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1.
多金属结壳在不同生长区域、层位存在生长速率的差异,这在一定程度上反映了其生长条件的优劣,说明其受到了诸多海洋要素的制约。本研究在总结生长速率变化与结壳生长区域、年代和结构构造的关系的同时,分析生长间断发生与生长速率变化的关系,并尝试对多金属结壳生长环境条件的转变进行探讨。多金属结壳的生长速率随采样海山区位置由东向西(莱恩海山区—麦哲伦等海山区)、结构构造由致密到疏松再到较致密和生长期由老到新由高至低变化。最低含氧带之下合适的深度、较强的氧化性、较丰富的陆源物质供给和海洋中较高的碳酸钙溶解率有利于结壳的生长,使其具有较大的生长速率。多金属结壳生长间断的发生对应3种生长速率变化情形:①在生长速率由低升高前,主要对应65～60 Ma的间断期,此时水动力条件不佳,结壳因生长环境过差而间断,由差转好时复生长;②生长速率由高转低时,主要对应51～42 Ma和40～35 Ma的两次间断期,此时气候回暖同时陆源风尘供应水平较低,结壳在生长环境变差时间断,稍好时复生长;③生长速率持续偏低时,对应28～18 Ma的间断期,此时大洋CaCO_3溶解率持续偏低,结壳在长时间较差的生长环境中断续生长。 相似文献
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富钴结壳是一种经济价值高、开发前景好的海洋矿产资源,其外部形态、内部构造和地球化学特征记录了古海洋环境的演变信息。本次研究借助富钴结壳细致分层的显微构造及元素地球化学的差异分析,探讨中太平洋莱恩海山富钴结壳成因及形成过程。富钴结壳样品由上至下可分为5层,顶部较致密Ⅰ层黑褐色,表面光滑,杂质较少,具有雪松状叠层石构造,反映了沉积水动力较强;较致密Ⅱ层与Ⅰ层宏观特征类似,具有柱状和胡萝卜状叠层石构造,沉积水动力最强;疏松Ⅲ层和疏松Ⅳ层黄褐色,内含沉积物杂质,多见斑杂状构造,沉积水动力比较弱;致密Ⅴ层为磷酸盐层,具有亮黑色的沥青光泽,富含有孔虫化石,底部Ⅴ层Sr、P、Ca等元素明显富集,表明了海洋生物的明显参与,沉积水动力最弱。莱恩海山Ce异常及高钴高锰低铁特征,表明结壳长期处于氧化环境;而Mn、Fe、Co等元素地球化学特征综合表明,海洋水动力及氧化性总体表现为由底部Ⅴ层至Ⅱ层氧化性逐渐增强,至顶部Ⅰ层有所减弱的趋势;依据元素分配系数、Ce正异常、Ho正异常、Y负异常及成因三角图,判定结壳为南极底流影响下的海水成因。综合结壳年代学数据,在元素剖面中记录了三期磷酸盐化事件,恢复了莱恩海山富钴结... 相似文献
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柱状构造为富钴结壳中多种微观构造类型之一。为探讨富钴结壳柱状构造的形成机制,利用高分辨率电子探针技术分析了位于中太平洋某海山的富钴结壳中柱状构造的微观形态和微区元素化学特征,结果表明,柱状构造是由围绕核心的微层呈弓形外延辐射生长逐渐分枝而成。壳层由亮色、暗色微层交替叠置而成,其中亮色微层富锰、钴、镍和氧,而暗色微层富铁和硅;同一微层各部分的生长速率不同,介于0.27~0.92 mm/Ma。柱状构造壳层亮色、暗色微层交替变化以及相应成分的不同是微观氧化还原环境变化的结果,而柱状构造的分枝和同一微层生长速率的差异则与富钴结壳生长界面有界面双电层有关。 相似文献
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采用X射线衍射和微区电子探针法,对2006年"大洋一号"考察船在中太平洋C海山取得的典型富钴结壳样品进行了铁锰矿物的组成和成分特征分析,结果显示:(1)结壳的老壳层中铁锰矿物具有水羟锰矿、钡镁锰矿和钠水锰矿的特征组合,其相对含量分别为45.5%、30.1%和24.4%;中间壳层和年轻壳层中铁锰矿物为水羟锰矿,表明结壳各层生长的环境条件不同.(2)铁锰矿物集合体中Mn/Fe值从老壳层到年轻壳层具有明显降低的趋势,老壳层Mn/Fe值大于20,最高达90;中间壳层Mn/Fe值在2～5之间,年轻壳层Mn/Fe值在1～2之间.铁锰矿物集合体探针测得的结壳老壳层元素的总百分含量稳定在75%左右,中间壳层和年轻壳层为50%～80%.Si、Ti元素含量从老壳层到年轻壳层有增加的趋势,在中间疏松层中百分含量均达到最高值,分别为3.17%和1.53%,表明自老壳层到年轻壳层,碎屑物质或有机质等对结壳的影响程度有增大的趋势.由此可见,研究区富钴结壳主要为水成成因,主要发育了水羟锰矿;老壳层生长期间受到局部海水氧化还原条件变化的影响,铁锰相矿物发生重结晶或重组而形成了水羟锰矿、钡镁锰矿和钠水锰矿特征组合,这种特征铁锰矿物组合的研究对于全面理解海水环境条件变化与结壳成因的关系具有重要的意义. 相似文献
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富钴结壳是一种富含Mn、Co、Ni和稀土元素（镧系元素加钇，简称REY）等元素的海底矿产资源。本文研究的富钴结壳样品是“科学”号在2018年HOBAB5航次于西北太平洋采薇海山的山顶边缘上通过电视抓斗获得的。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了富钴结壳的显微构造、矿物学特征和地球化学特征，并探讨了其成因类型和形成机制。富钴结壳的结构从内到外可分为土黄色的疏松层（C8-5）、黑色铁锰致密层（C8-2、C8-3和C8-4）和发育葡萄状球体的粗糙表面（C8-1）。土黄色疏松层孔隙度较高，主要组成矿物为水羟锰矿、石英、钙长石、钠长石、钙十字沸石和钡镁锰矿，Mn的含量较低，Al的含量较高。黑色的铁锰致密层孔隙度较低，呈柱状构造，主要组成矿物为水羟锰矿、石英、钙长石和钠长石，Al含量有所下降，Mn含量升高,说明陆源物质的供应逐渐变少。在富钴结壳的生长后期，其主要显微构造由柱状构造向斑杂构造转变，二者的过渡区域为铁锰氧化物与富Si碎屑物质组成的层状构造。富钴结壳各层位的Mn/Fe比值为1.16～1.85，且各... 相似文献
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本文阐述了中太平洋北部锰结核的成分及结构、构造的研究结果。结核可分为粗糙型和光滑型,内部呈现具有核心的同心层状构造,壳层可分为数个粗层。各粗层之间为不整合或假整合接触,粗层内微层呈韵律性排列。通过对粗层构造以及粗层内各韵律层的元素及矿物组分分布特点的研究,作者认为粗层的生长与当地沉积物的沉积间断或沉积速率减小有关,而微层的韵律性则是结核在滚动过程中生长造成的。文中并对结核的生长过程作了一般性讨论。 相似文献
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对具典型三层构造的西太平洋海山群富钴结壳样品进行了钙质超微化石地层学研究,获取了富钴结壳从内层致密层、中间疏松层到外层较致密层的生长时代:CM1D03为晚古新世-早始新世、始新世中期、中中新世-更新世;CM3D06分为晚古新世-早始新世、中始新世-晚中新世、上新世-更新世。对富钴结壳壳层的甾烷系列分子(C27、C28、C29)进行了检测并计算了相对含量,结果表明,两块富钴结壳的甾烷分布构型在结壳生长时代上具有一致性:晚古新世-早始新世,呈反"L"型分布;中始新世呈C27优势的"V"型分布;中新世-更新世呈C29优势的"V"型分布。甾烷分布构型的变化与古海洋环境演化造成的海底甾烷输入波动有关,具有一定的时代特征钙质超微化石和分子化石地层学划分方法在富钴结壳层主要生长时代及生长间断的界定上具有一致性,可以用于富钴结壳的地层划分和对比。 相似文献
8.
铁锰结核壳生长过程的一种理论假设 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
铁锰结核成矿物质的直接来源是大洋底层水和沉积物隙水，结壳只有底层水，因此，底层水和孔隙水的物理化学特征就成为理解铁锰结核（壳）成矿作用特征与过程的关键。铁锰结核（壳）内部构造的两个明显特征是：①韵律性的环状纹层构造，和②树枝状构造，这两种构造是典型的远离平衡的非线地质使用的产物。正常情况下，海底水－沉积物界面系统的底层水，孔隙水中Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ是不饱和的。因此铁锰结核（壳）不可能在平衡状态下连续生长 相似文献
9.
尖顶海山和平顶海山是洋底海山的两种类型,同时也是富钴结壳资源赖以成长的主要载体,两者在地形上具有显著差别,资源状况和分布也不尽一致。以地形分类为基础,就中太平洋海山区两类海山结壳的成矿特征、宏微观构造、矿物和化学组成以及空间分布等进行了比对研究。研究认为,尖顶海山体积虽小,但地形演化连续,底层流及环境氧化性较强,有利于结壳的长期稳定生长,结壳厚度总体较大,富成矿元素和生物组分,远景成矿区域连续绵长。平顶海山山体巨大,顶部和斜坡陡崖区不利于结壳成长,底流活动只在山顶边缘和山脊地带表现突出,环境氧化性整体较弱,后期构造活动相对频繁,结壳总体厚度较小,铁,碎屑和热液组分含量较高,远景矿区相对狭窄。 相似文献
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为探究大洋富钴结壳的元素地球化学特征和赋存状态,以西太平洋麦哲伦海山群5个富钴结壳样品为研究对象,通过X射线衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法、等离子体质谱法及相态分析手段,分析了富钴结壳的矿物组成、主量元素和稀土元素含量。结果表明,富钴结壳样品主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿,次要矿物包括石英、斜长石和钾长石,同时含有大量非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物。富钴结壳样品中Mn和Fe含量最高, Mn为16.87%～26.55%, Fe为14.34%～18.08%。富钴结壳明显富集稀土元素,其稀土总量为1 287～2 000μg/g,Ce含量为632～946μg/g,约占稀土总量的50%;轻稀土含量为1 037～1 604μg/g,重稀土含量为249～395μg/g,轻稀土元素明显高于重稀土元素。稀土元素配分模式呈现Ce正异常而Eu无异常,具有Ce富集特征。麦哲伦海山群富钴结壳是水成沉积成因,基本没有受到海底热液活动和成岩作用的影响。元素赋存状态与其矿物相密切相关, Na、K、Ca、Mg和Sr主要赋存于碳酸盐相, Mn、Ba、Co和Ni主要赋存于锰氧化物相, Fe、Al、P、Ti、Cu、Pb、V、Zn、Zr和REE主要... 相似文献
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水文过程对河流悬移质化学组成的影响——以珠江流域为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
用等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）分析了珠江马口站和三水站1997-1998年度3个典型水文时段径流悬移质中部分金属元素的含量，同时用元素分析仪测定了其中的有机碳、氮的含量，结果表明，在不同性质的水文动力条件下，流域侵蚀产出的河流悬移质的化学组成发生了变化，这主要缘于有机质在悬移质中所占质量分数的差别。汛期增强的水文动力主要表现为对流域土壤矿物的优先侵蚀，虽然有机质的总侵蚀量也同时增加，但在悬移质中的质量分数却相对减少，而在枯水期较弱的水文动力条件下，河流悬移质中有机质的质量分数增加，悬移质中的有机质对液相中的部分重金属元素产生较矿物更大的吸附作用。 相似文献
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南海区域岩石圈的壳-幔耦合关系和纵向演化 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
南海区域岩石圈由地壳层和上地幔固结层两部分组成。具典型大洋型地壳结构的南海海盆区莫霍面深度为９～１３ｋｍ,并向四周经陆坡、陆架至陆区逐渐加深;陆缘区莫霍面一般为１５～２８ｋｍ,局部区段深达３０～３２ｋｍ,总体呈与水深变化反相关的梯度带;东南沿海莫霍面深约２８～３０ｋｍ,往西北方向逐渐增厚,最大逾３６ｋｍ。南海区域上地幔天然地震面波速度结构明显存在横向分块和纵向分层特征。岩石圈底界深度变化与地幔速度变化正相关;地幔岩石圈厚度与地壳厚度呈互补性变化,莫霍面和岩石圈底界呈立交桥式结构,具有陆区厚壳薄幔—洋区薄壳厚幔的岩石圈壳－幔耦合模式。南海区域白垩纪末以来的岩石圈演化主要表现为陆缘裂离—海底扩张—区域沉降的过程,现存的壳－幔耦合模式显然为岩石圈纵向演化产物,其过程大致可分为白垩纪末至中始新世的陆缘裂离、中始新世晚期至中新世早期的海底扩张和中新世晚期以来的区域沉降等三个阶段。 相似文献
14.
Rui Sun Ming Ma Kai Zhong Xiayang Wang Zhao Zhao Shuai Guo Xingzong Yao Gongcheng Zhang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(2):123-135
In this study, element geochemistry and zircon chronology are used to analyze the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag, Zhujiang River Mouth Basin. The experimental results are discussed with respect to weathering conditions, parent rock lithologies, and provenances. The chemical index of alteration and the chemical index of weathering values of mudstone samples from the lower Oligocene Enping Formation indicate that clastic particles in the study area underwent moderate weathering. Mudstone samples exhibit relatively enriched light rare earth elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements, "V"-shaped negative Eu anomalies, and negligible Ce anomalies. The rare earth element distribution curves are obviously right-inclined, with shapes and contents similar to those of post-Archean Australian shale and upper continental crust, indicating that the samples originated from acid rocks in the upper crust. The Hf-La/Th and La/Sc-Co/Th diagrams show this same origin for the sediments in the study area. For the samples from the upper Enping deltas, the overall age spectrum shows four major age peaks ca. 59–68 Ma, 98–136 Ma, 153–168 Ma and 239–260 Ma. For the Zhuhai Formation samples,the overall age spectrum shows three major age peaks ca. 149 Ma, 252 Ma and 380 Ma. The detrital zircon shapes and U-Pb ages reveal that during Oligocene sedimentation, the sediments on the northwestern margin of the Baiyun Sag were supplied jointly from two provenances: Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the extrabasinal South China fold zone and Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the intrabasinal Panyu Low Uplift, and the former supply became stronger through time. Thus, the provenance of the Oligocene deltas experienced a transition from an early proximal intrabasinal source to a late distal extrabasinal source. 相似文献
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Xiongwei Niu Pingchuan Tan Weiwei Ding Wei Wang Yao Wei Xiaodong Wei Aiguo Ruan Jie Zhang Chunyang Wang Yong Tang Jiabiao Li 《海洋学报(英文版)》2022,41(1):39-49
A new high-resolution velocity model of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge(KPR) was derived from an activesource wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profile. The result shows that the KPR crust can be divided into the upper crust with the P-wave velocity less than 6.1 m/s, and lower crust with P-wave velocity between 6.1 km/s and 7.2 km/s. The crustal thickness of the KPR reaches 12.0 km in the center, which gradually decreases to 5.0–6.0 km at sides. The velocity structure of the KPR is simil... 相似文献
16.
川西高原甘孜黄土与印度季风演化关系 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：24
川西高原甘孜黄土地层的磁化率、土壤颜色、碳酸盐含量综合分析表明，早在1.15Ma前，印度季风就已影响本地区，并且印度季风与同期影响黄土高原的东亚夏季风相比，似有共同的盛衰变化，尤其是0．5Ma前更为相似，说明印度季风与东亚季风有共同的驱动机制；但0．5Ma以后，印度季风对本地区的影响呈逐步衰减之势，这可能与青藏高原又隆升到一个新的临界高度有关，从而阻挡了印度季风的水汽输入。另外，黄土高原揭示的L9、L15极端冷干事件，甘孜黄土反映较弱。而黄土高原反映的L6冷干事件，甘孜黄土表现的却是极端冷湿事件，青藏高原东北部若尔盖湖心记录也有同样反映。 相似文献
17.
Using the 28°C isotherm to define the Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP), this study analyzes the seasonal variability of the WPWP thermohaline structure on the basis of the monthly-averaged sea temperature and salinity data from 1950 to 2011, and the dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms based on the monthly-averaged wind,precipitation, net heat fluxes and current velocity data. A DT=–0.4°C is more suitable than other temperature criterion for determining the mixed layer(ML) and barrier layer(BL) over the WPWP using monthly-averaged temperature and salinity data. The WPWP has a particular thermohaline structure and can be vertically divided into three layers, i.e., the ML, BL, and deep layer(DL). The BL thickness(BLT) is the thickest, while the ML thickness(MLT) is the thinnest. The MLT has a similar seasonal variation to the DL thickness(DLT) and BLT.They are all thicker in spring and fall but thinner in summer. The temperatures of the ML and BL are both higher in spring and autumn but lower in winter and summer with an annual amplitude of 0.15°C, while the temperature of the DL is higher in May and lower in August. The averaged salinities at these three layers are all higher in March but lower in September, with annual ranges of 0.41–0.45. Zonal currents, i.e., the South Equatorial Current(SEC)and North Equatorial Counter Current(NECC), and winds may be the main dynamic factors driving the seasonal variability in the WPWP thermohaline structure, while precipitation and net heat fluxes are both important thermodynamic factors. Higher(lower) winds cause both the MLT and BLT to thicken(thin), a stronger(weaker)NECC induces MLT, BLT, and DLT to thin(thicken), and a stronger(weaker) SEC causes both the MLT and BLT to thicken(thin) and the DLT to thin(thicken). An increase(decrease) in the net heat fluxes causes the MLT and BLT to thicken(thin) but the DLT to thin(thicken), while a stronger(weaker) precipitation favors thinner(thicker)MLT but thicker(thinner) BLT and DLT. In addition, a stronger(weaker) NECC and SEC cause the temperature of the three layers to decrease(increase), while the seasonal variability in salinity at the ML, BL, and DL might be controlled by the subtropical cell(STC). 相似文献
18.
The interannual variation of the thermal structure of North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW) is investigated by means of composite analysis with respect to the wintertime Monsoon Index (MOI) which can represent the strength of the wintertime East Asian monsoon. The wind stress field over the NPSTMW formation area has significant variation over the interannual (2–4 year) and the decadal (10–20 year) bands. Changes in interannual variation are well correlated with the intensity of the wintertime East Asian monsoon. By means of composite analysis, it is found that significant differences occur in the thermal structure of the NPSTMW between stronger and weaker monsoon years. That is, colder and thicker NPSTMW is formed in years with stronger monsoons. Analysis of the heat flux through the sea surface and horizontal heat divergence in the Ekman layer shows that colder and thicker NPSTMW in stronger monsoon years can be attributed to a larger amount of heat release through the sea surface in the formation area. A larger horizontal divergence of the heat transport in the upper Ekman layer is considerably responsible for this increased heat loss. 相似文献
19.
We present magnetic field data collected over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the vicinity of the Atlantis Fracture Zone and extending out to 10 Ma-old lithosphere. We calculated a magnetization distribution which accounts for the observed magnetic field by performing a three-dimensional inversion in the presence of bathymetry. Our results show the well-developed pattern of magnetic reversals over our study area. We observe a sharp decay in magnetization from the axis out to older lithosphere and we attribute this decay to progressive low temperature oxidation of basalt. In crust which is 10 Ma, we observe an abrupt increase in magnetic field intensity which could be due to an increase in the intensity of magnetization or thickness of the magnetic source layer. We demonstrate that because the reversal epoch was of unusually long duration, a two-layer model comprised of a shallow extrusive layer and a deeper intrusive layer with sloping polarity boundaries can account for the increase in the amplitude of anomaly 5. South of the Atlantis Fracture Zone, high magnetization is correlated with bathymethic troughts at segment end points and lower magnetization is associated with bathymetric highs at segment midpoints. This pattern can be explained by a relative thinning of the magnetic source layer toward the midpoint of the segment. Thickening of the source layer at segment endpoints due to alteration of lower oceanic crust could also cause this pattern. Because we do not observe this pattern north of the fracture zone, we suggest it is a result of the nature of crustal formation process where mantle upwelling is focused. South of the fracture zone, reversals along discontinuity traces only continue to crust 2 Ma old. In crust >2 Ma, we observe bands of high, positive magnetization along discontinuity traces. We suggest that within the discontinuity traces, a high, induced component of magnetization is produced by serpentinized lower crust/upper mantle and this masks the contribution of basalts to the magnetic anomaly signal. 相似文献