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用普通光镜和石蜡切片技术,系统观察了宽壳全海笋卵子在受精和早期胚胎发育过程中的外形和核相变化。结果发现,宽壳全海笋成熟未受精卵呈梨形或卵圆形,核相处于第一次成熟分裂前期,有明显的生发泡和核仁;精子为鞭毛型,全长(44.042±1.166)μm,头部呈椭圆形,前端的顶体略呈钝锥状;在水温24℃条件下,精、卵混合后,精子迅速附着于卵子表面,启动卵子发育;受精后6~9 min,生发泡逐渐萎缩、破裂,随后精子进入卵内并轻微膨胀;受精后20,30 min,受精卵先后排出第一、第二极体,完成第一次和第二次成熟分裂;成熟分裂结束后,精、卵核体积迅速膨胀,核膜重新出现,形成弥散状的雌、雄原核,雄原核形成略早于雌原核;受精后40 min左右,雌、雄原核在卵子中央以原核联合的方式结合,随后联合核的染色体共同排列在纺锤体的赤道板上,形成第一次有丝分裂的中期分裂相;随着有丝分裂的进行,染色体被纺锤丝拉向两极,结果在受精后约50 min形成2个大小不等的卵裂球,第一次卵裂结束;第二次卵裂过程与第一次卵裂基本相同,只是卵裂方向与第一次卵裂基本垂直,在受精后65~70 min,第二次卵裂完成,形成1大3小4个卵裂球。另外,实验中发现了少量的多精入卵和多极分离现象。 相似文献
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利用Hoechst 33258染色、荧光显微镜观察方法,对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis(Gmelin))受精和早期卵裂过程中的核相变化进行了细胞学研究。结果表明:青蛤成熟未受精卵呈圆球形,核内同源染色体排列整齐,核相处于第一次成熟分裂中期。在水温25～26℃条件下进行人工授精,精卵混合后,精子迅速附着于卵子表面;受精后5～10 min,精子进入卵内并明显膨胀成球形;分别在10～15 min、20～25 min受精卵进行两次成熟分裂,排出第一、第二极体;30 min左右,精、卵核体积膨胀,形成弥散状的雌、雄原核;35 min,雌、雄原核在卵子中央发生原核联合,染色体共同排列在纺锤体的赤道板上,形成第一次有丝分裂的中期分裂相;40～45 min,受精卵进行第一次卵裂,形成2个大小不等的分裂球;55～60 min,第二次卵裂结束,形成1大3小4个卵裂球,卵裂过程中的核相变化与第一次卵裂基本相同;70 min左右,胚胎开始第三次卵裂。另外,在青蛤受精过程中发现了约1%的多精入卵现象,且入卵精核均能形成雄原核,但多精受精对成熟分裂和有丝分裂过程有很大影响,往往造成成熟分裂紊乱和第一次卵裂染色体分离异常。 相似文献
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硬骨鱼类受精细胞学研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
对硬骨鱼类精子入卵的要素、单精受精的机制及雌、雄原核形成和结合等受精细胞学方面的研究进展进行了综述。对精卵识别的化学因素及精子入卵的机械动力因素的研究是目前精子入卵要素的主要研究内容。硬骨鱼类卵膜孔的特殊结构以及精子入卵后随即发生的皮层反应为其实现单精受精提供了保障。硬骨鱼类成熟卵处于初级卵母细胞中期 ,卵子产生后才逸出第二极体 ,雌、雄原核的结合方式应为嵌合 (或联合 )式 ,但其所经历的时间较短 ,与理论上有较大的差异。 相似文献
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采用组织学方法研究了可口革囊星虫卵巢结构及卵子发生过程的形态学变化，以探究可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程及特征。结果表明，可口革囊星虫的卵巢位于收吻肌基部，由小叶组成的带状或块状组织。卵原细胞在卵巢中发育至早期卵母细胞时期单个或成团脱离卵巢入体腔液中，卵母细胞团细胞很快分离为单个细胞；卵母细胞在体腔液中发育成熟后进入肾管；生发泡破裂是卵母细胞成熟的标志；体腔中卵母细胞无滤泡膜，卵黄膜的形成与发育靠卵母细胞本身；卵径小于60μm的卵母细胞呈圆形，卵径大于60μm的卵母细胞为卵圆形，形态上成熟的卵母细胞短径约115-120μm、长径约140—145μm、卵黄膜厚7—9μm。以卵原细胞与卵母细胞发育的形态学特征为依据，将可口革囊星虫的卵子发生过程划分为：卵原细胞增殖期（卵径〈10μm）、卵母细胞小生长期（卵径10—20μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅰ（卵径20—60μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅱ[大小为（60pm×70μm）-（120μm×145μm）]、卵母细胞成熟期及退化期6个阶段，反映了可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程的动态变化。 相似文献
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东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育规律的研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
2004年7月至2005年4月在舟山海区定点连续采样,系统研究了东海三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育期间的卵巢指数(GSI)、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、卵巢外部特征、卵巢发育分期及其组织学的变化.结果表明:东海三疣梭子蟹生殖蜕壳和交配主要发生在9~10月,产卵主要在3~4月,卵巢发育早期不同个体间的GSI差异较大,后期则趋于同步;三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育期间,GSI显著增加,HSI呈现先上升后下降的趋势,GSI和HSI呈负相关性;根据GSI、卵巢形态特征和组织学变化等,三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育可以分为6期,Ⅰ期卵巢呈透明细带状,雌体尚未生殖蜕壳,卵巢中主要为卵原细胞(OG)和卵黄合成前的卵母细胞(PR);Ⅱ期卵巢呈乳白色,主要为卵黄合成前的卵母细胞(PR)和内源性卵黄合成期的卵母细胞(EN);Ⅲ期卵巢为淡黄色或橘黄色,主要为外源性卵黄合成期的卵母细胞(EX);Ⅳ期卵巢呈橘红色,主要为近成熟的卵母细胞(NO),卵径为200~300μm;Ⅴ期卵巢发育成熟,主要为成熟期的卵母细胞(MO);Ⅵ期卵巢呈淡橘红色,已排卵,卵巢中主要为排卵后剩余的基膜和滤泡核. 相似文献
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通过生态学及组织学方法对人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体培育条件及繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕雌雄异体,非成熟季节外观上无法辨别雌雄,性成熟时,雌(异沙蚕体)灰绿色,雄(异沙蚕体)红白色.生殖细胞起源于体腔膜上皮,不久就释放到体腔中,在体腔内卵原细胞和精原细胞http://ebook/成都,今夜请将我遗忘/index.htm分裂增殖形成卵原细胞群和精原细胞群,体腔中充满了外形不规则或近圆形的滋养细胞,细胞内可见嗜伊红颗粒,滋养细胞之间可见发达的微血管.卵原细胞群不断增殖发育,至初级卵母细胞后游离至体腔中继续发育为次级卵母细胞和成熟卵子;精原细胞群形成精子合胞体(syncytium),各级精母细胞在合胞体内发育,直至形成成熟精子时才分散游离.水温18℃以上,多齿围沙蚕的生长体经培育才可能形成异沙蚕体.特别是在经历了一定的低温期后,再提高温度可以有效的促进异沙蚕体形成.胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃;适宜盐度为25～32.胚胎发育过程经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内游毛幼虫期等阶段,在水温25℃、盐度30条件下,从受精至孵出3刚节幼虫约需65 h.3刚节游毛幼虫至10刚节幼体约需28 d. 相似文献
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采用组织学方法研究了中国龙虾(Panulirus stimpsoni)的卵子发生、卵巢结构和发育.根据卵细胞的大小、形状、核仁的形态及数目、卵黄颗粒的积累情况、卵母细胞与滤泡细胞的关系等,可将卵子的发生分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前卵母细胞、卵黄发生卵母细胞和成熟卵母细胞等四个时期;卵巢壁由结缔组织外膜和内生殖上皮构成,生殖上皮分化产生卵原细胞和滤泡细胞;卵巢的结构单位是卵母细胞发育区.根据卵巢的体积、颜色和主体卵细胞的类型等,可将中国龙虾的卵巢发育分为形成期、发育期、将成熟期、成熟期和恢复期共五期. 相似文献
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利用荧光显微镜观察太平洋牡蛎正常卵子与雄核发育卵子在受精过程、减数分裂和卵裂早期中的核相变化。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8mW.cm-2.s-1的紫外线照射30s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。结果表明,尽管紫外线照射并没有影响卵子的成熟分裂及雌性、雄性原核的形成,但使它们的发生过程滞后。在第1卵裂中期,雄核发育卵子中雌性原核并不像雄性原核一样形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体(DCB)。第1卵裂后期,DCB不参与核分裂。第1卵裂结束时,DCB位于2个分裂球其中之一的细胞质内或在赤道板处被分割成2部分。实验结果首次提供了太平洋牡蛎雄核发育的细胞学证据。 相似文献
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Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(9):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献
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The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance. 相似文献
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Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding. 相似文献
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Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
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Vance P. Vicente 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(2):179-191
Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned. 相似文献