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1.
南海东北部甲烷成因碳酸盐岩的矿物学及同位素组成(英文) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
取自南海北部的3块自生碳酸盐岩主要为圆环状、结核状和结壳状。X射线衍射分析显示,这3件碳酸盐岩主要由黏土矿物、陆源碎屑(石英、长石)和碳酸盐矿物(高镁方解石和铁白云石)组成;碳氧同位素分析表明,结核状和结壳状碳酸盐岩具有极负的δ13C(分别为-32.83‰和-38.01‰PDB)和正的δ18O(分别为+2.19‰和+2.96‰PDB),不同于正常沉积的海相碳酸盐岩,甲烷厌氧氧化过程控制了这些碳酸盐岩的形成。碳酸盐岩为甲烷成因,记录了南海东北部海底富含甲烷的冷泉活动历史。 相似文献
2.
对日本海西部大陆坡沉积物柱状样中的自生碳酸盐样品进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜、地球化学和碳氧同位素组成的系统研究。X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析结果表明,碳酸盐主要组成矿物为颗粒状自生高镁方解石微晶,放射状自生文石微晶仅在一个层位出现。结合碳酸盐的地球化学组成,认为研究区碳酸盐来自于富Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO3-流体的沉淀。中度亏损的13C(-33.85‰～-39.53‰)表明碳来自于甲烷的厌氧氧化,同时,这也是研究区海底存在甲烷冷泉的重要证据。重氧同位素比值(5.28‰～5.31‰)则指示着富18O流体来源,而该流体应源于天然气水合物的分解。综上可知,研究区碳酸盐来自于研究区甲烷冷泉上升流的沉淀,指示着海底更深处天然气水合物的存在与分解。 相似文献
3.
南海西沙海槽的碳酸盐结壳及其对甲烷冷泉活动的指示意义 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
冷泉碳酸盐岩是指示南海北部可能发育天然气水合物的重要证据之一。对在西沙海槽采集到的冷泉碳酸盐结壳颗粒进行了形貌、稳定同位素等的研究,讨论和揭示了冷泉碳酸盐结壳的形成机理及其与甲烷冷泉活动的关系。结果表明,碳酸盐结壳具有多孔结构,冷泉矿物为文石和重晶石,文石呈针状,含量为39.5%—46.6%,重晶石呈矮柱状,含量为15.6%—21.2%,它们均是从流体中沉淀出来的。重晶石的δ34S值为23.47‰—26.32‰,表明硫同位素发生正漂移,属于与冷泉流体有关的成岩成因重晶石。文石的碳同位素轻度亏损,δ13C值为-13.30‰—-29.59‰,主要来源于热解成因气,但结合了少量正常海水的溶解碳,δ18O值为2.32‰—3.74‰,指示碳酸盐结壳形成时的温度为3.5—9.7℃。研究表明,碳酸盐结壳形成于流体活动缓慢的环境,是深部富含Ba2 的甲烷冷泉流体向上排放和喷溢,在近海底遇到向下渗漏的富含SO42-海水,发生缺氧甲烷氧化反应沉淀出文石,流体中剩余的重34S的SO42-与Ba2 形成重晶石,因此,碳酸盐结壳是西沙海槽存在甲烷冷泉活动的证据。研究结果为进一步开展该海域潜在天然气水合物的调查和研究提供了新证据。 相似文献
4.
自生碳酸盐矿物的分布特点，是体现孔隙水地球化学特征的一个侧面。在布莱克海岭气体水合物赋存的沉积区域里(ODP994#、995#、997#)就利用这点来评价成岩作用。碳酸盐矿物的分布特点揭示了三个独特的成岩分带：(1)在上部20mbsf (bsf：below seafloor，海底以下深度)处的碳酸盐矿物主要是生物成因的，没有显示成岩作用的存在。这个区域的方解石FOC和8180值(PDB)反映了海相碳酸盐的特点，是与海水平衡的条件下沉淀形成的；(2)在20mbsf和100mbsf深度，方解石的FOC值明显呈现负数(低至-7．0‰)，自生白云石较普遍可见(2—40wt％)，δ^13C值在3．6‰～13．7‰之间；(3)在，100mbsf以下，白云石从含量丰富减低至微量分布，而分散状的菱铁矿成为主要出现的矿物。菱铁矿的δ^1C和δ^18O值分别在5．0‰～10．9‰、2．9‰～7．6‰之间变化。把溶解无机碳(DIC)的δ^1C剖面分布特点和孔隙水的浓集梯度趋势与自生碳酸盐矿物的δ^13C和δ^18O值对比，我们发现，自生碳酸盐矿物在一个独特的深度区域里形成，呈带状分布。在20mbsf深度及以下，无机碳的δ^13C DIC出现最小负值(≤-38‰)、方解石白云石出现δ^13C负值，这种现象的出现是伴随着孔隙水碱度的增加、硫酸盐的亏损和孔隙间Ca^ 2 、Mg^ 2 离子的减少一起发生的，这表明自生方解石和自生白云石的形成是在硫酸盐还原带的底部开始(21mbsf左右)而在100mbsf附近深处大量出现。菱铁矿的形成很显然是在120～450mbsf之间发生，这个区间在气体水合物赋存的沉积物区域内和上部(赋存区域200—450mbsf)。菱铁矿的δ^13C和δ^18O值从它们出现的薄层一直到沉积物底部都几乎一致。然而，现在孔隙水中的δ^13C DIC仅仅与120～450mbsf间的菱铁矿的δ^13C值相似。此外，从菱铁矿中计算出来的与之平衡的δ^18O值与120～450mbsf区段处菱铁矿的δ^18O测量值很好地匹配起来。该区段以高碱度(40-120mm)、低Ca^ 2 、Mg^ 2 浓集度为特征，这符合菱铁矿的形成条件。 相似文献
5.
稳定同位素在天然气水合物地球化学勘查中的应用简介--以"布莱克海隆"海区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍了国外在布莱克海隆（包括ODP164航次994、995、997站位）进行天然气水合物勘查过程中应用稳定同位素的研究实例；通过对这3个站位样品的甲烷、CO2、DIC（dissolved inorganic carbon)、有机碳以及自生碳酸盐的δ^13C分析，指出浅部（0－30m)甲烷和DIC的δ^13C值随深度迅速降低又迅速升高的变化可以作为天然气水合物存在的地球化学指标。994站位孔隙水δ^18O值深度从0.30‰下降到-0.37‰；氢同位素δD随深度略有下降（从11‰到-12‰），这与水合物形成时氢氧重同位素相对富集于固相有关，表明天然气水合物的存在。997站位δ^37Cl从海底沉积物表层以下30m处为接近海水的最大值0，至钻孔底746.85m处降为-3.68‰，可能也与天然气水合物的形成有关。 相似文献
6.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2017,(6)
探测发现南海白云凹陷东侧存在一个宽1 500m、深达75m的巨型麻坑,在麻坑内采集了大量的碳酸盐岩结核。大部分结核中存在新鲜孔洞和流体通道。本文从中选取了5块结核,进行XRD衍射、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素分析。结果表明,5个结核中碳酸盐矿物主要是含铁白云石,其中一个还有少量方解石,碎屑矿物主要是石英和长石。结核的显微结构以纤维状为主,存在裂隙和孔洞。δ~(13)C值为-24.7‰~-10.9‰V-PDB,显示孔隙流体主要以热成因甲烷为主。δ~(18)O值为5.6‰~6.9‰V-PDB,高值主要与天然气水合物分解有关。巨型麻坑海底之下最可能存在天然气水合物埋藏。含铁白云石结核在麻坑表层沉积物之下形成,随后出露海底。碳酸盐岩结核指示巨型麻坑内曾发生的甲烷渗漏活动可能与深部油气泄露有关,浅地层剖面中疑似气体羽和结核表面管状蠕虫活体都显示巨型麻坑仍在发生甲烷渗漏。 相似文献
7.
硫酸盐-甲烷转换带(SMTZ)是海洋富甲烷沉积环境中重要的生物地球化学分带,其内发生的甲烷厌氧氧化反应(AOM)通常能影响多种自生矿物(碳酸盐类、黄铁矿、重晶石和石膏等)的形成过程。本文选取南海东北部天然气水合物赋存区GMGS2-16站位的58个沉积物样品,对其中发育的自生矿物进行了类型、含量、分布、显微形貌和稳定同位素研究。GMGS2-16站位岩心沉积物中主要发育碳酸盐类、黄铁矿和石膏3类自生矿物,亦发现单质硫颗粒的存在。自生矿物含量分布变化较大,存在多个富集层位。自生碳酸盐类均为块状,具极负的δ~(13 )C值(-37.3‰~-51.7‰VPDB)和较重的δ~(18 )O值(3.13‰~4.95‰VPDB),指示其为甲烷碳源,即AOM成因。自生黄铁矿主要呈不规则块状、棒状-管状和生物充填状,δ~(34 )S值变化范围为-41.7‰~27.1‰VCDT,其中δ~(34)S值异常正偏很可能与大量甲烷流体上涌至SMTZ内加强AOM反应有关。多层AOM成因的自生碳酸盐类与δ~(34)S值异常的自生黄铁矿产出层位基本吻合,共同指示了研究站位曾发生过多期次甲烷渗漏事件,可能与研究站位天然气水合物藏失稳存在一定联系。自生石膏主要呈棱柱状和透镜状,偶见黄铁矿-石膏共生体,初步推测自生石膏可能与水合物形成过程中的排离子效应和(或)沉积环境氧化还原条件改变导致的黄铁矿氧化有关。因此,海洋沉积物中碳酸盐类-黄铁矿-石膏自生矿物组合对探讨古海洋甲烷渗漏事件和天然气水合物藏的演化具有重要指示意义。 相似文献
8.
对墨西哥湾布什山采集的7块冷泉碳酸盐岩样品进行了沉积岩石学及地球化学研究,结果表明:冷泉碳酸盐岩以结壳的形式产出,结壳中双壳类和管状蠕虫等冷泉生物碎屑发育,结壳主要由泥晶、微晶和亮晶文石组成(含量89%～99%,平均94%)。碳酸盐岩13C中等亏损(δ13C最负值为-29.4‰,PDB),表明碳的来源主要是非甲烷的碳烃化合物,18O相对富集(δ18O为+2.4‰～+5.0‰,PDB),可能与原地水合物分解形成富集18O的孔隙水有关。碳酸盐矿物相(5%硝酸可溶部分)的稀土元素总量较低(0.40×10-6～20.85×10-6),稀土元素Ce异常特征和页岩标准化配分模式在不同样品、甚至同一样品结晶程度不同的碳酸盐矿物相(泥晶、微晶和亮晶)中变化显著,表明布什山冷泉碳酸盐岩形成过程中氧化还原条件复杂多变,控制氧化环境变化的主要因素可能是流体的渗漏速率。 相似文献
9.
《海洋地质前沿》2015,(12)
海洋沉积物中早期成岩作用过程以有机质降解为基础。按照反应自由能大小,有机质依次被O2、NO-3、Mn4+、Fe3+、SO2-4氧化,在产甲烷菌作用下发生产甲烷作用,形成大量生物成因甲烷,这是海洋沉积物中甲烷主要来源之一。甲烷气体在向上运移过程中既可在水合物稳定带中与水分子结合形成水合物,游离态和溶解甲烷也可以在硫酸盐还原菌和甲烷菌联合作用下发生甲烷厌氧氧化作用,并与沉积物中的Ca2+、Fe2+结合,形成碳酸盐岩和黄铁矿等自生矿物。这一系列过程埋藏了大量甲烷(碳),成为重要的碳汇。早期成岩作用的各种反应机制,特别是沉积环境因素的影响及其产生的阳离子同位素分馏仍是未来的重点研究方向。通过大量的文献调研,概括了早期成岩作用过程中有机质降解及甲烷厌氧氧化作用的反应机理,黄铁矿、碳酸盐岩等自生矿物的形成机理以及同位素分馏特征等地球化学研究进展,并提出了未来重点研究的方向的建议。 相似文献
10.
我国近岸海域产出的钙质结核,其数量之多,分布之广,在世界陆架海域中首屈一指,黄海、东海钙质结核在结构、构造及碳酸钙含量等方面均有差异,然而它们的自生组分均为方解石,含MgO量均在1.05%以下,含Fe、Mn量均低.二海区结核的碳氧稳定同位素值基本一致,δ18O和δ13C的全距为2‰左右,并具有轻碳轻氧的特征,结核的矿物成分、结构、构造及碳氧同位素资料均说明它形成于大陆环境之下,约形成在1.8万-2.5万年前的晚更新世晚期,可以有条件地作为一种指相标志. 相似文献
11.
The late Quaternary shallow-water carbonates have been altered by a variety of diagenetic processes, and further influenced by high-amplitude global and regional sea level changes. This study utilizes a new borehole drilled on the Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands to investigate meteoric diagenetic alteration in the late Quaternary shallowwater carbonates. Petrographic, mineralogical, stable isotopic and elemental data provide new insights into the meteoric diagenetic processes of the reef limestone. The results show the variation in the distribution of aragonite,high-Mg calcite(HMC) and low-Mg calcite(LMC) divides the shallow-water carbonates in Core SSZK1 into three intervals, which are Unit I(31.20–55.92 m, LMC), Unit II(18.39–31.20 m, aragonite and LMC) and Unit III(upper 18.39 m of core, aragonite, LMC and HMC). Various degrees of meteoric diagenesis exist in the identified three units. The lowermost Unit I has suffered almost complete freshwater diagenesis, whereas the overlying Units II and III have undergone incompletely meteoric diagenesis. The amount of time that limestone has been in the freshwater diagenetic environment has the largest impact on the degree of meteoric diagenesis. Approximately four intact facies/water depth cycles are recognized. The cumulative depletion of elements such as strontium(Sr),sodium(Na) and sulphur(S) caused by duplicated meteoric diagenesis in the older reef sequences are distinguished from the younger reef sequences. This study provides a new record of meteoric diagenesis, which is well reflected by whole-rock mineralogy and geochemistry. 相似文献
12.
V. N. Lukashin A. P. Lisitzin O. M. Dara N. V. Kozina A. A. Klyuvitkin A. N. Novigatsky 《Oceanology》2016,56(6):852-862
Data on the mineral composition of sedimentary matter and its fluxes in the sediment system of the Caspian Sea are presented. River runoff, aerosols, particulate matter from sediment traps, and the upper layer (0–1 cm) of bottom sediments are considered. The contents of detrital minerals (quartz, albite, and K-feldspar), clay minerals (illite, chlorite, and kaolinite), and carbonates (calcite, Mg-calcite, dolomite, aragonite, and rhodochrosite) are determined. Gypsum was found in bottom sediments but is absent in the other object of the sediment system. 相似文献
13.
Submersible investigations with the ROV Victor 6000 of some pockmark structures on the seafloor of the Congo deep-sea fan
have shown that they are active venting sites of methane-rich fluids, associated with abundant fauna and carbonate crusts.
Moreover, methane hydrates have been observed both outcropping and deep in the sediments in the centre of the “Regab” giant
pockmark. Authigenic carbonates, mostly calcite sometimes mixed with aragonite, are cementing the sedimentary matrix components
and fauna; diatoms are abundant but only as moulds, indicating that biogenic silica dissolution occurred in situ synchronous
with carbonate precipitation. The occurrence of diagenetic barite and pyrite in some carbonate crusts demonstrates that they
can be formed either within the sulphate/methane transition zone or deeper in sulphate-depleted sediments. The oxygen isotopic
compositions of the diagenetic carbonates (3.17–6.01‰ V-PDB) indicate that precipitation occurred with bottom seawater mixed
with a variable contribution of water from gas hydrate decomposition. The very low carbon isotopic compositions of the diagenetic
carbonates (−57.1 to −27.75‰ V-PDB) demonstrate that carbon derives mostly from the microbial oxidation of methane. 相似文献
14.
The shore-zone sediments between Jeddah and Yanbu, west coast of Saudi Arabia, are composed mostly of skeletal carbonate sands. The nearshore sediments containing benthic foraminifera, algal fragments and molluscs are multimodal, the mean grain size varying between 0.76 and 2.35 ø. The beach sediments, except samples dominated by cerithid gastropods in some localities, are relatively finer than the nearshore sediments. Although the beaches to a great extent comprise sand-sized material, fine lime muds and coarse clastic gravels occur in certain areas. The dune sediments comprising mostly algal grains and ooids are very fine with 50 percent of the material in the 0.25–0.18 mm size grade. Except a general northward decrease in mean grain size, regional trends in the textural parameters of the sediments between Jeddah and Yanbu are not quite apparent. Lateral variations in the textural characteristics suggest a landward migration of the sediments in the shore zone under the influence of northerly and northwesterly winds. The carbon and oxygen (δ 13C + 4.80 to 4.84‰ PDB) (δ 13O − 0.04 to + 0.53‰ PDB) isotopic ratios of the lime muds occurring in certain shallow margins in the shore-zone, which are much higher than those of the green algae, indicate that the fine carbonates are at least in part inorganic in origin.
Like the shallow-water carbonates in tropical seas, aragonite and high Mg-calcite are the dominant carbonate minerals in the shore-zone sediments. There is a landward increase in aragonite contents caused by the landward migration of fine material from the nearshore. The dominant clay mineral in the nearshore sediments is kaolinite with subordinate swelling chlorite and little illite. Kaolinite is contributed by the coastal regions under the sub-tropical humid climate. Swelling chlorite is considered to have been formed in the nearshore by mechanical mixture of chlorite and montmorillonite derived from the metamorphic and igneous terrains of the Tertiary mountains bordering the coastal plain. 相似文献
15.
国内外贝类学界都认为贝壳角质层仅由贝壳素构成.棱柱层由方解石构成.珍珠层通常为霰石构成.日本的小林新二郎提出棱柱珍珠是方解石结构,国内外许多论文对此都没有提出异议.本研究采用X-射线对贝壳和棱柱珍珠衍射结果证明:(1)贝壳珍珠层全是是霰石结构,只有牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)壳例外,符合以上理论;(2)棱柱层几乎全是霰石结构,只有牡蛎壳和紫色裂江珧(Pinna atropurpurea)壳的棱柱层是方解石结构,基本否定了以上理论;(3)角质层由有机物—贝壳素和方解石或霰石组成的,有些还含二氧化硅等杂质,这不完全相符上面理论;(4)棱柱珍珠完全是霰石结构,证明小林新二郎的结论是错误的. 相似文献
16.
A multi-scale analysis of sedimentary carbonate facies and post-sedimentary diagenetic features of the Calcare di Base Formation, the precursor to evaporites in Upper Messinian successions of Northern Calabria and Central Sicily, has revealed their microbial bio-mediated origin. Massive to laminated microbial boundstones represent the most common sedimentary facies forming flat to low relief cm to m scale stromatolitic and thrombolitic bodies. The fabric of the micrite varies from peloidal to aphanitic, and almost always preserves filamentous bacteria which characterized the original microbial mat. The mat was dominated by sulphur-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the Thiotrichaceae, but there is evidence for a more complex community with sulphate- and/or nitrate-reducing bacteria, all being responsible for the mediation of the carbonate precipitation. Microbial boundstones are rich in pseudomorphs of Ca-sulphate and halite, which formed during the deposition of the microbial carbonate. Layers of primary gypsum are interbedded locally with carbonates suggesting the presence of restricted marine conditions. The stable O and C isotopic composition of the carbonates, that vary from dolomite to aragonite and calcite, suggests a complex interplay between arid to humid climatic changes, expressed cyclic interbedding of the carbonate with marl-marlstone. Later diagenetic events mainly consist of phreatic meteoric recrystallization and cementation. Although considered as diachronous, the microbial carbonates can be mapped out over a distance of more than 500 km across southern Italy; this indicates near-constant environmental conditions upon the central Mediterranean shelf at the beginning of the salinity crisis. Deposition of the extensive subaqueous microbial deposit that largely comprises the Calcare di Base is envisaged to have taken place across a shallow to moderate depth platform with local slopes into deeper water areas, where some resedimentation occurred. 相似文献
17.
Two genetically different types of authigenic carbonate mounds are studied: those within an active hydrothermal field related to serpentinite protrusions in the zone of intersection of a transform fracture zone and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and those in an active field of methane seepings in the Dnieper canyon of the Black sea. The general geochemical conditions under which authigenic carbonate formation occurs in the two fields considered were found. They include the presence of reduced H2S, H2, and CH4 gases at the absence of free oxygen; the high alkalinity of the waters participating in the carbonate formation; the similarity of the textural and structural features of authigenic aragonite, which represents the initial mineral of the carbonate matter of the mounds; the paragenesis of aragonite with sulfide minerals; and the close relation of carbonate mounds with communities of sulfate-reducing and methane-oxidizing microorganisms. A new mechanism of formation of hydrothermal authigenic carbonates is suggested; it implies their microbial sulfate reduction over the hydrogen of the fluid in the subsurface zone (biosphere) of mixing between the hydrothermal solution and the adjacent seawater. 相似文献
18.
Large fluctuations occur in the aragonite content of fine silt and clay-sized material sampled by piston cores in Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. Electron microscopy reveals that sedimentary sequences with high aragonite content are characterized by abundant aragonite needles. Sedimentary sequences containing small amounts of aragonite but large amounts of low-Mg calcite are dominated by coccoliths. The variation in both mineralogy and grain morphology is interpreted to be related to sea level fluctuations and the consequent presence or absence of sediment contribution (needles) from the adjacent Bahama Banks. These fluctuations are useful chronological indicators in these cores and should be applicable in other areas adjacent to carbonate banks. In particular, the last rise in sea level is clearly marked in all the cores. 相似文献
19.
Authigenic carbonates are common at cold seep sites as a result of microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Seep carbonate samples were collected from the surface of the Bush Hill (Green Canyon Block 185, Gulf of Mexico), a mound containing gas hydrate. The carbonates consisted of oily, porous limestone slabs and blocks containing bioclasts and matrix. Analysis by X-ray diffraction shows that aragonite is the dominant mineral (89–99 wt% with an average of 94 wt%) in the matrix of seep carbonate. This cement occurs in microcrystalline, microspar, and sparite forms. The moderate 13C depletion of the seep carbonate (the most depleted one has δ13C value of −29.4‰, and 26 of 38 subsamples have δ13C values >−20.0‰) indicates that the non-methane hydrocarbons was incorporated during seep carbonate precipitation. Relative enrichment of 18O may be related to localized destabilization of gas hydrate or derived from 18O-enriched pore water originated from smectite–illite transition in the deep sediments. The total content of rare earth elements (REE) of the 5% HNO3-treated solution of the carbonates is from 0.40 ppm to 30.9 ppm. The shale-normalized REE patterns show varied Ce anomalies from significantly negative, slightly negative, and no to positive Ce anomalies. Variable content of trace elements, total REE, and Ce anomalies in different samples and even in the different carbonate mineral forms (microcrystalline, microspar and sparite) of the same sample suggest that the formation condition of the Bush Hill seep carbonate is variable and complex, which is possibly controlled by the rate of fluid flux. 相似文献