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The spring bloom of phytoplankton was studied in March in Funka Bay, Japan, to test the Tsunogai (1979)'s hypothesis regarding the role of silicate in the bloom. The hypothesis comprises two parts. 1) Diatoms are predominant when all the physical and chemical conditions are adequate for plankton growth. 2) Since the Si:P ratio of the diatom body is usually much larger than that of sea water, flagellates (non-siliceous phytoplankton) replace diatoms after dissolved silicate in the sea water has been almost completely consumed by diatoms. At the end of the bloom in late March phosphate still remained in the water but silicate was exhausted and the main species of phytoplankton changed from diatoms to flagellates. Grazing pressure by zooplankton at this time was not so great. A model using the data on assimilation rates of silicate showed a dramatic change of silicate uptake in late March. Poison in scallops caused byProtogonyaulux sp. (dinoflagellates) rapidly increased from mid-April at all stations along the coast of Funka Bay. All of these findings support Tsunogai's hypothesis. 相似文献
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《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2007,54(2):220-242
Functioning of the Black Sea ecosystem has profoundly changed since the early 1970s under cumulative effects of excessive nutrient enrichment, strong cooling/warming, over-exploitation of pelagic fish stocks, and population outbreak of gelatinous carnivores. Applying a set of criteria to the long-term (1960–2000) ecological time-series data, the present study demonstrates that the Black Sea ecosystem was reorganised during this transition phase in different forms of top-down controlled food web structure through successive regime-shifts of distinct ecological properties. The Secchi disc depth, oxic–anoxic interface zone, dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulphide concentrations also exhibit abrupt transition between their alternate regimes, and indicate tight coupling between the lower trophic food web structure and the biogeochemical pump in terms of regime-shift events.The first shift, in 1973–1974, marks a switch from large predatory fish to small planktivore fish-controlled system, which persisted until 1989 in the form of increasing small pelagic and phytoplankton biomass and decreasing zooplankton biomass. The increase in phytoplankton biomass is further supported by a bottom-up contribution due to the cumulative response to high anthropogenic nutrient load and the concurrent shift of the physical system to the “cold climate regime” following its ∼20-year persistence in the “warm climate regime”. The end of the 1980s signifies the depletion of small planktivores and the transition to a gelatinous carnivore-controlled system. By the end of the 1990s, small planktivore populations take over control of the system again. Concomitantly, their top-down pressure when combined with diminishing anthropogenic nutrient load and more limited nutrient supply into the surface waters due to stabilizing effects of relatively warm winter conditions switched the “high production” regime of phytoplankton to its background “low production” regime.The Black Sea regime-shifts appear to be sporadic events forced by strong transient decadal perturbations, and therefore differ from the multi-decadal scale cyclical events observed in pelagic ocean ecosystems under low-frequency climatic forcing. The Black Sea observations illustrate that eutrophication and extreme fishery exploitation can indeed induce hysteresis in large marine ecosystems, when they can exert sufficiently strong forcing onto the system. They further illustrate the link between the disruption of the top predators, proliferation of new predator stocks, and regime-shift events. Examples of these features have been reported for some aquatic ecosystems, but are extremely limited for large marine ecosystems. 相似文献
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Horizontal distributions of phytoplankton abundance,species composition as well as environmental factors were investigated in the surface waters of southern South China Sea(SCS) in early summer(May 16 to June 7) of 2009.In most areas of southern SCS,the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were very low and DIN/DIP ratios usually were lower than the Redfield N/P Ratio of 16:1.Nitrogen nutrients were significant lower in the upwelling region off Vietnam.A total of 144 taxa of phytoplankton were identified in the study area.The dominant genera were Prorocentrum,Gonyaulax,Gyrodinium,Scrippsiella and Chaetoceros,respectively.Spatial patterns of early-summer phytoplankton abundance and species composition should be mainly controlled by the upwelling off Vietnam and the discharge of Mekong River in the southern SCS.Diatoms dominated in the nutritious Mekong River Estuary or upwelling region off Vietnam;while dinoflagellates dominated in the oligotrophic pelagic region.The canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) indicates that most of diatoms favor higher levels of silicate and phosphorus,as well as lower temperature;while most of dinoflagellates favor the lower silicate and phosphorous and higher temperature.Correlation and CCA results indicate that silicate,nitrate and temperature were the most relevant environmental factors to regulate the horizontal pattern of early-summer phytoplankton in the surface waters of southern SCS. 相似文献
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渤海中部和渤海海峡及邻近海域浮游植物群落结构的初步研究 总被引：29，自引：5，他引：29
对渤海调查区浮游植物的群落及其动力学进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,浮游植物群落主要由硅、甲藻组成 ,也有少数的蓝藻、绿藻和硅鞭藻出现 ,其生态类型主要为温带近岸型。粒级大小以微型浮游植物为主 ,依次为小型浮游植物 (包括网采浮游植物 )、微微型浮游植物。浮游植物群落的平面分布与各环境因子密切相关 ,其中水体中化学和生物相互作用所形成的浮游植物团块是其平面分布的主要特征。调查海域存在三个典型的浮游植物区划 :渤海海峡区、渤海湾区和黄河河口区。追踪实验的结果表明 ,调查区浮游植物群落短周期 (几天 )的变化是由关键种所驱动而非优势种。渤海海峡浮游植物群落的周年变化为双周期型 ,春季水华主峰出现在 4月 ,而秋季次高峰出现在 9月。春季浮游植物以小型细胞硅藻占优群落为主 ,秋季以大型细胞硅藻 甲藻联合占优群落为主。群落季节和周年的变化以种类演替 (speciessuccession)为主而非种类接替 (speciessequence)。与历史调查资料相比 ,1 998— 1 999年的观测表明浮游植物群落由硅藻占绝对优势逐渐转变为硅藻 甲藻共存为主的群落。甲藻的占优以及绿藻在特定时期的普遍出现反映了渤海海区营养盐结构比例变化对海区生态系统结构的影响 ,氮 /磷比率的增加和硅 /氮比率的降低是造成这一结果的 相似文献
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Katherine R.M. Mackey Laura Bristow David R. Parks Mark A. Altabet Anton F. Post Adina Paytan 《Progress in Oceanography》2011,91(4):545-560
In the seasonally stratified Gulf of Aqaba Red Sea, both release by phytoplankton and oxidation by nitrifying microbes contributed to the formation of a primary nitrite maximum (PNM) over different seasons and depths in the water column. In the winter and during the days immediately following spring stratification, formation was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.99) with decreasing irradiance and chlorophyll, suggesting that incomplete reduction by light limited phytoplankton was a major source of . However, as stratification progressed, continued to be generated below the euphotic depth by microbial oxidation, likely due to differential photoinhibition of and oxidizing populations. Natural abundance stable nitrogen isotope analyses revealed a decoupling of the δ15N and δ18O in the combined and pool, suggesting that assimilation and nitrification were co-occurring in surface waters. As stratification progressed, the δ15N of particulate N below the euphotic depth increased from −5‰ to up to +20‰.N uptake rates were also influenced by light; based on 15N tracer experiments, assimilation of , , and urea was more rapid in the light (434 ± 24, 94 ± 17, and 1194 ± 48 nmol N L−1 day−1 respectively) than in the dark (58 ± 14, 29 ± 14, and 476 ± 31 nmol N L−1 day−1 respectively). Dark assimilation was 314 ± 31 nmol N L−1 day−1, while light assimilation was much faster, resulting in complete consumption of the 15N spike in less than 7 h from spike addition. The overall rate of coupled urea mineralization and oxidation (14.1 ± 7.6 nmol N L−1 day−1) was similar to that of oxidation alone (16.4 ± 8.1 nmol N L−1 day−1), suggesting that mineralization of labile dissolved organic N compounds like urea was not a rate limiting step for nitrification. Our results suggest that assimilation and nitrification compete for and that N transformation rates throughout the water column are influenced by light over diel and seasonal cycles, allowing phytoplankton and nitrifying microbes to contribute jointly to PNM formation. We identify important factors that influence the N cycle throughout the year, including light intensity, substrate availability, and microbial community structure. These processes could be relevant to other regions worldwide where seasonal variability in mixing depth and stratification influence the contributions of phytoplankton and non-photosynthetic microbes to the N cycle. 相似文献
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水团对吕宋海峡浮游植物群落结构的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据2008年8月18日至9月19日在吕宋海峡3个断面获得的0~200 m层浮游植物数据,探讨了群落结构及其与不同理化性质水团的关系。本研究共鉴定浮游植物4门61属169种（包括变种、变型和未定种）,其中甲藻和硅藻物种数基本相当,各占所有物种数的50%左右;另记录了金藻门3属3种;蓝藻门1种。海区优势种为卡氏前沟藻Amphisdinium carterae、锥状施克里普藻Scrippsiella trochiodea、角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.和原甲藻Prorocentrum sp.。丰度范围是（0.08~9.48）×106个/m3,平均为1.448×106个/m3。甲藻占总细胞丰度的74.68%;硅藻占24.96%。在水平方向,B断面和C5站浮游植物丰度较高,甲藻主要分布于远离陆地的海峡中部,而硅藻主要分布于台湾岛和吕宋岛附近;浮游植物垂直分布主要在水体的0~50 m层。聚类分析并结合水文数据表明浮游植物基本可划分为3个类群,分别受南海水、黑潮水和混合水的影响。南海水与黑潮水交汇的锋面区域,具有较周围区域更高的物种数、水柱平均丰度及硅甲藻丰度比,体现出强烈的锋面效应。 相似文献
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2014年秋季渤海网采浮游植物群落结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2014年秋季在渤海进行的水文、化学和生物方面的综合大面调查，研究了渤海网采浮游植物群落的结构特征，并结合文献资料，分析影响浮游植物群落结构形成的原因。结果显示:2014年渤海秋季共鉴定浮游植物3个门42属96种，其中以硅藻为主，为34属79种，占总物种的82%；甲藻门7属16种，占总物种的17%；金藻门1属1种。其中，角毛藻属的种类最多，共17种；其次为圆筛藻属，共13种。浮游植物总细胞丰度介于(0.71～72.15)×104 cells/m3，平均为13.88×104 cells/m3，硅藻与甲藻细胞丰度比值为2∶1，硅藻在莱州湾的细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区，甲藻在渤海中部海区的细胞丰度显著高于其他海区。浮游植物优势种主要为星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、威氏圆筛藻(C. wailesii)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、梭状角藻(Ceratium fusus)和夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)。渤海秋季浮游植物群落多样性水平分布不均，局部海域由于单一优势种过量繁殖多样性降低，低值区分布于辽东湾和渤海海峡海域。与历史同期资料对比，渤海海域浮游植物群落出现明显的物种演替现象，甲藻中的角藻逐渐兴起，其在渤海中部及辽东湾的优势地位已经超过角毛藻属和圆筛藻属，渤海秋季局部海区浮游植物群落结构已经由硅藻控制转为硅藻和甲藻共同控制。 相似文献
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2000年秋季渤海的网采浮游植物群落 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
研究了2000年秋季覆盖渤海60个测站的网采浮游植物物种及其群落特征,共发现浮游植物3门35属64种(不包括未定名物种).物种主要以硅藻为主,但甲藻在群落中的比重也很明显,在个别站位上会成为优势类群.优势种主要为偏心圆筛藻、三角角藻、浮动弯角藻等,其中的偏心圆筛藻、浮动弯角藻、布氏双尾藻、梭状角藻和叉状角藻是秋季渤海浮游植物的关键种.细胞丰度的平面分布由浮游硅藻的分布决定,其高值区分布在渤海中北部、渤海湾南部和渤海海峡南部.浮游甲藻在渤海湾北部存在高值区.由于渤海环流的影响在渤海中北部存在浮游植物群落的交错区,此区物种丰富度高、多样性水平高和细胞丰度高.秋季渤海浮游植物群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度的高值区在渤海中部,但整个秋季浮游植物群落的多样性程度是较低的. 相似文献
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Abstract. Vertical profiles of temperature, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, and nitrate), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundance are given for six stations located in the Gulf of California, June 1982, above 1 % of light intensity. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton was related to the water column structure: stratified stations had a defined nutricline and subsurface chlorophyll and phytoplankton abundance maxima were present, which were found to be related to the depth of the principal thermocline; vertical distribution of taxa was not uniform and low affinity values (< 0.5) were calculated among depths at these stations. Despite the irregular vertical distribution of chlorophyll and cell number, there was a great affinity in the species composition throughout the euphotic zone at well-mixed or weakly stratified stations. Nanoplankton organisms, mainly coc-colithophorids, were the most important numerical contributors at the chlorophyll maxima, except when this was superficial, in which case diatoms were the most numerous group. Some patterns of the vertical distribution of the main phytoplankton groups ( e.g. , diatoms, dinoflagellates, and microflagellates) are shown. The spectrum of diversity in the water column was useful only for mixed-waters. The relationship between stability, nutrients, and phytoplankton - regarding their vertical distribution - and the importance of physical and biological processes on phytoplankton ecology are discussed. 相似文献