and human balances, and thus, the harmonious development of the islands’ populations. 相似文献
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随着沿海地区社会和经济活动不断增加,在人类活动和全球气候变化的双重压力下,全球珊瑚礁生态健康状况日益衰退。如何有效地监测珊瑚礁生态系统,使管理部门能够及时采取保护措施防止珊瑚礁生态系统的退化,已成为拥有珊瑚礁资源的国家亟需解决的环境问题。各主要国家均在大力发展珊瑚礁监测技术与装备。文中综述了国内外在珊瑚礁生态系统监测技术方面的研究现状,基于前人提出的原位在线监测技术,在南海某岛礁海域建设了珊瑚礁生态环境原位在线监测系统,并进行了1年多的业务化运行。在业务化运行期间,原位在线监测系统成功监测到了珊瑚礁的"白化-死亡-微藻附着-珊瑚骨骼腐烂-大型藻占领"这一退化过程,表明该监测系统能够实现珊瑚礁的长期、实时、连续监测。本文研究对于进一步认识珊瑚礁生态系统的时间变化特征及其影响机制均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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南沙群岛珊瑚礁动力地貌特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
南沙群岛受季风、台风和波浪的影响，珊瑚礁体呈ＮＥ－ＳＷ向椭圆形态，西南礁坪宽于东北礁坪。位于不同波能带内的珊瑚礁体发育了与之相适应的动力地貌单元。礁前斜坡高波能带地形陡峭，向风坡礁脊一槽沟系发育。外礁坪消耗大量波能，广泛覆盖生物碎屑，珊瑚生长稀疏。内礁坪宽广平坦，珊瑚生长良好。外礁坪堆积许多大礁块，尤以东北礁坪为甚。在湖低波能带，通常东坡缓于百坡，湖盆一般浪静流缓，为生物碎屑堆积区。 相似文献
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Recent studies suggest a future increase in sponge bioerosion as an outcome of coral reef decline around the world. However, the factors that shape boring sponge assemblages in coral reefs are not currently well understood. This work presents the results of a 17‐month assessment of the presence and species richness of boring sponges in fragments collected from living corals, dead coral reef matrix and coral rubble from Punta de Mita and Isabel Island, two coral reefs from the central coast of the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Both localities have a high cover of dead corals generated by past El Niño Southern Oscillation events, but Punta de Mita was also highly exposed to anthropogenic impacts. Additionally, environmental factors (water transparency, water movement, temperature, sediment deposition, SST, and chlorophyll concentration) were assessed to test the hypothesis that environmental conditions which are potentially harmful for corals can enhance sponge bioerosion. Isabel Island and Punta de Mita showed a similar species richness (13 and 11 species, respectively) but boring sponge presence in both live and dead corals was higher at Isabel Island (57.6%) than at Punta de Mita (35.7%). The same result was obtained when each type of substrate was analysed separately: dead coral reef matrix (81.3% versus 55.5%), coral rubble (47.7% versus 20.0%) and living corals (43.7% versus 31.7%). A principal components analysis showed a higher environmental heterogeneity at Punta de Mita, as well as important environmental differences between Punta de Mita and Isabel Island, due to sediment deposition (2.0 versus 0.2 kg·m?2·d?1) and water movement (24.5% versus 20.5% plaster dissolution day?1), that were also negatively correlated with boring sponge presence (r = ?0.7). By analysing the boring sponge assemblage, we found that environmental settings, together with habitat availability (i.e., dead coral substrate) differentiated assemblage structure at both localities. Major structural differences were largely due to species such as Cliona vermifera, Cliona tropicalis and Aka cryptica. In conclusion, factors such as habitat availability favored the presence of boring sponges but some environmental factors such as abrasion resulting from moving sediment acted restrictively, and exerted a major role in structuring boring sponge assemblages in the Mexican Pacific. 相似文献
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Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic disturbances and consequently coral cover and complexity are declining globally. However, bioeroding sponges, which are the principal agents of internal bioerosion on many coral reefs, are increasing in abundance on some degraded reefs, tipping them towards net carbonate erosion. The aim of this study was to identify the environmental factors that drive the erosion rates of the common Indonesian bioeroding sponge Spheciospongia cf. vagabunda . Sponge explants were attached to limestone blocks and deployed across seven sites characterized by different environmental conditions in the UNESCO Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve in Indonesia. Average bioerosion rates were 12.0 kg m?2 sponge tissue year?1 (±0.87 SE ), and were negatively correlated with depth of settled sediment (r = ?.717, p < .01) and showed weak positive correlation with water movement (r = .485, p = .012). Our results suggest that although bioeroding sponges may generally benefit from coral reef degradation, bioerosion rates may be reduced on reefs that are impacted by high sedimentation, which is a common regional stressor in the South‐East Asian Indo‐Pacific. 相似文献
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海南岛西北部海域珊瑚礁造礁石珊瑚种类组成与分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
调查了海南岛西北部海域造礁石珊瑚种类的多样性及分布.结果表明:共发现50种造礁石珊瑚和1种多孔螅.海南岛西北部造礁石珊瑚优势种为澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis),与历史资料相比优势种发生明显变化;海南岛西北部海域造礁石珊瑚覆盖率急剧下降,是由自然因素和人为活动共同造成;海南岛西北部海域是北部湾、琼州海峡和南海的重要交汇点,可能是造礁石珊瑚幼虫扩散的重要通道,对华南沿岸造礁石珊瑚资源自然恢复起到重要作用.因此,未来的海洋管理应该加强对珊瑚礁的保护力度,开发利用与环境保护并重,这样才能有效保护海南岛西北部海域的珊瑚礁. 相似文献
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Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts,recovery trends and future outlook 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Since the early 1980s, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality, due primarily to climate-induced ocean warming, have occurred almost annually in one or more of the world's tropical or subtropical seas. Bleaching is episodic, with the most severe events typically accompanying coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomena, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which result in sustained regional elevations of ocean temperature. Using this extended dataset (25+ years), we review the short- and long-term ecological impacts of coral bleaching on reef ecosystems, and quantitatively synthesize recovery data worldwide. Bleaching episodes have resulted in catastrophic loss of coral cover in some locations, and have changed coral community structure in many others, with a potentially critical influence on the maintenance of biodiversity in the marine tropics. Bleaching has also set the stage for other declines in reef health, such as increases in coral diseases, the breakdown of reef framework by bioeroders, and the loss of critical habitat for associated reef fishes and other biota. Secondary ecological effects, such as the concentration of predators on remnant surviving coral populations, have also accelerated the pace of decline in some areas. Although bleaching severity and recovery have been variable across all spatial scales, some reefs have experienced relatively rapid recovery from severe bleaching impacts. There has been a significant overall recovery of coral cover in the Indian Ocean, where many reefs were devastated by a single large bleaching event in 1998. In contrast, coral cover on western Atlantic reefs has generally continued to decline in response to multiple smaller bleaching events and a diverse set of chronic secondary stressors. No clear trends are apparent in the eastern Pacific, the central-southern-western Pacific or the Arabian Gulf, where some reefs are recovering and others are not. The majority of survivors and new recruits on regenerating and recovering coral reefs have originated from broadcast spawning taxa with a potential for asexual growth, relatively long distance dispersal, successful settlement, rapid growth and a capacity for framework construction. Whether or not affected reefs can continue to function as before will depend on: (1) how much coral cover is lost, and which species are locally extirpated; (2) the ability of remnant and recovering coral communities to adapt or acclimatize to higher temperatures and other climatic factors such as reductions in aragonite saturation state; (3) the changing balance between reef accumulation and bioerosion; and (4) our ability to maintain ecosystem resilience by restoring healthy levels of herbivory, macroalgal cover, and coral recruitment. Bleaching disturbances are likely to become a chronic stress in many reef areas in the coming decades, and coral communities, if they cannot recover quickly enough, are likely to be reduced to their most hardy or adaptable constituents. Some degraded reefs may already be approaching this ecological asymptote, although to date there have not been any global extinctions of individual coral species as a result of bleaching events. Since human populations inhabiting tropical coastal areas derive great value from coral reefs, the degradation of these ecosystems as a result of coral bleaching and its associated impacts is of considerable societal, as well as biological concern. Coral reef conservation strategies now recognize climate change as a principal threat, and are engaged in efforts to allocate conservation activity according to geographic-, taxonomic-, and habitat-specific priorities to maximize coral reef survival. Efforts to forecast and monitor bleaching, involving both remote sensed observations and coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models, are also underway. In addition to these efforts, attempts to minimize and mitigate bleaching impacts on reefs are immediately required. If significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved within the next two to three decades, maximizing coral survivorship during this time may be critical to ensuring healthy reefs can recover in the long term. 相似文献