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1.
The Late Triassic mudstones are considered to be the most significant hydrocarbon source rocks (TOC: 0.54%–3.29%) in the North Qiangtang Depression, eastern Tethys. Here, we present geochemical data from the Woruo Mountain Carnian mudstones, in order to investigate their paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, and provenance and to analyze the mechanism of organic material accumulation. The paleoclimate condition was warm and humid during the Carnian mudstones deposition, as indicated by moderate chemical index of alteration (CIA; 73–76), which may be connected with the Late Triassic Carnian stage global climate event in the Tethys. The low U/Th (0.17–0.25) and Corg/Ptot (7–33) ratio values and moderate manganese contents, reflect the oxidizing conditions during the Carnian mudstones deposition. The relatively high primary productivity in this study is supported by the relatively high P concentrations. The Al2O3–(CaO* + Na2O)–K2O ternary plot and Th/Sc–Zr/Sc crossplot reflect that the source areas have undergone a medium chemical weathering with weak sedimentary recycling. The TiO2–Zr, Co/Th–La/Sc, La/Th–Hf, and La/Yb–∑REE bivariate diagrams indicate that the provenance of Carnian mudstones was primarily from felsic igneous rocks. The collision setting has been identified based on the multi-major elements discriminate plots in the present study. The Riwanchaka and Mayigangri masses to the southwest and south of the study area consisting mainly of Middle-Triassic granodiorite and Late-Triassic granite are likely responsible for supplying provenance to the Woruo Mountain Carnian mudstones, which have similar REE patterns. The relatively high TOC contents of Carnian mudstones are related to high paleoproductivity and fast sedimentation rates, which will lead to preservation of some organic matter even when bottom waters are completely oxidizing. The detrital input during the Carnian mudstones deposition would result in dilution of organic matter.  相似文献   

2.
Reservoir quality is a critical risk factor in deep to ultradeep reservoirs at depths >4.5 km. Analysis of Paleogene Wilcox sandstones on the upper Texas Gulf Coast provides insight into the evolution of reservoir quality during shallow to ultradeep burial diagenesis. Reduction of porosity and permeability with burial in Wilcox sandstones was evaluated using subsurface samples from 200 to 6700 m, at temperatures of 25–230 °C. Diagenesis and petrophysical properties were interpreted from petrographic data and core analyses. Wilcox sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites having an average composition of Q59F22R19. Provenance did not change significantly during Wilcox deposition in this area, nor does average sandstone composition vary among lower, middle, and upper Wilcox sandstones. However, composition does vary with sequence-stratigraphic position; lowstand slope-fan deposits contain more rock fragments than do deposits from highstand or transgressive systems tracts. Given observations from this onshore dataset, Wilcox sandstones deposited in deepwater environments in the Gulf of Mexico are likely to contain more rock fragments than their linked highstand equivalents.  相似文献   

3.
Reservoir quality is a critical risk factor in deep to ultradeep reservoirs at depths >4.5 km. Analysis of Paleogene Wilcox sandstones on the upper Texas Gulf Coast provides insight into the evolution of reservoir quality during shallow to ultradeep burial diagenesis. Reduction of porosity and permeability with burial in Wilcox sandstones was evaluated using subsurface samples from 200 to 6700 m, at temperatures of 25–230 °C. Diagenesis and petrophysical properties were interpreted from petrographic data and core analyses. Wilcox sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites having an average composition of Q59F22R19. Provenance did not change significantly during Wilcox deposition in this area, nor does average sandstone composition vary among lower, middle, and upper Wilcox sandstones. However, composition does vary with sequence-stratigraphic position; lowstand slope-fan deposits contain more rock fragments than do deposits from highstand or transgressive systems tracts. Given observations from this onshore dataset, Wilcox sandstones deposited in deepwater environments in the Gulf of Mexico are likely to contain more rock fragments than their linked highstand equivalents.  相似文献   

4.
The seismic, drilling and logging data reveal that a large-scale igneous intrusion with a width of 14 Km and a maximum thickness of 170 m intruded within the Paleogene Liushagang Formation in the Fushan Depression, Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea (SCS). In this study, we report the geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions of the igneous rocks, and evaluate the thermal effect induced by this large-scale igneous intrusion on the host rocks. The analyzed igneous samples exhibit strong enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), having characteristics similar to intra-plate oceanic island basalts (OIB). The Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data display narrow ranges (e.g. 87Sr/86Sri = 0.7042–0.7044, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.5128–0.5129, 206Pb/204Pbi = 18.90–18.94, εHf(t) = +7.56∼+9.60). Geochemical and isotopic compositions suggest a mixed mantle source between depleted mid-ocean-ridge-basalt (MORB) mantle (DMM)-like mantle and enriched mantle type II (EMII, possibly the Hainan mantle plume). Vitrinite reflectance values, major mineralogical changes together with a maturity-related biomarker [Ts/(Ts + Tm)] all reveal significant thermal effect induced by the igneous intrusion. Vitrinite reflectance values of the host rock are up to 2.5% in the intrusion region, whereas lower reflectance values (0.62–0.73%) occur in the unaffected area of the same strata. Moreover, our results suggest that the host rocks above the igneous intrusion are characterised by higher maturity than below, which should be attributed to the different behavior of hydrothermal fluids. These observations suggest that the thermal effect of large-scale thick igneous intrusions is much more intense than that of thin igneous intrusions, and the behavior of hydrothermal fluids induced by magmatic intrusive events should be a critical impact factor during heat transfer process.  相似文献   

5.
This study aims at investigating hydrocarbon generation potential and biological organic source for the Tertiary coal-bearing source rocks of Pinghu Formation (middle-upper Eocene) in Xihu depression, East China Sea shelf basin. Another goal is to differentiate coal and mudstone with respect to their geochemical properties. The coal-bearing sequence has a variable organofacies and is mainly gas-prone. The coals and carbonaceous mudstones, in comparison with mudstones, have a higher liquid hydrocarbon generation potential, as reflected by evidently higher HI values (averaging 286 mg HC/g C) and H/C atomic ratios (round 0.9). The molecular composition in the coal-bearing sequence is commonly characterized by unusually abundant diterpenoid alkanes, dominant C29 sterane over C27 and C28 homologues and high amount of terrigenous-related aromatic biomarkers such as retene, cadalene and 1, 7-dimethylphenanthrene, indicating a predominantly terrigenous organic source. The source rocks show high Pr/Ph ratios ranging mostly from 3.5 to 8.5 and low MDBTs/MDBFs ratios (<1.0), indicating deposition in an oxic swamp-lacustrine environment. The coals and carbonaceous mudstones could be differentiated from the grey mudstones by facies-dependent biomarker parameters such as relative sterane concentration and gammacerane index and carbon isotope composition. Isotope and biomarker analysis indicate the genetic correlation between the Pinghu source rocks and the oils found in Xihu depression. Moreover, most oils seem to be derived from the coal as well as carbonaceous mudstone.  相似文献   

6.
Future exploration in lower Miocene sandstones in the Gulf of Mexico will focus increasingly at depths greater than 4.5 km, and reservoir quality will be a critical risk factor in these deep to ultradeep reservoirs. The goal of this study was to understand the variation in reservoir quality of lower Miocene sandstones across the western Gulf of Mexico. To do this, we examined regional variation in detrital mineral composition, diagenesis, and reservoir quality in five areas: (1) Louisiana, (2) upper Texas coast, (3) lower Texas coast, (4) Burgos Basin, Mexico, and (5) Veracruz Basin, Mexico using petrographic and petrophysical data from depths of 0.9–7.2 km.There are strong variations in mineralogical composition within the study area. Lower Miocene sandstones from offshore Louisiana have an average composition of quartz = 86%, feldspar = 12%, and rock fragments = 2% (Q86F12R2). Feldspar and rock-fragment content increase southward as source areas shifted to include volcanic and carbonate rocks. Composition of samples from offshore Texas ranges from Q67F24R9 in the upper Texas coast to Q58F24R19 in the lower Texas coast. Lower Miocene sandstones from the onshore Burgos Basin, northern Mexico, have an average composition of Q54F22R23, whereas sandstones from the Veracruz Basin, southern Mexico, contain the highest proportion of rock fragments, Q33F12R55. Main diagenetic events in quartz-rich lower Miocene sandstones in Louisiana were mechanical compaction and precipitation of quartz cement. Compactional porosity loss increased to the south with increasing rock-fragment content. Calcite is the most abundant cement in the south and is strongly related to reservoir quality loss.At moderate burial depths, the best reservoir quality occurs in quartz-rich sandstones in Louisiana and decreases with increasing lithic content in Texas and Mexico. Porosity is higher in Louisiana and upper Texas than in lower Texas and Mexico at all depths and temperatures, but at depths >5 km and temperatures >175 °C, porosity differences are lessened. The lower Miocene sandstone trend in the western Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to Mexico is an example of the importance of variation in detrital mineralogy as a control on diagenesis and reservoir quality.  相似文献   

7.
Sedimentary heterogeneities are ubiquitous in nature and occur over a range of scales from core, reservoir to basin scales. They may thus exert significant influences on hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation. The sedimentary heterogeneities of the Permian Shanxi Formation in the Ordos Basin, China were modelled using Sedsim, a stratigraphic forward modelling program. The simulation results were then used to construct a 3D petroleum system model using PetroMod. The effects of sedimentary heterogeneities on hydrocarbon accumulations were evaluated by comparing the integrated Sedsim-PetroMod model with the classic 3D basin model. The Sedsim simulation shows that considerable sedimentary heterogeneities are present within the Shanxi Formation, as a result of the interplay of the initial topography, tectonic subsidence, base level change and sediment inputs. A variety of lithologies were developed both laterally and vertically within the Shanxi Formation at kilometre and metre scales, respectively, with mudstones mainly developed in the depositional centre, while sandstones developed in the southern and northern margin areas. A typical source-ward retrogradation is well developed within the Lower Shanxi Formation.A base-case classic 3D basin model was constructed to quantify the Permian petroleum system in the Ordos Basin. The geological and thermal models were calibrated using Vr and borehole temperature data. The source rocks of the Upper Paleozoic became mature (Ro > 0.5%) and high mature (Ro > 1.2%) in the late Triassic and late Jurassic, respectively, in the central and southern areas. During the Early Cretaceous, a tectonically induced geothermal event occurred in the southern Ordos Basin. This caused the source rocks to reach over maturity (Ro > 2.0%) quite rapidly in the early Late Cretaceous in the central and southern areas. All the source rock transformation ratios (TR) at present are greater than 70% in the P1 coal and P1 mudstone layers with TR values approaching 100% in the central and southern areas. The transformation ratios of the P1 limestone are close to 100% over the entire interval.In the base-case model, a large amount of hydrocarbons appear to have been expelled and migrated into the Shanxi Formation, but only a minor amount was accumulated to form reservoirs. In the model, the Shanxi Formation sandstone layer was set to be homogeneous vertically and there was no regional seal rocks present at the top of the Shanxi Formation. Therefore hydrocarbons could not be trapped effectively with only minor accumulations in some local structural highs where hydrocarbons are trapped both at the top and in the up-dip direction by the adjacent mudstone facies. In contrast, the integrated Sedsim-PetroMod model takes into account of the internal lithological and sedimentary facies heterogeneities within the Shanxi Formation, forming complex contiguous sandstone-mudstone stacking patterns. Hydrocarbons were found to have accumulated in multiple intervals of lithological traps within the Shanxi Formation. The results indicate that lithological distinctions, controlled by sedimentary heterogeneities in three dimensions can provide effective sealing in both the top and up-dip directions for hydrocarbon accumulations, with gas being mainly accumulated near the depocentre where lithological traps usually formed due to frequent oscillations of the lake level.  相似文献   

8.
Ever since a breakthrough of marine shales in China, lacustrine shales have been attracting by the policy makers and scientists. Organic-rich shales of the Middle Jurassic strata are widely distributed in the Yuqia Coalfield of northern Qaidam Basin. In this paper, a total of 42 shale samples with a burial depth ranging from 475.5 m to 658.5 m were collected from the Shimengou Formation in the YQ-1 shale gas borehole of the study area, including 16 samples from the Lower Member and 26 samples from the Upper Member. Geochemistry, reservoir characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of the lacustrine shales in YQ-1 well were preliminarily investigated using the experiments of vitrinite reflectance measurement, maceral identification, mineralogical composition, carbon stable isotope, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, methane isothermal adsorption and rock eval pyrolysis. The results show that the Shimengou shales have rich organic carbon (averaged 3.83%), which belong to a low thermal maturity stage with a mean vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of 0.49% and an average pyrolytic temperature of the generated maximum remaining hydrocarbon (Tmax) of 432.8 °C. Relative to marine shales, the lacustrine shales show low brittleness index (averaged 34.9) but high clay contents (averaged 55.1%), high total porosities (averaged 13.71%) and great Langmuir volumes (averaged 4.73 cm−3 g). Unlike the marine and marine-transitional shales, the quartz contents and brittleness index (BI) values of the lacustrine shales first decrease then increase with the rising TOC contents. The kerogens from the Upper Member shales are dominant by the oil-prone types, whereas the kerogens from the Lower Member shales by the gas-prone types. The sedimentary environment of the shales influences the TOC contents, thus has a close connection with the hydrocarbon potential, mineralogical composition, kerogen types and pore structure. Additionally, in terms of the hydrocarbon generation potential, the Upper Member shales are regarded as very good and excellent rocks whereas the Lower Member shales mainly as poor and fair rocks. In overall, the shales in the top of the Upper Member can be explored for shale oil due to the higher free hydrocarbon amount (S1), whereas the shales in the Lower Member and the Upper Member, with the depths greater than 1000 m, can be suggested to explore shale gas.  相似文献   

9.
The Yanshiping section, which includes the Quemo Co, Buqu, Xiali, Suowa and Xueshan Formations (Yanshiping Group) exposes organic-rich Middle to Late Jurassic deposits in the Qiangtang Basin of northern Tibet. The biostratigraphic data, from bivalves, brachiopods as well as dinoflagellate cysts, define a Bajocian to Tithonian age. This study focuses on the biomarkers present in these mudstones and limestones to determine the sources, thermal maturity and depositional environment of the organic matter. Most samples show a clear dominance of short-chain (C15–C20) n-alkanes with a maximum at C19 or C19 with a secondary maximum at C23 except for the sample BP01(22)S1 where the predominant range is C22 to C26 with a maximum at C24, significant CPI and odd-to-even predominance. The hopanoids and steroids suggest that the sources of organic matter were dominated by phytoplankton, especially algae, as the primary source. Furthermore, the Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18, with relatively low values plus high abundance of 17α(H)-hopanes, support deposition in dysoxic to reducing, relatively shallow-water depositional settings, and the presence of gammacerane indicates normal marine salinity and/or water-column stratification. All samples are fairly mature with respect to petroleum generation, a conclusion supported by maturity parameters such as C31 22S/(22S + 22R) hopanes and C29 ααα20S/(20S + 20R) steranes.  相似文献   

10.
This study presents approaches for evaluating hybrid source rock/reservoirs within tight-rock petroleum systems. The emerging hybrid source rock/reservoir shale play in the Upper Cretaceous Second White Specks and Belle Fourche formations in central Alberta, Canada is used as an example to evaluate organic and inorganic compositions and their relationships to pore characteristics. Nineteen samples from a 77.5 m-long core were analyzed using organic petrography, organic geochemistry, several methods of pore characterization, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The lower part of the studied section includes quartz- and clay-rich mudrocks of the Belle Fourche Formation with low carbonate content, whereas the upper portion contains calcareous mudrocks of the Second White Specks Formation. Strata are mineralogically composed of quartz plus albite (18–56 wt. %), carbonates (calcite, dolomite, ankerite; 1–65 wt. %), clays (illite, kaolinite, chlorite; 15–46 wt. %), and pyrite (2–12 wt. %). Petrographic examinations document that organic matter represents marine Type II kerogen partly biodegraded with limited terrestrial input. Vitrinite reflectance Ro (0.74–0.87%), Tmax values (438–446 °C) and biomarkers indicate mid-maturity within the oil window. The relatively poor remaining hydrocarbon potential, expressed as an S2 value between 2.1 and 6.5 mg HC/g rock, may result from an estimated 60–83% of the original kerogen having been converted to hydrocarbons, with the bulk having migrated to adjacent sandstone reservoirs. However, the present-day remaining total organic carbon TOCpd content remains relatively high (1.7–3.6 wt. %), compared with the estimated original TOCo of 2.4–5.0 wt. %. The calculated transformation ratio of 60–83% suggests that the remaining 17–40 wt. % of kerogen is able to generate more hydrocarbons. The studied section is a tight reservoir with an average Swanson permeability of 3.37·10−5 mD (measured on two samples) and total porosity between 1.7 and 5.0 vol. % (3 vol. % on average). The upper part of the sandy Belle Fourche Formation, with slightly elevated porosity values (3.5–5 vol. %), likely represents the interval with the best reservoir properties in the studied core interval. Total pore volume ranges between 0.0065 and 0.0200 cm3/g (measured by a combination of helium pycnometry and mercury immersion). Mesopores (2–50 nm ∅) are the most abundant pores and occupy 34–67% of total porosity or a volume of 0.0030–0.0081 cm3/g. In comparison, micropores (<2 nm ∅) cover a wide range from 6 to 60% (volume 0.0007–0.0053 cm3/g), and macropores (>50 nm ∅) reach up to 57% with the exception of some samples failing to indicate the presence of this pore fraction (volume 0.0000–0.0107 cm3/g). Macroporosity is mostly responsible for variations in total porosity, as suggested by macroporosity's strongest correlation with total porosity within the section. The relatively narrow ranges of TOC and minerals contents among measured samples limit our ability to further deconvolute factors that influence changes in total porosity and pore size distribution.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this paper is to provide both quantitative and qualitative visual analyses of the nanometer-scale pore systems of immature and early shales, as well as to discuss the biogenic shale gas accumulation potential of the Upper Cretaceous section of the Songliao Basin. To achieve these goals, mineralogical compositions were determined using transmitted and reflected light petrography, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the nanostructure morphology and pore size distributions (PSDs) were quantified using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption (LP-N2GA). The results of these analyses indicate that nanometer-scale pores are well developed in the immature and low-maturity shale, and that these shales contain many types of reservoir pores. The mudstone layer of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) contains a high permeability characteristic and good rock fracturing conditions, while it is also thick (>9 m in thickness) and rich in fine organic matter. Overall, analysis of the entire formation using source rock and reservoir evaluations indicate that the first member of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) has a greater shale gas accumulation potential than the second and third members of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn2-3).  相似文献   

12.
Responding to the recommendation of the first Session of the International Coordinating Group for CSK, Sagami Chemical Research Center prepared a series of CSK standard solutions for PO4-P, SiO2-Si, NO2-N and NO3-N in addition to KI03 standard solution for dissolved oxygen, satisfying the following requirements: (i) the highest accuracy attainable, (ii) covering the whole range of concentrations met within seawater and (iii) ensuring at least one year's stability after preparation.The ICES—SCOR International Intercalibration Experiment was performed using sets of unknown synthetic solutions of P, Si, NO2 and NO3 which were offered by Sagami Chemical Research Center with the participation of 56 world laboratories.Using the reported data from 36 laboratories which were collected by Prof. F. Koroleff (Finland), Chairman of the programme, C.V. values (Coefficient of Variation in %) for the deviation of the reported values for the distributed samples from the correct concentrations are calculated, ranging from 4.1 to 25.8 for several nutrient elements. The fraction of deviation originating from discrepancies in the standards used was calculated to discover possible causes leading to the variance. C.V. values of the deviation of the experiment were compared with the corresponding C.V. values for the test samples as determined by our laboratory; this revealed that the C.V. values for the reported data from the experiment were 3.4 to 22 times larger than those for the test samples.  相似文献   

13.
Much attention have been recently paid to the upper Ordovician Wufeng shale (O3w) and lower Silurian Longmaxi shale (S1l) in the Jiaoshiba area of Sichuan Basin, which is now the largest producing shale gas field in China. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low pressure gas (N2 and CO2) adsorption, helium pycnometry, X-ray diffraction and geochemical analyses were performed to investigate the pore structure and fractal dimension of the pores in O3w-S1l shale formation in the Jiaoshiba area. FE-SEM images show that organic matter (OM) pores are dominant in the organic-rich samples and these pores are often irregular, bubble-like, elliptical and faveolate in shape, while in organic-poor samples, limited and isolated interparticle (interP), intraparticle (intraP) and OM pores are observed. Reversed S-shaped isotherms obtained from nitrogen adsorption are type Ⅱ, and hysteresis loops indicate that the shape of micropore in the samples is slit-or plate-like. BET surface areas and total pore volume vary from 12.2 to 27.1 m2/g and from 1.8 × 10−2 to 2.9 × 10−2 cm3/g, with an average of 19.5 m2/g and 2.3 × 10−2 cm3/g, respectively. Adsorption volume from both N2 and CO2 adsorption increases with respect to TOC contents. Porosities obtained from helium porosimetry are comparable with these from gas (CO2 and N2) adsorption in O3w-S1l shale. However, porosity determined by quantitative FE-SEM analysis is much smaller, which is mainly related to limited resolution and the small areas of investigation.Based on the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) model of low-pressure N2 adsorption, fractal dimensions of the pores varied from 2.737 to 2.823. Relationships between pore structure parameters and TOC content, mineral composition and fractal dimension reveal that the fractal dimension is mainly associated with micropores. Samples with higher TOC content, higher quartz content and lower clay content tend to contain more heterogeneous micropores, resulting in higher fractal dimensions and more complicated pore structure in shales. Therefore, fractal dimension is an effective parameter to reflect the complexity of pore structure and the degree of micropore development in O3w-S1l shale.  相似文献   

14.
Controversies over the origin of globally distributed Cretaceous red beds have mainly focused on climate vs. weathering with potential hydrothermal influence. In comparison to Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, Cretaceous lacustrine red beds exhibit chronological inconsistencies and their diverse tectonic settings suggest differing genetic mechanisms. In this paper, Early Cretaceous red beds in the North Yellow Sea Basin, one of Mesozoic rift basins in eastern China that are associated with multi-phase magmatic activities, was chosen to document potential hydrothermal impact. Geological and geochemical analyses show that these red beds were syndepositional products developed in shallow to moderately deep lacustrine environments and that they were influenced by hydrothermal activity. Major and trace elements, including enhanced Al2O3-normalized Fe2O3 and Fe2O3 (total) values, Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) and (Fe + Mn)/Ti ratios, Ni-Co-Zn and Fe-Mn-(Ni + Co + Cu)*10, ∑REE-La/Yb, the concentrations of hydrothermally-related ions, invalid redox indicators of trace elements, abnormally high Fe2O3 (total) content, positive Eu anomaly, correlation of Fe2O3 (total) and Eu anomaly, and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) vs. total organic carbon (TOC), all show strong hydrothermal fluid influence and heating effects. By integrating and comparing data from previous studies, we propose a hydrothermally affected sedimentation model for Cretaceous red beds and associated sediments in magma-activated lacustrine basins, and conclude that the enriched metallic ions introduced by the hydrothermal fluids may be the most significant reason for the deposition of the red beds, and the flushed ferric ions, accompanied by hydrothermal fluid, are the main ions that are hosted inside hematite causing the red sediment. This model can be applied to similar lacustrine basins that experience strong magmatic activity.  相似文献   

15.
The Loire estuary has been surveyed from 1982 to 1985 by 13 isochronous longitudinal profiles realized at low tide. Nutrient (SiO2, NO3−, NH4+, PO3−4, particulate organic carbon or POC) patterns are very variable depending on the season, the estuarine section [river, upper-inner estuary, upstream of the fresh-water-saline-water interphase FSI, the lower-inner estuary characterized by the high turbidity zone (HTZ), the outer estuary] and the river discharge. Biological processes are dominant. In the eutrophied River Loire (summer pigment > 100 μg l−1), the high algal productivity (algal POC > 3 mg l−1) results in severe depletion of SiO2, PO43−, NO3−. The enormous biomass (55 000 ton algal POC/year) is degraded in the HTZ where bacterial activity is intense. As a result, there is generally a regeneration of dissolved SiO2 and PO43−, a marked NH4+ maximum, while NO3− is conservative or depleted when the HTZ is nearly anoxic. Other processes can be considered including pollution from fertilizer plans (PO43−, NH4+) and from a hydrothermal power plant (NH4+). In the less turbid outer estuary, nutrients are generally conservative. Major variations of concentrations are observed in the lowest chlorinity section (Cl− < 1 g kg−) and also upstream the FSI, defined here as a 100% increase in Cl−. Nutrient inputs to the ocean are not significantly modified for SiO2 and NO2−, but are increased by 70% and 180% for PO43− and NH4+ and depleted by 60% for POC. Odd hydrological events, especially some floods, may perturbate or even mask the usual seasonal pattern observed in profiles.  相似文献   

16.
Denitrification, anammox (Anx) and di-nitrogen fixation were examined in two mangrove ecosystems- the anthropogenically influenced Divar and the relatively pristine Tuvem. Stratified sampling at 2 cm increments from 0 to 10 cm depth revealed denitrification as the main process of N2 production in mangrove sediments. At Divar, denitrification was ∼3 times higher than at Tuvem with maximum activity of 224.51 ± 6.63 nmol N2 g−1 h−1 at 0–2 cm. Denitrifying genes (nosZ) numbered up to 2 × 107 copies g−1 sediment and belonged to uncultured microorganisms clustering within Proteobacteria. Anammox was more prominent at deeper depths (8–10 cm) mainly in Divar with highest activity of 101.15 ± 87.73 nmol N2 g−1 h−1 which was 5 times higher than at Tuvem. Di-nitrogen fixation was detected only at Tuvem with a maximum of 12.47 ± 8.36 nmol N2 g−1 h−1. Thus, in these estuarine habitats prone to high nutrient input, N2-fixation is minimal and denitrification rather than Anx serves as an important mechanism for counteracting N loading.  相似文献   

17.
方海超  黄朋  周宇  张晋  李安春  闫吉 《海洋科学》2015,39(4):108-116
为探讨北黄海表层沉积物中常量元素分布特征,并进一步分析其控制因素和物质来源,以常量元素为依托,对304个站位表层沉积物常量元素含量分布特征及控制因素进行统计分析,结果表明:沉积物中SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、K2O、P2O5、TiO2七种元素含量的空间分布具有明显的区域性。其中,SiO2、K2O具有相似的空间分布;Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、P2O5、TiO2具有相似的空间分布,但与SiO2、K2O的分布趋势相反;CaO、MnO、Na2O在区域内分布较为均匀,未显示出明显的高低变化趋势。聚类分析显示,表层沉积物的常量元素分布主要受粒度效应的控制。主因子分析提取出3种控制常量元素分布的主成分,分析表明,粒度控制效应、源区风化作用和不同物源输入是影响表层沉积物常量元素空间分布的主要因素,贡献累计方差总和达77.12%。以K2O、CaO、TiO2为指标,通过FD函数识别出北黄海不同海域内的主要物质来源,其主要物源包括黄河、鸭绿江和黄海暖流携带的长江物质。对北黄海沉积物物质来源进行分析,不仅在海洋矿产资源勘探、航道开发、沿岸港口建设与整治等方面具有实际意义,而且在认识海洋环境变迁等方面同样具有理论意义。  相似文献   

18.
The Flemish Pass Basin is a deep-water basin located offshore on the continental passive margin of the Grand Banks, eastern Newfoundland, which is currently a hydrocarbon exploration target. The current study investigates the petrographic characteristics and origin of carbonate cements in the Ti-3 Member, a primary clastic reservoir interval of the Bodhrán Formation (Upper Jurassic) in the Flemish Pass Basin.The Ti-3 sandstones with average Q86.0F3.1R10.9 contain various diagenetic minerals, including calcite, pyrite, quartz overgrowth, dolomite and siderite. Based on the volume of calcite cement, the investigated sandstones can be classified into (1) calcite-cemented intervals (>20% calcite), and (2) poorly calcite-cemented intervals (porous). Petrographic analysis shows that the dominant cement is intergranular poikilotopic (300–500 μm) calcite, which stared to form extensively at early diagenesis. The precipitation of calcite occured after feldspar leaching and was followed by corrosion of quartz grains. Intergranular calcite cement hosts all-liquid inclusions mainly in the crystal core, but rare primary two-phase (liquid and vapor) fluid inclusions in the rims ((with mean homogenization temperature (Th) of 70.2 ± 4.9 °C and salinity estimates of 8.8 ± 1.2 eq. wt.% NaCl). The mean δ18O and δ13C isotopic compositions of the intergranular calcite are −8.3 ± 1.2‰, VPDB and −3.0 ± 1.3‰, VPDB, respectively; whereas, fracture-filling calcite has more depleted δ18O but similar δ13C values. The shale normalized rare earth element (REESN) patterns of calcite are generally parallel and exhibit slightly negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. Fluid-inclusion gas ratios (CO2/CH4 and N2/Ar) of calcite cement further confirms that diagenetic fluids originated from modified seawater. Combined evidence from petrographic, microthermometric and geochemical analyses suggest that (1) the intergranular calcite cement precipitated from diagenetic fluids of mixed marine and meteoric (riverine) waters in suboxic conditions; (2)the cement was sourced from the oxidation of organic matters and the dissolution of biogenic marine carbonates within sandstone beds or adjacent silty mudstones; and (3) the late phases of the intergranular and fracture-filling calcite cements were deposited from hot circulated basinal fluids.Calcite cementation acts as a main controlling factor on the reservoir quality in the Flemish Pass reservoir sandstones. Over 75% of initial porosity was lost due to the early calcite cementation. The development of secondary porosity (mostly enlarged, moldic pores) and throats by later calcite dissolution due to maturation of organic matters (e.g., hydrocarbon and coals), was the key process in improving the reservoir quality.  相似文献   

19.
In fold-and-thrust belts, shortening is mainly accommodated by thrust faults which are preferential zones for recrystallisation and mass transfer. This study focuses on a detachment fault related to the emplacement of the Monte Perdido thrust unit in the southern Pyrenees. The studied fault zone consists of a 10 m thick intensively foliated phyllonite developed within the Millaris marls, of Eocene age. The lithological homogeneity of the hanging wall and footwall allows us to compare the Millaris marls outside the fault zone with the highly deformed marls located in the fault zone and to quantify the chemical, mineralogical and volumetric changes related to deformation processes along the fault.The Millaris marls are composed of detrital quartz, illite, chlorite, minor albite and pyrite, in a micritic calcite matrix. In the fault zone, the cleavage planes are marked by clay minerals and calcite ± chlorite veins attest to fluid–mineral interactions during deformation.The mineral proportions in all samples from both the fault zone and Millaris marls have been quantified by two methods: (1) X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, and (2) bulk chemical analyses as well as microprobe analyses to calculate modal composition. The excellent agreement between the results of these two methods allows us to estimate mineralogical variations using a modification of the Gresens' equation. During fault activation, up to 45 wt% of calcite was lost while the amounts of quartz and chlorite remained unchanged. Illite content remained constant to slightly enriched. The mineralogical variations were coupled with a significant volume loss (up to 45%) mostly due to the dissolution of micritic calcite grains. Deformation was accompanied by pressure solution and phyllosilicates recrystallisation. These processes accommodated slip along the fault. They required fluids as catalyst, but they did not necessitate major chemical transfers.  相似文献   

20.
Formation and maturation of glauconites within the early Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, built up in a lagoon to shelf transition in western Kutch, India is addressed taking recourse to a combined sedimentological, micropalaeontological and mineralogical investigation. The glauconite is authigenic and its occurrence coincides with maximum flooding. The glauconite is more matured within the fecal pellets and is less matured within the intra-particle pores of bioclasts namely, foraminifera, ostracoda, gastropoda and bryozoa. SEM-EDS, XRD and geochemical studies clearly document that the infilling within the intra-particle pores of bioclasts belong to nascent to slightly evolved glauconite (<5 wt% K2O), while the pellet belongs to slightly evolved to evolved glauconite (5-7 wt% K2O). Based on chemical characteristics and SEM investigations the glauconitization process can be best explained by the ‘verdissement theory’. The glauconite possibly formed as initial authigenic glauconitic smectite precipitates; while the pellet matured subsequently by addition of K, the process was hindered in case of infillings. The maturation process also involved addition of Si and release of Al, with or without release of Mg. The glauconite maturation was facilitated in case of fecal pellets because of higher porosity, inter-granular nature of pores and availability of necessary elements in semi-confined micro-environments. In contrast, the maturation was aborted at an early stage in case of infillings because of the minute, closed nature of the pores and prevalent alkaline conditions not allowing dissolution of calcitic tests. A low negative cerium anomaly suggests glauconite formation in sub-oxic micro-environments, created by decay of organic matters within the fecal pellets and bioclasts. A clear case of substratum control on glauconitization becomes apparent.  相似文献   

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