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1.
利用筛选出的精子遗传失活法和卵染色体加倍法,批量诱导出第二极体抑制型栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体个体,观测了幼体不同发育时期的成活率、发育速度和个体大小等生物学特性。结果发现,雌核发育二倍体的卵裂率、胚胎畸形率、D形幼虫发生率、孵化后3,6,9,12,15,18 d的成活率均显著低于对照组,表明栉孔扇贝基因组中可能存在大量有害隐性基因,雌核发育个体中有害隐性基因的纯合导致了成活率的显著下降。在发育速度方面,D形幼虫期之前,雌核发育二倍体个体明显低于对照组个体;壳顶期后则相反,雌核发育二倍体个体高于对照组个体。在个体大小方面,雌核发育二倍体个体在孵化后3 d前,壳长和壳高均小于对照组个体;孵化3 d后,壳长和壳高逐渐大于对照组个体。这一结果显示随着致死隐性基因因纯合而被自然排除,雌核发育二倍体的生长性状逐渐优越于正常个体,通过将这些雌核发育二倍体个体培养至成体,则可望培育出栉孔扇贝的优良品系。 相似文献
2.
采用紫外线遗传失活的太平洋牡蛎精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用石蜡切片显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察;采用荧光原位杂交(GISH)技术对担轮幼虫期胚胎进行检测.结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体(DCB),DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;GISH检测结果显示,在早期胚胎中没有检测到外源太平洋牡蛎精子的遗传物质.实验结果可为研究异精诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体提供细胞学依据. 相似文献
3.
电刺激可诱导卵子雌核发育,但在海洋生物中尚无报道。为获得电刺激诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的最佳条件,采用正交设计的方法,分别研究了电场强度、电容、脉冲次数、卵子密度及缓冲液种类对诱导效果的影响。结果表明:(1)不同缓冲液的诱导效果差异不显著(P>0.05),但甘露醇缓冲液的诱导效果优于Zimmerman氏缓冲液和山梨醇缓冲液;最佳卵子密度为11.25×104个/mL,场强的最适范围为1.00～1.75kV/cm。最优电刺激诱导条件组合是:0.30mol/L甘露醇缓冲液,卵子密度11.25×104个/mL,脉冲强度1.20kV/cm,电容3μF,2次电脉冲。(2)应用优化后的电刺激参数诱导雌核发育,获得了最佳的诱导效果,得到的卵裂率为28.16%,胚胎存活率为98.37%。本研究首次成功应用电刺激法诱导了栉孔扇贝的雌核发育,并得到了单倍体胚胎,初步建立了栉孔扇贝中该诱导法的参数体系。 相似文献
4.
应用MSAP技术研究扇贝全基因组DNA甲基化水平 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
DNA甲基化作为真核生物基因组重要的表观遗传学修饰,对生物体基因的表达有重要的调控作用。为获得扇贝基因组DNA甲基化修饰水平及模式等表观遗传学信息,以栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)以及本课题组培育的"海大金贝"为材料,建立了甲基化敏感扩增多态性方法(Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP)的反应体系,利用该方法对其基因组DNA CCGG区域的甲基化水平进行分析。结果表明,本研究筛选得到的引物组合可用于贝类DNA甲基化的研究,在栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝、普通虾夷扇贝和"海大金贝"的甲基化比例分别为32.08%、25.99%、32.88%和34.97%。几种扇贝基因组CCGG序列中,胞嘧啶的全甲基化率要高于半甲基化率,推测扇贝基因组中主要的甲基化模式是CpG型。通过对"海大金贝"和普通虾夷扇贝闭壳肌甲基化谱进行比较,筛查得到46个差异位点,这些位点可能参与"海大金贝"闭壳肌积累类胡萝卜素的调控。 相似文献
5.
采用紫外线(UV)灭活的同源精子通过冷休克抑制第二极体排放诱导黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)的雌核发育。结果表明,黄姑鱼精子最适的灭活剂量为420mJ/cm2,紫外照射剂量与黄姑鱼精子和卵子授精后的受精率及孵化率之间表现出明显的Hertwig效应。多次试验筛选的黄姑鱼雌核发育的最适条件为授精后2min于3℃处理8min。雌核发育仔鱼经形态学和流式细胞仪鉴定为二倍体。进一步利用10对微卫星分析了遗传物质在亲本和子代中的传递情况,结果表明雌核发育后代的等位基因完全来自于母本,没有父本基因参与;雌核发育后代在5个微卫星位点具有较高的重组率,使其与母本保持了高度同质性。 相似文献
6.
采用紫外线遗传失活的太平洋牡蛎精子作激活源，经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体；运用石蜡切片显微技术，对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察；采用荧光原位杂交（GISH）技术对担轮幼虫期胚胎进行检测。结果显示，紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀，形成雄性原核，但不形成染色体，而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体（DCB），DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中，不与雌原核融合；GISH检测结果显示，在早期胚胎中没有检测到外源太平洋牡蛎精子的遗传物质。实验结果可为研究异精诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体提供细胞学依据。 相似文献
7.
黄姑鱼雌核发育的人工诱导及鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用紫外线（UV）灭活的同源精子通过冷休克抑制第二极体排放诱导黄姑鱼的雌核发育。黄姑鱼精子最适的灭活剂量为420 mJ/cm2，紫外照射剂量与黄姑鱼精子和卵子授精后的受精率及孵化率之间表现出明显的Hertwig效应。多次试验筛选的黄姑鱼雌核发育的最适条件为授精后2min在3℃处理8min。雌核发育仔鱼经形态学和流式细胞仪鉴定为二倍体。进一步利用10对微卫星分析了遗传物质在亲本和子代中的传递情况，结果表明雌核发育后代的等位基因完全来自于母本，没有父本基因参与；雌核发育后代在5个位点微卫星位点具有较高的重组率，使其与母本保持了高度同质性。 相似文献
8.
以紫外灭活的同源(大黄鱼)精子和未灭活的异源(鮸鱼)精子为激活源, 采用冷休克处理的方法诱导了大黄鱼雌核发育二倍体, 进行胚胎发育和 SSR 标记分析的比较研究。结果表明, 异源组的受精率和孵化率高于同源组, 但存活率低于同源组; 两组中经冷休克处理未能恢复倍性的胚胎发育畸形而陆续死亡, 恢复倍性的胚胎在发育程序上均与普通大黄鱼相同, 但各阶段出现时间较对照组滞后; SSR 分析显示同源组子代中有 16.7%出现父本条带, 异源组子代均未出现父本条带。以灭活的同源(大黄鱼)精子和未经灭活的 相似文献
9.
条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)是我国重要的经济鱼类,具有复性染色体性别决定型(X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y)。利用紫外线(UV)灭活的同源精子通过冷休克方法诱导了条石鲷的雌核发育,筛选精子紫外灭活剂量并优化冷休克相关参数。结果表明:条石鲷精子最适的灭活剂量为80 mJ/cm2雌核发育的最适条件为授精后2 min在3～4°C水温下处理10 min。条石鲷雌核发育子代经形态学和流式细胞仪鉴定为二倍体,进一步利用微卫星分析表明雌核发育后代的等位基因完全来自于母本没有父本基因参与。对子代的性比和生长进行了比较,结果表明条石鲷雌核发育后代均为雌性,15月龄后雌核发育后代比普通条石鲷具有更快的生长速度。研究结果为条石鲷单性苗种的培育及其性别决定机制的深入研究提供基础。 相似文献
10.
本研究建立了一种高效、经济的非损伤性扇贝DNA提取方法,在不影响扇贝个体生存状态的前提下,采用擦拭法和室温裂解相结合的方式在20 min内即可获得个体基因组DNA。以虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)为实验对象,研究了不同擦拭材料(棉签、滤纸)和不同擦拭部位(外套膜、鳃丝、内脏团)的核酸提取效果,评估了本方法在贝类基因分型领域应用的可行性。研究表明,用棉签、滤纸2种材料擦拭扇贝的鳃丝、内脏团或外套膜组织均能获得主带清晰完整的基因组DNA,且不影响扇贝的存活状态。在3种扇贝中采用棉签擦拭法的DNA得率均高于滤纸法,以这2种方式获得的DNA为模板进行SSR和SNP标记分析,能获得均一稳定的扩增条带,SSR标记分型结果准确可靠。本研究建立了简便、快速进行扇贝基因型分析的非损伤性DNA提取方法,为贝类全基因组选育和珍稀贝类资源的种质保护开发提供了新的技术手段。 相似文献
11.
Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding. 相似文献
12.
This study tests the hypothesis that the in situ void ratio of surficial marine sediments may be predicted from shear wave velocity-depth data with a reliability equal to that of other methods currently available. Shear wave velocity is fundamentally controlled by the number of grain-to-grain contacts per unit volume of material and by the effective stress across those contacts. In this study, three previously established empirical formulae are used to predict void ratio from velocity-depth data. Field data were acquired along a transect off the northern Californian coast across which water depth increased from 35 to 70 m and seafloor sediment type varied from sand to silty-sand, respectively. A towed seafloor sled device was used to collect shear wave refraction data, and a marked, systematic decrease in velocity was observed along the line, ranging from 35-70 m/s for the coarse, near-shore material to 25-40 m/s for the finer, offshore deposits. Void ratios predicted from these velocities were compared with data measured directly from box-core samples. Of the formulae used for prediction, two agree remarkably well with the control data. Both predicted and control values increase from 0.6-0.8 for the sandy material to 1.1-1.5 for the silty-sand. Thus, this study does not disprove the hypothesis set and demonstrates the potential of field shear wave velocity-depth data as a means of delineating spatial variation in void ratio for surficial marine sediments in a remote, nondestructive manner. 相似文献
13.
Hoi-Soo Jung Kap-Sik Jeong Yong-Shik Chu Sung-Hyun Park Ki-Hyune Kim 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(3):181-195
Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors. 相似文献
14.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2001,24(1):27-33
This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake. 相似文献
15.
Particulate samples were collected from the Changjiang river system during a flood period, in May 1997, and POC, stable isotope and lipids associated with particles were examined. Results showed the decrease (0.84% ～ 1.88%) of organic carbon content from the upper reaches to the estuary.δ13C values of particulate organic carbon was in the range of -24.9×10-3 to -26.6×10-3, which were close to the isotopic signature of continental C3 vegetation. Total particulate n-alkanes concentrations varied from 1.4 to 10.1μg/dm3,or from 23.7 to 107μg/g of total suspended matter. Fatty acids were present in all the samples, from 1.4 to 5.4μg/dm3, with saturated and unsaturated straight-chain and branched compounds in the carbon number range from C12 to C30. Both δ13C and the ratio of carbon content to nitrogen content indicate the predominance of terrestrial inputs (soil organic matter) among the particles. The biomarker approach has been used to identify the relative portion of terrigenous and autochthonous fraction in the particulate samples. The distribution of fatty acids suggests a striking phytoplanktonic and microbial signal in most particle samples. The terrestrial alkanes are used to estimate the contribution of terrestrial inputs along the mainstream. 相似文献
16.
Andrzej Chybicki 《Marine Geodesy》2018,41(1):1-23
Current trends of development of satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) models rely on applying calibration techniques including analytical approaches, neuro-fuzzy systems, regression optimization and others. In most of the cases, the SDB models are calibrated and verified for test sites, that provide favorable conditions for the remote derivation of bathymetry such as high water clarity, homogenous bottom type, low amount of sediment in the water and other factors. In this paper, a novel 3-dimensional geographical weighted regression (3GWR) SDB technique is presented, it binds together methods already presented in other studies, the geographically weighted local regression (GWR) model, with depth dependent inverse optimization. The proposed SDB model was calibrated and verified on a relatively difficult test site of the South Baltic near-shore areas with the use of multispectral observations acquired by a recently launched Sentinel-2 satellite observation system. By conducted experiments, it was shown that the proposed SDB model is capable of obtaining satisfactory results of RMSE ranging from 0.88 to 1.23[m] depending on the observation and can derive bathymetry for depths up to 12m. It was also shown, that the proposed approach may be used operationally, for instance, in the continuous assessment of temporal bathymetry changes, for areas important in the context of ensuring local maritime safety. 相似文献
17.
N. H. Khadge 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):251-258
As a part of the environmental impact assessment studies, geotechnical properties of sediments were determined in the Central Indian Basin. The undrained shear strength and index properties of the siliceous sediments were determined on 20 box cores of uniform dimension collected from various locations in five preselected sites. The maximum core length encountered was 41 cm and most of the sediments were siliceous oozes consisting of radiolarian or diatomaceous tests. The shear strength measurements revealed that surface sediments deposited in recent times (0-10 cm) have a shear strength of 0-1 kPa; this value increases with depth, reaching 10 kPa at 40 cm deep. Older sediments have greater strength because of compaction. Water content varies in the wide range of 312-577% and decreases with depth. The clay minerals such as smectite and illite are dominant and show some control over water content. Wet density, specific gravity, and porosity do not indicate any notable variation with depth, thereby indicating a uniform, slow rate of sedimentation. The average porosity of sediments is 90.2%, specific gravity 2.18, and wet bulk density 1.12 g/cm 3 . Sediments exhibit medium to high plasticity characteristics, with the average plasticity index varying between 105% and 136%. Preliminary studies on postdisturbance samples showed an increase in natural water content and a decrease in undrained shear strength of sediments in the top 10- to 15-cm layer. 相似文献
18.
An Improved Calibration of Satellite Altimetric Heights Using Tide Gauge Sea Levels with Adjustment for Land Motion 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Gary T. Mitchum 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(3):145-166
Several major improvements to an existing method for calibrating satellite altimeters using tide gauge data are described. The calibration is in the sense of monitoring and correcting temporal drift in the altimetric time series, which is essential in efforts to use the altimetric data for especially demanding applications. Examples include the determination of the rate of change of global mean sea level and the study of the relatively subtle, but climatically important, decadal variations in basin scale sea levels. The improvements are to the method described by Mitchum (1998a), and the modifications are of two basic types. First, since the method depends on the cancellation of true ocean signals by differencing the altimetric data from the tide gauge sea level time series, improvements are made that produce a more complete removal of the ocean signals that comprise the noise for the altimetric drift estimation problem. Second, a major error source in the tide gauge data, namely land motion, is explicitly addressed and corrections are developed that incorporate space-based geodetic data (continuous GPS and DORIS measurements). The long-term solution, having such geodetic measurements available at all the tide gauges, is not yet a reality, so an interim solution is developed. The improved method is applied to the TOPEX altimetric data. The Side A data (August 1992?February 1999) are found to have a linear drift component of 0.55 + / 0.39 mm/yr, but there is also a significant quadratic component to the drift that is presently unexplained. The TOPEX Side B altimeter is estimated to be biased by 7.0 + / 0.7 mm relative to the Side A altimeter based on an analysis of the first 350 days of Side B data. 相似文献
19.
Extreme sea levels associated with severe cyclonic storms are common occurrences along the east coast of India. The coastal districts of Orissa have experienced major surges in the past. The recent Paradip super cyclone is one of the most severe cyclones, causing extensive damage to property and loss of lives. Extreme sea levels are major causes for coastal flooding in this region. Damages can be minimized if the extreme sea levels are forecast well in advance. In the present study, we develop a location specific, fine resolution model for the Orissa coast on the lines similar to that of IIT-D storm surge model (Dube et al. 1994). The model runs on a personal computer. The bathymetry for the model is extracted from very fine resolution naval hydrographic charts for the region extending from the south of Orissa to south of West Bengal. A simple drying scheme has also been included in the model in order to avoid the exposure of land near the coast due to strong negative sea surface elevations. An attempt was made in this study to simulate extreme sea levels along the Orissa coast using the data of past severe cyclones. The model results reported in the present study are in good agreement with available observations or estimates. 相似文献
20.
The continental margin of northern Sinai and Israel, up to Haifa Bay, is the northeastern limb of the submarine Nile Delta Cone. It is made up predominantly of clastics from the Nile and its predecessors. The continental shelf and coastal plain of Israel are built of a series of shore-parallel ridges composed of carbonate-cemented quartz sandstone (locally named kurkar), a lithification product of windblown sands that were piled up into dunes during the Pleistocene. The drop in global sea level and regression during the last glacial period exposed the continental shelf to subaerial erosion and created a widespread regional erosional unconformity which is expressed as a prominent seismic reflector at the top of the kurkar layers. The subsequent Holocene transgression abraded much of the westernmost kurkar ridges, drowned their cores, and covered the previous lowstand deposits with marine sands, which were in turn covered by a sequence of sub-Recent clayey silts. The Mediterranean coasts of Sinai and Israel are part of the Nile littoral cell. Since the building of the Aswan dams the sand supplied to Israel's coastal system is derived mainly from erosion of the Nile Delta and from sands offshore Egypt that are stirred up by storm waves. The sands are transported by longshore and offshore currents along the coasts of northern Sinai and Israel. Their volume gradually declines northward with distance from their Nile source. The longshore transport terminates in Haifa Bay where some sand is trapped, and the test escapes to deeper water by bottom currents and through submarine canyons, thus denying Nile-derived sand supply to the 40-km-long 'Akko-Rosh Haniqra shelf. The sand balance along Israel's coastal zone is a product of natural processes and human intervention. Losses due to the outgoing longshore transport, seaward escape, and landward wind transport exceed the natural gains from the incoming longshore transport and the abrasion of the coastal cliffs. The deficit is aggravated by the construction of (1) seaward-projecting structures that trap sands on the upstream side and (2) offshore detached breakwaters that trap sands between themselves and the coast. The negative sand balance is manifested by the removal of sand from the seabed and the consequent exposure of archaeological remains that were hitherto protected by it. The sediments that escape seaward from the longshore transport system form a 2.5- to 4-km-wide sandy apron adjacent to the shore that extends to where the water is 30 - 40 m deep. The apron's slope (0.5 - 0.8) is steeper than the theoretical equilibrium slope for the median grain-size diameter in this zone (0.1 - 0.3 mm). The beach sands and the apron's surficial sands are well sorted. Their grain size decreases with distance from shore, from 0.2 - 0.3 mm nearshore to 0.11 - 0.16 mm by the drowned ridge. The coarse-grained fraction consists of skeletal debris (commonly 5 - 12% carbonate matter) and wave-milled kurkar grains (locally named zifzif). In deeper water, the basal sands underlying the fine-grained sediment cover consist of 1- to 30-cm layers whose composition ranges from silty sands to various types of sands (fine, medium, coarse, and gravelly) to zifzif. For the most part, they contain large amounts of skeletal debris (20 - 60%) and small fragments of kurkar. Two types of kurkar rock were encountered offshore: a well-sorted, fine- to medium-grained (0.074 - 0.300 mm) lithified dune sand with variable amounts of carbonate cement, ranging from hard rock of low permeability to loose sand; and a porous sandstone made up predominantly of algal grains and skeletal debris (calcarenite). 相似文献