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1.
The interannual variations of sea level at Chichi-jima and five other islands in the subtropical North Pacific are calculated for 1961–95 with a model of Rossby waves excited by wind. The Rossby-wave forcing is significant east of 140°E. Strong forcing of upwelling (downwelling) Rossby wave occurs during El Niño (La Niña) and warm (cold) water anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The first and second baroclinic modes of Rossby wave are more strongly generated than the barotropic mode in the study area. A higher vertical mode of Rossby wave propagates more slowly and is more decayed by eddy dissipation. The best coefficient of vertical eddy dissipation is determined by comparing the calculated sea level with observation. The variation in sea level at Chichi-jima is successfully calculated, in particular for the long-term change of the mean level between before and after 1986 with a rise in 1986 as well as the variations with periods of two to four years after 1980. It is concluded that variations of sea level at Chichi-jima are produced by wind-forced Rossby waves, the first baroclinic wave primarily and the barotropic wave secondly. The calculation for other islands is less successful. Degree of the success in calculation almost corresponds to a spatial difference in quantity of wind data, and seems to be determined by quality of wind data.  相似文献   

2.
The variations of the velocity and path of the Kuroshio are investigated by using the data obtained after the World War II. The time scales of these variations are classified into three categories,i.e. long-, medium- and short-terms. Period of the long-term variations seems to be about 7 to 9 years. Large meanders of the Kuroshio off Enshu-nada in 1953–1955 and 1959–1962 are accompanied with the low mean velocity of the Kuroshio. These large meanders are explained as a stationary Rossby wave by applying the equation for the phase velocity of the barotropic Rossby wave with the disturbance of finite width. To obtain the above conclusion, it is assumed that the Kuroshio extends down to the depth of 2,300 db and that the east component of the over-all mean velocity of the meandering Kuroshio should be substituted for the velocity of the eastward basic current in the above equation. As for the medium-term variation of the Kuroshio, there seems to exist variations in the velocity with the periods of 4, 6, 8 and 12 months and those in the position of the Kuroshio axis with the periods of 8 and 12 months. These meanders of the Kuroshio progress towards east with the mean phase velocity of about 5 miles a day, which is nearly the same as the calculated mean phase velocity of a progressive Rossby wave.  相似文献   

3.
In order to examine the formation, distribution and synoptic scale circulation structure of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), 21 subsurface floats were deployed in the sea east of Japan. A Eulerian image of the intermediate layer (density range: 26.6–27.0σθ) circulation in the northwestern North Pacific was obtained by the combined analysis of the movements of the subsurface floats in the period from May 1998 to November 2002 and historical hydrographic observations. The intermediate flow field derived from the floats showed stronger flow speeds in general than that of geostrophic flow field calculated from historical hydrographic observations. In the intermediate layer, 8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3s−1) Oyashio and Kuroshio waters are found flowing into the sea east of Japan. Three strong eastward flows are seen in the region from 150°E to 170°E, the first two flows are considered as the Subarctic Current and the Kuroshio Extension or the North Pacific Current. Both volume transports are estimated as 5.5 Sv. The third one flows along the Subarctic Boundary with a volume transport of 5 Sv. Water mass analysis indicates that the intermediate flow of the Subarctic Current consists of 4 Sv Oyashio water and 1.5 Sv Kuroshio water. The intermediate North Pacific Current consists of 2 Sv Oyashio water and 3.5 Sv Kuroshio water. The intermediate flow along the Subarctic Boundary contains 2 Sv Oyashio water and 3 Sv Kuroshio water. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

4.
Trajectory of Mesoscale Eddies in the Kuroshio Recirculation Region   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  
Trajectories of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio recirculation region were investigated by using sea surface height (SSH) anomaly observed by the TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS altimeters. Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies have been traced on maps of the filtered SSH anomaly fields composed from the altimeter observations every ten days. Both the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies propagate westward in the Kuroshio recirculation region from a region south of the Kuroshio Extension. The propagation speed of these eddies has been estimated as about 7 cm s−1, which is much faster than the phase speed theoretically estimated for the baroclinic first-mode Rossby wave in the study area. It was also found that in the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge region, most of eddies pass through the gap between the Hachijojima Island and Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, and some of the eddies decay around the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge. It seems that the trajectory of the eddies is crucially affected by the bottom topography. In the region south of Shikoku and east of Kyushu, some of the eddies coalesce with the Kuroshio. It is also suggested that this coalescence may trigger the path variation of the Kuroshio in the sea south of Japan. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

5.
A mechanism of the Kuroshio Meander is discussed by comparing some observed characteristics of the Kuroshio path with short- and long-term variations of the wind field over the North Pacific. It is suggested that the meander is caused by the blocking of the Kuroshio current by the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge. The blocking occurs when the depth of the main current increases or when the vertical shear becomes weak. These structural variations are closely related to the supposed baroclinic response of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre to long-term variations of the wind field with a period of about 56 years. The Kuroshio Meander is initiated by a trigger meander at the offiing of Shikoku Island. The trigger meander is closely related to the supposed barotropic response of the gyre to short-term variations of the wind field with a period of about 34 months.The barotropic response of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre to the short-term variation of the wind field yields the rapid change of the vertical structure of the Kuroshio current. This change generates the trigger meander in combination with the complicated pattern of the continental slope at the offing of Shikoku Island. The trigger meander is carried away toward the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge by the Kuroshio current. When the baroclinic response of the gyre is favourable for the blocking of the main current, the trigger meander and the cold eddy grow fed by the upwelling of the deep water of the Kuroshio which is blocked at the west of the ridge. The growing stops when the scale of the trigger meander reaches to the size of the steady Rossby wave which corresponds to the over-all mean velocity of the Kuroshio at that time, because the meander exceeding the size of the steady Rossby wave moves west-ward and separates from the ridge. Then the deep water of the Kuroshio at the west of the ridge which has been under the hard constraint of the cyclonic circulation in the form of the cold eddy becomes possible to flow arround the ridge. The upwelling stops and there remains only the general dissipation process of the available potential energy in the cold eddy. Then the meander gradually decreases its size and returns to the ridge when the meander becomes smaller than the steady Rossby wave at that time. It is blocked and begins to grow there again. In this way, the Kuroshio Meander behaves as a quasi-steady Rossby wave and stagnates at the west of the ridge until the baroclinic response of the gyre becomes unfavourable for the blocking of the Kuroshio current by the ridge.  相似文献   

6.
Mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio recirculation region south of Japan have been investigated by using surface current data measured by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) installed on a regular ferry shuttling between Tokyo and Chichijima, Bonin Islands, and sea surface height anomaly derived from the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter. Many cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies were observed in the region. Spatial and temporal scales of the eddies were determined by lag-correlation analyses in space and time. The eddies are circular in shape with a diameter of 500 km and a temporal scale of 80 days. Typical maximum surface velocity and sea surface height anomaly associated with the eddies are 15–20 cm s–1 and 15 cm, respectively. The frequency of occurrence, temporal and spatial scales, and intensity are all nearly the same for the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, which are considered to be successive wave-like disturbances rather than solitary eddies. Phase speed of westward propagation of the eddies is estimated as 6.8 cm s–1, which is faster than a theoretical estimate based on the baroclinic first-mode Rossby wave with or without a mean current. The spatial distribution of sea surface height variations suggests that these eddies may be generated in the Kuroshio Extension region and propagate westward in the Kuroshio recirculation region, though further studies are needed to clarify the generation processes.  相似文献   

7.
Numerical experiments with a multi-level general circulation model have been performed to investigate basic processes of westward propagation of Rossby waves excited by interannual wind stress forcing in an idealized western North Pacific model with ocean ridges. When the wind forcing with an oscillation period of 3 years is imposed around 180°E and 30°N, far from Japan, barotropic waves excited by the wind can hardly cross the ridges, such as the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge. On the other hand, a large part of the first-mode baroclinic waves are transmitted across the ridges, having net mass transport. The propagation speed of the first-mode baroclinic wave is accelerated (decelerated) when an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation is formed at the sea surface, due to a deeper (shallower) upper layer, and to southward (slightly northward) drift of the circulation. Thus, when the anticyclonic circulation is formed on the northern side of the cyclonic one, they propagate almost together. The second-mode baroclinic waves converted from the first-mode ones on the ridges arrive south of Japan, although their effects are small. The resulting volume transport variation of the western boundary current (the Kuroshio) reaches about 60% of the Sverdrup transport variability estimated from the wind stress. These characteristics are common for the interannual forcing case with a longer oscillation period. In the intraseasonal and seasonal forcing cases, on the other hand, the transport variation is much smaller than those in the interannual forcing cases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

8.
A nine-year-long record of the northeastward volume transport (NVT) in the region southeast of Okinawa Island from 1992 to 2001 was estimated by an empirical relation between the volume transport obtained from the ocean mooring data and the sea surface height anomaly difference across the observation line during 270 days from November 2000. The NVT had large variations ranging from −10.5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3s−1) to 30.0 Sv around its mean of 4.5 Sv with a standard deviation of 5.5 Sv. This large variation was accompanied by mesoscale eddies from the east, having a pronounced period from 106 to 160 days. After removal of the eddy, NVT was found to fluctuate from 2 Sv to 12 Sv with a quasi-biennial period.  相似文献   

9.
It is pointed out that the rate of advance of a small transient meander east of Kyushu, which (according to the meager evidence available) seems to precede the formation of the large stable Kuroshio meander south of Kumano Nada and Enshu Nada, shows order of magnitude agreement with the barotropic Rossby wave velocity calculated on the assumption that the entire contiguous downstream flow (not merely the strong near-axis flow) behaves as a unified dynamical entity.  相似文献   

10.
The quantitative properties and circulation of the lower layer of circumpolar water in the Scotia Sea with density 28.16 < γ n < 28.26 (potential temperature 0.9° > θ > 0.2°C) are investigated using the original procedure for determination of boundaries between water masses. The primary objective of this work is data analyses of four Russian sections, which were occupied in the vicinity of the Shackleton Fracture Zone in 2003, 2005, and 2007. It is shown that the ridges in the Hero and Shackleton fracture zones essentially constrain overflow of the lower layer of circumpolar water, and thereby, they produce the conditions to the east of the Shackleton Ridge for transformation (freshening and warming) of this layer reaching the northern side of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. These ridges also promote formation of several quasi-permanent and semi-enclosed abyssal and deep-water eddies adjacent to these ridges. The estimation of overflow of the lower part of the investigated layer with density 28.23 < γ n < 28.26 (0.9° > θ > 0.2°C) through the Shackleton Ridge based on LADCP measurements in 2007 is 0.5 Sv (0.1 Sv) to the east (west). The upper part of the overflow is estimated as 8.0 (7.9) Sv. Thus, the total transport of the lower layer of circumpolar water through the ridge is practically zero. It is confirmed by LADCP measurements carried out on the section across the Drake Passage in 2003.  相似文献   

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