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1.
The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration in the last few decades has resulted in a decrease in oceanic pH. In this study, we assessed the natural variability of pH in coastal waters off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea. pHT showed large variability (7.6–8.1) with low pH conditions during south-west monsoon (SWM), and the variability is found to be associated with upwelling rather than freshwater runoff. Considering that marine biota inhabiting dynamic coastal waters off Goa are exposed to such wide range of natural fluctuations of pH, an acidification experiment was carried out. We studied the impact of low pH on the local population of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816). Sea urchins were exposed for 210 days to three treatments of pHT: 7.96, 7.76 and 7.46. Our results showed that S. variolaris at pHT 7.96 and 7.76 were not affected, whereas the ones at pHT 7.46 showed adverse effects after 120 days and 50% mortality by 210 days. However, even after exposure to low pH for 210 days, 50% organisms survived. Under low pH conditions (pHT 7.46), the elemental composition of sea urchin spines exhibited deposition of excess Sr2+ as compared to Mg2+ ions. We conclude that although the sea urchins would be affected in future high CO2 waters, at present they are not at risk even during the south-west monsoon when low pH waters reside on the shelf.  相似文献   

2.
Particulate manganese (Mn) fluxes measured with six time series sediment traps showed that the annual settling fluxes were 3–6 times higher in the west compared to those in the east and central Arabian Sea. Annual detrital Mn (Mndt) flux was nearly the same in the eastern and western Arabian Sea, but excess Mn (Mnex) fluxes were much higher (>4 times) in the western Arabian Sea. Atmospheric inputs cannot account for these high-Mn fluxes. Central and eastern Arabian Sea traps are overlain by a thick and intense denitrification layer, which may cause reductive dissolution of Mn oxides from settling particles and consequently low Mnex fluxes. As the exchange of intermediate waters between the Arabian Sea and the rest of the Indian Ocean is confined largely to the western Arabian Sea, relatively more oxic and dynamic conditions prevail in this region. Increased oxidizing conditions coupled with higher inputs of dissolved Mn through intermediate and surface advective processes might have led to in situ oxidation of Mn, thus resulting in higher vertical fluxes of Mnex. Mnex fluxes in traps at ∼1000 m depth exhibited seasonal variability with a minimum during the winter monsoon (January–February) and maximum during the pre- and early- south-west monsoon (March–June). This variation is correlated with water mass movements and bacterial abundance observed during the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The possible involvement of bacteria and the microbial loop is suggested for the concentration and vertical transport of excess Mn.  相似文献   

3.
Atmospheric and dissolved methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured in the unique coastal ecosystem of theBoddenwaters, including the western Oder estuary, (southern Baltic Sea) during five campaigns between 1994 and 1997. The CH4saturations, ranging from 105–15 500%, showed great spatial and temporal variability with maximum values in September and minimum values in December. The N2O saturations were in the range of 91–312% with a maximum in March. Enhanced concentrations of both gases were observed only in the western Oder estuary near the mouth of the Peene River. Thus, we conclude that the distributions of CH4and N2O in the investigatedBoddenwaters are, directly or indirectly, linked to the Peene River runoff and not to the Oder River. Our estimate of the annual CH4emissions from theBoddenwaters to the atmosphere indicates a significant contribution (c. 17%) to the overall CH4emissions from the Baltic Sea. In contrast, theBoddenwaters represent only a small source for atmospheric N2O.CH4production rates estimated from sediment slurry experiments revealed a significant spatial variability and indicated that methanogenic activity was related to acetate consumption in the surface sediment layer. Sedimentary CH4production might depend on different amounts of accumulation of organic material.  相似文献   

4.
Measurements of methane (CH4) so far have always shown supersaturation in the entire North Sea relative to the atmospheric partial pressure and the distribution of surface CH4 reveals a distinct increase towards the shore. Since North Sea sediments presumably are an insignificant source for CH4 the coastal contribution via rivers and tidal flats gains in importance.In this work, CH4 data from the River Weser, the back barrier tidal flats of Spiekeroog Island (NW Germany), and the German Bight are presented. Results from the River Weser are compared to other rivers draining into the German Bight. Measurements in the tidal flat area of Spiekeroog Island highlight this ecosystem as an additional contributor to the overall CH4 budget of the southern North Sea. A tidally driven CH4 pattern is observed for the water column with maximum values during low tide. Tidal flat sediments turn out to be the dominating source because pore waters discharged during low tide are highly enriched in CH4. In contrast, the freshwater contribution to the tidal flats by small coastal tributaries has almost no impact on water column CH4 concentrations. The CH4 level seems to be disturbed irregularly by wind forcing due to elevated degassing and prevention of advective flow when tidal flats remain covered by water.Based on our data, two model calculations were used to estimate the impact of tidal flats on the CH4 budget in the German Bight. Our results demonstrate that the back barrier tidal flats of the east Frisian Wadden Sea contribute CH4 in an order of magnitude between the Wash estuary and River Elbe and thus have to be considered in budget calculations.  相似文献   

5.
The publication presents the results of the studies on the carbonate system of the waters of the East Siberian Sea performed aboard R/V Ivan Kireev in September 2003–2004. It is shown that the aquatic area considered may be subdivided into two biohydrochemical provinces. The western part of the sea is a CO2 supplier to the atmosphere, while its eastern part is a sink for CO2. This is caused by the fact that the western part of the East Siberian Sea was affected by the waters of the southeastern part of the Laptev Sea, which were desalinated by riverine runoff, turbid, and enriched in the bioactive organic matter supplied into the water due to the coastal (and bottom) erosion. In the eastern part, cold waters of Pacific origin prevailed (saline, transparent, and productive), which caused a pronounced decrease in the partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) in the surface layer. In the frontal zone delimiting the desalinated shelf waters and those of the Pacific origin, the direction of the CO2 flux between the atmosphere and the sea changed (from evasion to invasion). The interannual variability of the carbonate system parameters in the coastal-shelf zone of the East Siberian Sea was determined by the intensity of the propagation of the waters of different origins over the sea aquatic area caused by the atmospheric circulation, as well as by the riverine runoff intensity and the dynamics of erosion processes.  相似文献   

6.
Extensive measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) were made in the central and eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon (February–March), intermonsoon (April–May) and southwest monsoon (July–August) seasons. The latitudinal and longitudinal variations, along with seasonal changes with respect to winter convection and coastal upwelling, are clearly discernible. Vertical profiles collected down to 1000 m show that the Arabian Sea water column is supersaturated with N2O at all depths. However, N2O consumption at intermediate depths, coincident with the oxygen minimum and associated with sediment–water interfaces, and in the denitrifying zone, coincident with NO-2 secondary maxima, are also apparent. The N2O concentration varies from ∼10 nM near the surface to about 80 nM in the secondary peak region (≈800 m). Interrelationships with chemical parameters suggest nitrification to be the main process for the production of N2O in the oceanic water. Plots of apparent oxygen utilization vs production of N2O indicate a consistent linear relationship for AOU between 0 and 200 μM.  相似文献   

7.
近海生态系统的人为营养盐输入及其控制对策浅析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
人为活动每年新增大量的活性氮、磷，导致全球氮、磷循环失衡，新增活性氮、磷主要来源于合成氮肥的生产和施用、畜肥的施用、具固氮能力的农作物如豆科植物等的大规模种植，以及化石燃料燃烧产生的氮氧化物等，而农作物生产与畜禽养殖是改变全球氮、磷循环的主要原因。随着生活污水排放量和化肥施用量的激增，大量氮、磷进入近海，导致营养盐污染和富营养化，这已成为全球性的海洋生态环境问题，通过河流径流和大气沉降进入近海生态环境中的新增氮和磷一半以上与人为活动有关。本文以波罗的海和东海为例，分析了发达国家和发展中国家近海的富营养化问题，研究表明从源头缓解富营养化的对策应同时聚焦氮与磷负荷的削减，具体措施包括降低农业生产活动中化肥的土壤渗漏、合理施肥、种植多年生植物和种植休耕季覆被作物等。  相似文献   

8.
Extremely low summer sea-ice coverage in the Arctic Ocean in 2007 allowed extensive sampling and a wide quasi-synoptic hydrographic and δ18O dataset could be collected in the Eurasian Basin and the Makarov Basin up to the Alpha Ridge and the East Siberian continental margin. With the aim of determining the origin of freshwater in the halocline, fractions of river water and sea-ice meltwater in the upper 150 m were quantified by a combination of salinity and δ18O in the Eurasian Basin. Two methods, applying the preformed phosphate concentration (PO*) and the nitrate-to-phosphate ratio (N/P), were compared to further differentiate the marine fraction into Atlantic and Pacific-derived contributions. While PO*-based assessments systematically underestimate the contribution of Pacific-derived waters, N/P-based calculations overestimate Pacific-derived waters within the Transpolar Drift due to denitrification in bottom sediments at the Laptev Sea continental margin.Within the Eurasian Basin a west to east oriented front between net melting and production of sea-ice is observed. Outside the Atlantic regime dominated by net sea-ice melting, a pronounced layer influenced by brines released during sea-ice formation is present at about 30–50 m water depth with a maximum over the Lomonosov Ridge. The geographically distinct definition of this maximum demonstrates the rapid release and transport of signals from the shelf regions in discrete pulses within the Transpolar Drift.The ratio of sea-ice derived brine influence and river water is roughly constant within each layer of the Arctic Ocean halocline. The correlation between brine influence and river water reveals two clusters that can be assigned to the two main mechanisms of sea-ice formation within the Arctic Ocean. Over the open ocean or in polynyas at the continental slope where relatively small amounts of river water are found, sea-ice formation results in a linear correlation between brine influence and river water at salinities of about 32–34. In coastal polynyas in the shallow regions of the Laptev Sea and southern Kara Sea, sea-ice formation transports river water into the shelf’s bottom layer due to the close proximity to the river mouths. This process therefore results in waters that form a second linear correlation between brine influence and river water at salinities of about 30–32. Our study indicates which layers of the Arctic Ocean halocline are primarily influenced by sea-ice formation in coastal polynyas and which layers are primarily influenced by sea-ice formation over the open ocean. Accordingly we use the ratio of sea-ice derived brine influence and river water to link the maximum in brine influence within the Transpolar Drift with a pulse of shelf waters from the Laptev Sea that was likely released in summer 2005.  相似文献   

9.
Monsoonal hydrodynamic prevails over the east coast of Hainan Island induced by southwest monsoon (SWM) and northeast monsoon (NEM) which drives coastal Ekman divergence/convergence cycle and the reversal of Guangdong coastal current (GCC) between the sGCC in the SWM season and nGCC in the NEM season. We report the control of such hydrodynamics on biological properties such as phytoplankton assemblages in the east coast of Hainan Island. Physico-chemical and biological observations were carried out in two oceanographic cruises along the east coast of Hainan Island during SWM period (July–August) of 2008 and NEM period (March–April) of 2009. Results indicated that phytoplankton assemblages in coastal regions (fringing reefs and coastal shelf) changed dramatically accompanied with the reverse of monsoonal hydrodynamic processes, with chain-forming diatoms (mainly, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Thalassionema nitzschioides) dominating during SWM cruise when coastal Ekman divergence and the sGCC were prevailed, but the pelagic Noctiluca scintillans and Trichodesmium erythraeum dominating during NEM cruise when coastal Ekman convergence and the nGCC were prevailed. Furthermore, phytoplankton assemblages in fringing reefs along coastline were somewhat different from ones of coastal shelf, as fringing reefs are just located at dynamic boundary of offshore (or onshore) Ekman transport processes. Offshore diffusion of pelagic cells (such as T. erythraeum) driven by offshore Ekman transport process led to the lower abundance of T. erythraeum in fringing reefs than ones in coastal shelf during SWM cruise; on the contrary, onshore aggregation of pelagic cells (such as N. scintillans and T. erythraeum) driven by onshore Ekman transport process leads to higher abundances of N. scintillans and T. erythraeum in fringing reefs than ones in coastal shelf during NEM cruise; especially, N. scintillans formed bloom in fringing reefs. Last, we suggested that hydrodynamic processes must be taken into account in scientific management of fringing coral reefs health of the east coast of Hainan Island, especially during northeast monsoon season when blooming specie cells (such as N. scintillans) could be introduced from eutrophic South China mainland coast to the east coast of Hainan Island and piled to high-abundance at fringing reefs by monsoonal hydrodynamics.  相似文献   

10.
Concentrations of dissolved methane in seawater and bottom sediments, as well as of methane emanating from gas seeps were measured at 18 stations including several small bays in the Sevastopol coastal area (Black Sea) during 2007–2008. Methane concentrations in surface waters ranged from 10 to 2,970 nmol l?1, and correlated well with values recorded for sediments. Methane concentrations in the water column were influenced by water depth, as well as by air and water temperatures. In the spring and summer of 2008, in situ CH4 saturation relative to air was in the range of 970–71,900%. Maximum saturation was in summer. CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere from the Sevastopol coastal area were estimated to vary from 190 to 1,550 μmol m?2 day?1. Gas bubbles escaping from the seepages contained about 57 vol% methane. Radiocarbon dating of the methane revealed an age not exceeding 150 years, implying a biogenic origin.  相似文献   

11.
Water mass properties along cross-sections of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea (ECS) are investigated in detail. We used temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen data from 2000 and 2002, together with historical temperature and salinity data from 1987 to 2004. Water properties were divided into two groups: high and low salinities or oxygen at temperatures warmer than 15 and 12 °C, respectively. We found the existence of outer shelf water W2, as defined by clear modes in frequency distributions of salinity and oxygen within various temperature segments. The outer shelf water was different from both Kuroshio Tropical Water (KTW) and coastal water. We mapped horizontal and vertical distributions of W2, along with W1 and KTW. The outer shelf water was distributed with density σ t = 22.5–25.5 over a relatively broad area, from the outer continental shelf to the continental slope, particularly in autumn. Vertical distribution of the water suggests that W2 spread from the outer shelf to just the shelf side of the Kuroshio Current velocity maximum. Seasonal variations are examined with historical data along PN section over 17 years, and suggest that the appearance of W2 is distinct in summer and autumn. By comparing temperature–salinity (T–S) diagrams from Taiwan Strait and east of Taiwan, the outer shelf water (W2) originates from South China Sea Tropical Water (SCSTW), as suggested by Chen, J Geophys Res 110:C05012 (2005). The present study of the ECS clearly shows that SCSTW is transported along the east coast of Taiwan or through the Taiwan Strait into the ECS. It then spreads over a relatively wide area from the outer shelf to just the shelf side of the Kuroshio axis, and there is some horizontal mixing between SCSTW and KTW around the shelf break.  相似文献   

12.
Scanning fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability in the fluorescence signature of phycoerythrin-containing organisms in the Arabian Sea during the early Northeast and early Southwest Monsoon (1994–1995). Phycoerythrin (PE) emission spectra were relatively invariant among all the samples collected on either cruise; the relatively symmetrical PE emission peaks showed maxima at wavelengths ranging from 563–572 nm. PE excitation spectra always showed either a strong shoulder or a peak at wavelengths absorbed maximally by phycourobilin (PUB) chromophores as well as a peak at wavelengths absorbed maximally by phycoerythrobilin (PEB) chromophores. Thus, the Arabian Sea appears to be different from the Black Sea or Gulf of Maine in that PUB-lacking forms of PE rarely, if ever, dominate the PE signal. Fluorescence excitation signatures differed in the relative excitation of PE emission by wavelengths absorbed by PUB (∼495 nm, ExPUB) and by wavelengths absorbed by PEB (∼550 nm, ExPEB); these were distinguished by having either very low (∼0.6), very high (∼1.8), or intermediate ExPUB:ExPEB ratios. The distribution of samples with different PE fluorescence signatures was investigated extensively during the early Southwest Monsoon, and communities characterized by the low ExPUB:ExPEB ratios were closely associated with cooler (24–27°C), fresher (35.7–36.25 psu) water influenced by coastal upwelling. In general, “ambient” surface water of the Arabian Sea during the early Southwest Monsoon was of intermediate temperature (27–29°C) and salinity (36.15–36.4 psu) and showed intermediate or high values for ExPUB:ExPEB. This suggests that the PE fluorescence signature can be used to follow the fate of upwelling-influenced water masses and the populations they transport.  相似文献   

13.
A preliminary study of carbon system in the East China Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
In the central part of the East China Sea, the activity of CO2 in the surface water and total carbonate, pH and alkalinity in the water column were determined in winter and autumn of 1993. The activity of CO2 in the continental shelf water was about 50 ppm lower than that of surface air. This decrease corresponds to the absorption of about 40 gC/m2/yr of atmospheric CO2 in the coastal zone or 1 GtC/yr in the global continental shelf, if this rate is applicable to entire coastal seas. The normalized total carbonate contents were higher in the water near the coast and near the bottom. This increase toward the bottom may be due to the organic matter deposited on the bottom. This conclusion is supported by the distribution of pH. The normalized alkalinity distribution also showed higher values in the near-coast water, but in the surface water, indicating the supply of bicarbonate from river water. The residence time of the East China Sea water, including the Yellow Sea water, has been calculated to be about 0.8 yr from the excess alkalinity and the alkalinity input. Using this residence time and the excess carbonate, we can estimate that the amount of dissolved carbonate transported from the coastal zone to the oceanic basin is about 70 gC/m2/yr or 2 GtC/yr/area-of-global-continental-shelf. This also means that the rivers transport carbon to the oceans at a rate of 30 gC/m2/yr of the coastal sea or 0.8 GtC/yr/ area-of-global shelf, the carbon consisting of dissolved inorganic carbonate and terrestrial organic carbon decomposed on the continental shelf.  相似文献   

14.
Intense studies of upper and deep ocean processes were carried out in the Northwestern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) within the framework of JGOFS and related projects in order to improve our understanding of the marine carbon cycle and the ocean’s role as a reservoir for atmospheric CO2. The results show a pronounced monsoon-driven seasonality with enhanced organic carbon fluxes into the deep-sea during the SW Monsoon and during the early and late NE Monsoon north of 10°N. The productivity is mainly regulated by inputs of nutrients from subsurface waters into the euphotic zone via upwelling and mixed layer-deepening. Deep mixing introduces light limitation by carrying photoautotrophic organisms below the euphotic zone during the peak of the NE Monsoon. Nevertheless, deep mixing and strong upwelling during the SW Monsoon provide an ecological advantage for diatoms over other photoautotrophic organisms by increasing the silica concentrations in the euphotic zone. When silica concentrations fall below 2 μmol l−1, diatoms lose their dominance in the plankton community. During diatom-dominated blooms, the biological pathway of uptake of CO2 (the biological pump) appears to be more efficient than during blooms of other organisms, as indicated by organic carbon to carbonate carbon (rain) ratios. Due to the seasonal alternation of diatom and non-diatom dominated exports, spatial variations of the annual mean rain ratios are hardly discernible along the main JGOFS transect.Data-based estimates of the annual mean impact of the biological pump on the fCO2 in the surface water suggest that the biological pump reduces the increase of fCO2 in the surface water caused by intrusion of CO2-enriched subsurface water by 50–70%. The remaining 30 to 50% are attributed to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Rain ratios up to 60% higher in river-influenced areas off Pakistan and in the Bay of Bengal than in the open Arabian Sea imply that riverine silica inputs can further enhance the impact of the biological pump on the fCO2 in the surface water by supporting diatom blooms. Consequently, it is assumed that reduced river discharges caused by the damming of major rivers increase CO2 emission by lowering silica inputs to the Arabian Sea; this mechanism probably operates in other regions of the world ocean also.  相似文献   

15.
Biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere transfers in the Arabian Sea   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  
Transfers of some important biogenic atmospheric constituents, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), molecular nitrogen (N2), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrate , ammonia (NH3), methylamines (MAs) and dimethylsulphide (DMS), across the air–sea interface are investigated using published data generated mostly during the Arabian Sea Process Study (1992–1997) of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The most important contribution of the region to biogeochemical fluxes is through the production of N2 and N2O facilitated by an acute, mid-water deficiency of dissolved oxygen (O2); emissions of these gases to the atmosphere from the Arabian Sea are globally significant. For the other constituents, especially CO2, even though the surface concentrations and atmospheric fluxes exhibit extremely large variations both in space and time, arising from the unique physical forcing and associated biogeochemical environment, the overall significance in terms of their global fluxes is not much because of the relatively small area of the Arabian Sea. Distribution and air–sea exchanges of some of these constituents are likely to be greatly influenced by alterations of the subsurface O2 field forced by human-induced eutrophication and/or modifications to the regional hydrography.  相似文献   

16.
马尼拉俯冲带潜在地震海啸对我国南部沿海城市构成巨大威胁,利用情景式数值模拟技术重构灾害过程并评估危险等级有助于理解南海海啸传播规律并指导预警预报和防灾减灾工作。根据美国太平洋海洋环境研究中心(Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, PMEL)发布的马尼拉俯冲带断层参数设计Mw 7.5、Mw 8.1和Mw 8.5三个震级下共19个震源,应用非静压海啸数值模型(Non-hydrostatic Evolution of Ocean WAVE, NEOWAVE)模拟各震源激发海啸在南海海盆的传播过程,通过最大波辐和测点时间序列发现海啸波能量传输分布并评估代表区域危险等级。研究表明, Mw 7.5级地震海啸对我国南部沿海的影响较低,波幅一般不超过30 cm; Mw 8.1级地震海啸对华南沿海主要造成太平洋海啸预警中心定义的Ⅱ或Ⅲ级海啸危险等级,海啸影响范围和能量分布特征由震源位置决定; Mw 8.5级地震海啸主要对中国沿海构...  相似文献   

17.
The Arabian Sea is characterized by a mid‐depth layer of reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration or oxygen minimum zone (OMZ ‐DO concentration <0.5 ml·l?1) at ~150–1000 m depth. This OMZ results from the flux of labile organic matter coupled with limited intermediate depth water ventilation. Generally, benthic animals in the OMZ have morphological and physiological adaptations that maximize oxygen uptake in the limited oxygen availability. Characteristics of OMZ benthos have been described from only a few localities in the Arabian Sea. We measured the bottom water DO and studied the characteristics of infaunal macrobenthos of the Indian western continental shelf by collecting samples at 50, 100 and 200 m in depth from 7° to 22° N. The DO values observed at 200 m (0.0005–0.24 ml·l?1) indicated that this area is lying within an OMZ. Five major taxa, namely Platyhelminthes, Sipunculoidea, Echiuroidea, Echinodermata and Cephalochordata were absent from the samples collected from this OMZ. In general, declines in total macrobenthic density and biomass and polychaete species richness and diversity were observed in this OMZ compared with the shallower depths above it. Community analyses of polychaetes revealed the dominance of species belonging to families Spionidae, Cirratulidae and Paraonidae in this OMZ. Low oxygen condition was more pronounced in the northern continental shelf edge (≤0.03 ml·l?1), where the majority of spionids including Prionospio pinnata and cirratulids were absent; whereas amphipod, isopod and bivalve communities were not impacted.  相似文献   

18.
Variations in the nutrient concentrations were studied during two cruises to the Arabian Sea. The situation towards the end of the southwest monsoon season (September/October 1994) was compared with the inter-monsoonal season during November and December 1994. Underway surface transects showed the influence of an upwelling system during the first cruise with deep, colder, nutrient-rich water being advected into the surface mixed layer. During the southwesterly monsoon there was an area of coastal Ekman upwelling, bringing colder water (24.2°C) into the surface waters of the coastal margin. Further offshore at about 350 km there was an area of Ekman upwelling, as a result of wind-stress curl, north of the Findlater Jet axis; this area also had cooler surface water (24.6°C). Further offshore (>1000 km) the average surface temperatures increased to >27°C. These waters were oligotrophic with no evidence of the upwelling effects observed further inshore. In the upwelling regions nutrient concentrations in the close inshore coastal zone were elevated (NO3=18 μmol l-1, PO4=1.48 μmol l-1); higher concentrations also were measured at the region of offshore upwelling off the shelf, with a maximum nitrate concentration of 12.5 μmol l-1 and a maximum phosphate concentration of 1.2 μmol l-1. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations decreased with increasing distance offshore to the oligotrophic waters beyond 1400 km, where typical nitrate concentrations were 35.0 nmol l-1 (0.035 μmol l-1) in the surface mixed layer. A CTD section from the coastal shelf, to 1650 km offshore to the oligotrophic waters, clearly showed that during the monsoon season, upwelling is one of the major influences upon the nutrient concentrations in the surface waters of the Arabian Sea off the coast of Oman. Productivity of the water column was enhanced to a distance of over 800 km offshore. During the intermonsoon period a stable surface mixed layer was established, with a well-defined thermocline and nitracline. Surface temperature was between 26.8 and 27.4°C for the entire transect from the coast to 1650 km offshore. Nitrate concentrations were typically between 2.0 and 0.4 μmol l-1 for the transect, to about 1200 km where the waters became oligotrophic, and nitrate concentrations were then typically 8–12 nmol l-1. Ammonia concentrations for the oligotrophic waters were typically 130 nmol l-1, and are reported for the first time in the Indian Ocean. The nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) ratios suggest that phytoplankton production was potentially nitrogen-limited in all the surface waters of the Arabian Sea, with the greatest nitrogen limitation during the intermonsoon period.  相似文献   

19.
On the basis of the in situ data of DO2, pH, SiO2. PO4-P, NO3-N and NO2-N collected in the north of the East China Sea during 1987-1988, the following points are mainly expounded.1.The inorgonic nutrients are obviously affected by continent runoff in the north of the East China Sea. Their distributions are characteristic of its distribution of terrigenous materials.2.There are three transport paths of nutrients from the shelf to the Kuroshio area. The first is mixing-diffusing-advec-tion and upwelling process, the process of biology and biochemistry belongs to the second, and the sinking process is the last one.3.The swing of the Kuroshio axis affectes both the range of the migration of substances through mixing-diffusing-advec-tion process and the upwelling degree of the subsurface Kuroshio water to the shelf.4.Most part of the substances sink as macroparticles to the deep layer before reaching the Kuroshio area.  相似文献   

20.
Ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｏｎ　ｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｉｃ　Ｏｓｔｒａｃｏｄａ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｗｔｅｒ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ　Ｓｏｕｔｈ　Ｃｈｉｎａ　Ｓｅａ　ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅTXＣｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｐｌａｎｋｔｏ...  相似文献   

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