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1.
联合国教科文组织中国海洋生物工程中心设立在青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院内,该中心首期高级培训班子1996年1月15日~24日举行,为期10天。此次培训的主题是“海水养殖动物病害诊断与控制”,主要内容为:对虾养殖技术与对虾病害的关系;对虾细菌病原及病原性研究;对虾病毒病原PCR检测及实验;对虾病原免疫萤光抗体检测技术及实验以及鱼类、贝类和其它海洋水产养殖动物病害等。参加首期培训班的学员共23人,他们来自韩国、越南、泰国、马来西亚、菲律宾、中国、香港等国家和地区。这些学员多数具有学位。其中有8位具有博士学位和副教授职…  相似文献   

2.
大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)细菌性疾病的研究现状   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
由弧菌科的细菌和其引发的细菌性疾病被认为是目前大菱鲆养殖业的主要危害之一。本文详细介绍了弧菌属的病原及一些典型的发病症状。对其他科属的一些病原菌,也作了相应描述,但它们的致病力相对弧菌科的病原菌致病力要弱,危害范围要小。最后简单介绍了目前细菌病几种可行的防治方法和思路。  相似文献   

3.
近年来,我国对虾养殖业取得了巨大进步。然而,随着养殖环境日趋恶化和人为原因导致的水质污染等问题的出现,使我国的养虾业依旧面临着流行性病原(细菌、病毒和真菌)的考验。为了从源头上防治和根除这些疾病,国内外一些专家、学者对对虾的先天免疫特别是溶菌酶(Lysozyme)和抗菌肽(Anti—microbial Peptides,AMPs)及其基因工程方面做了深入的研究并且有了一定进展。  相似文献   

4.
1996年4~5月山东省莱州市大华水产实业公司育苗场海湾扇贝亲贝发生了一起严重的流行病。这种病的主要症状是肠道及肾肿胀、生殖腺及外套膜萎缩、壳内面变黑。自发病亲贝肾组织中分离到细菌作纯培养,经肌肉注射和浸浴法人工感染健康亲贝,得到与发病池中患病亲贝相同的症状,并从人工感染病贝的肾组织中重新分离到同种细菌,证明所分离菌是发病亲贝的病原菌。经60项形态及生理生化特性鉴定为飘浮弧菌(Vibrionatriegen)。应用药敏纸片法研究了43种化学疗剂对所分离的扇贝病原菌生长的抑制作用,其中新霉素B(100μg/片)、氯霉素(30μg/片)、磺胺药+TMP(20μg/片)、美洛西林(30μg/片)及多粘菌素B(300iu/片)的抑菌力最强。  相似文献   

5.
为探究自然海区与室内养殖环境对软体动物壳色及壳表面细菌群落多样性的影响,以黑色壳长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为研究对象,在自然海区与室内环境分别暂养30 d后,对长牡蛎的壳色及壳表面细菌群落的多样性和差异细菌功能进行分析。结果表明,室内养殖的黑壳长牡蛎出现较为明显的壳褪色现象,其黑色素含量显著下降,远低于自然海区养殖的黑壳长牡蛎。16S rRNA基因测序结果显示,变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)为长牡蛎壳表面的主要优势菌,其中变形杆菌的丰度超过50%。在门水平上,放线菌(Actinobacteria)、俭菌超门(Parcubateria)和Bacterial rice cluster 1(BRC1)在室内、外养殖长牡蛎之间存在较为显著的差异(P<0.05),而具有降解作用的放线菌和俭菌超门细菌在室内养殖的黑壳长牡蛎壳表面丰度较高。在属水平上,两组之间存在显著差异的细菌共计67种。该研究揭示了不同生境条件下,黑壳长牡蛎壳表面的微生物群落物种组成及差异,为解析长牡蛎壳色的形成机制提供了新的分析视角。  相似文献   

6.
海洋沉积物中异化铁还原细菌还原重金属Cr(VI)研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘洪艳  王珊 《海洋科学》2019,43(5):19-26
利用异化铁还原细菌处理Cr(VI)是重金属污染修复领域的一个新兴研究方向。本文以海洋沉积物中异化铁还原混合菌群为研究对象,分析铁还原细菌异化铁还原性质对重金属Cr(VI)还原效率的影响。菌群异化铁还原性质的实验结果表明,以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为不同电子受体时,菌群异化铁还原的效率存在差异,培养体系累积Fe(Ⅱ)浓度分别为85.08 ±5.85 mg/L和32.55 ±4.78 mg/L。电子受体对混合菌群组成的影响主要表现在,以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为电子受体时,混合菌群多样性Shannon指数分别是4.615和4.158,较对照组高(Shannon指数3.735)。异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)培养体系中,细菌种群的优势菌属是Clostridium,属于梭菌目Clostridiales,表明梭菌是参与Fe(Ⅲ)还原的主要优势菌。菌群异化铁还原性质对Cr(VI)还原效率影响的实验结果表明,柠檬酸铁为电子受体,细菌在Fe(Ⅲ)浓度为1 120 mg/L时异化铁还原效率高,并且还原Cr(VI)达100%。氢氧化铁为电子受体,Fe(Ⅲ)浓度1 680 mg/L时,异化铁还原Cr(VI)效率高(72%),是对照组4倍。研究结果为进一步应用微生物治理重金属Cr(VI)污染提供理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
建立了一种同时检测对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、传染性皮下和造血器官坏死病毒(IHHNV)的二温式多重PCR技术。根据基因库中WSSV(AF369029)和IHHNV(NC002190)基因序列,设计了两对分别与WSSV和IHHNV某段保守基因序列互补的引物,用这两对引物对同一样品中的WSSV和IHHNVDNA模板进行多重PCR扩增,结果均同时得到了两条大小与实验设计相符的593bp(WSSV)和356bp(1HHNV)特异性多重PCR扩增条带,而对其他对虾疾病病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性测定结果表明,该多重PCR技术最低能检测到WSSV和IHHNVDNA各100pg。用该多重PCR对400份临床病料进行检测,结果230份检出WSSV,阳性率57.5%;96份检出IHHNV,阳性率24%;56份同时检出WSSV和IHHNV,阳性率14%。18份为阴性,阴性率为4.5%。结果提示了WSSV和IHHNV广泛存在于中国南方的养殖对虾中,作者建立的二温式多重PCR可以用于这两种病毒的临床快速检测和鉴别诊断。  相似文献   

8.
《海洋世界》2008,(3):8-8
免疫系统是人体的重要防线。它保护着人体。防止细菌、病毒等病原性微生物和其他病原性物质的入侵。细菌和病毒要在人体内“作乱”,必须首先通过免疫防线。最近。英国约克大学的科学家们发现嗜血性流感杆菌入侵人体、攻破免疫防线的“独特手段”——利用人体内的唾液酸。研究者发现了细菌的一种有活性的酶,这种酶可以高效捕捉从人体细胞表面释放的唾液酸。  相似文献   

9.
虾病防治中合理用药问题探讨(Ⅱ)   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
1 抗菌药物 抗菌药物包括抗生素、磺胺类、呋喃类、抗菌增效剂和抗真菌类药物等,主要是抑制或者杀灭病原微生物。其作用机理不外乎干扰病原体的代谢活动和影响其结构功能两个方面,可以分为: (1)抑制细菌细胞壁合成 细菌的细胞壁一般是由较厚而坚韧的壁质构成(属多肽类物质,革兰氏阴性细  相似文献   

10.
佐贝尔,C.E.(Claucl,EnhraimZobell,1904.8.22~)美国微生物学家。1904年8月22日生于美国犹他州普罗沃。曾就读于犹他州立大学和加里福尼亚大学。历任犹他州立大学讲师(1928~1929)、胡泊基金会助研(1929~1930)、加里福尼亚大学斯克里普斯海洋研究所研究人员(1932~1936)、加里福尼亚大学助理教授(1938~1942)、副教授(1942~1948)、教授(1948~1972)、荣誉教授(1972年起)。欧洲洛克菲勒基金会特别研究员(1943~1949)。佐贝尔主要研究海洋细菌。曾参加环球深海考察,首次在深海发现生物有机体。由于他的深入研究,…  相似文献   

11.
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.  相似文献   

13.
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.  相似文献   

14.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。  相似文献   

15.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

16.
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.  相似文献   

17.
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.  相似文献   

18.
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.  相似文献   

19.
《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(8):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,  相似文献   

20.
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