共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
南海西南海盆的岩石圈张裂模式探讨 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
姚伯初 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》1999,19(2):37-48
南海西南海盆的西北边缘和东南边缘在地形地貌上不对称,在地质构造特征上东南边缘为上板块边缘,西北边缘为下板块边缘,它们为一对共轭边缘。新生代张性构造运动和海底扩张活动中,上地壳呈脆性,发生过脆性变形,产生了一系列倾斜正断裂及一系列断块,断块沿断层面转动,在地表出现一系列半地堑,在拉张应力的进一步作用下,上地壳沿断层面被拉开;下地壳呈塑性,发生塑性变形,最后以瓶颈方式被拉断。由此可见,在张性应力场作用下,岩石圈的变形方式是分层而异的：上地壳以简单剪切方式变形,下地壳以纯剪切方式变形。因此,整个岩石圈的变形方式是分层变形的 相似文献
2.
《热带海洋学报》2016,(1)
深地震探测、大洋钻探及野外露头观测等技术方法的联合运用,极大地推动了对大陆边缘地质过程的认识。目前对大陆边缘,尤其是对被动大陆边缘的结构、演化和发育机制的认识,正在经历一场前所未有的变革。文章从基本的概念和分类开始,综述了全球已探测到的几种主要大陆边缘类型的盆地结构、深地壳?岩石圈结构、圈层速度、沉降特点和破裂方式的研究进展,讨论了被动大陆边缘的发育和演化的机制。综合已有研究进展,指出富岩浆型和贫岩浆型陆缘在裂前和裂陷期具有相似的岩石组成和裂陷结构特征,只是在破裂前后由于岩浆量的不同而发生了结构的分异。贫岩浆型陆缘中的全岩石圈断裂型、上地壳过渡型、下地壳剥露型、上地幔剥露型,甚至下地壳+上地幔剥露的组合类型陆缘,是被动陆缘在张裂期由于岩石圈各层流变结构等因素的差异发生分异演化的结果。贫岩浆型陆缘下地壳高速体主要来源于地幔蛇纹岩化,而富岩浆型陆缘则主要来源于高温地幔熔融产生的底侵或侵入,局部可能继承了前张裂期的高速变质岩体。上述大陆边缘研究成果为研究南海的结构和演化提供了很好的对比和借鉴。 相似文献
3.
南海区域岩石圈的壳-幔耦合关系和纵向演化 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
南海区域岩石圈由地壳层和上地幔固结层两部分组成。具典型大洋型地壳结构的南海海盆区莫霍面深度为９～１３ｋｍ,并向四周经陆坡、陆架至陆区逐渐加深;陆缘区莫霍面一般为１５～２８ｋｍ,局部区段深达３０～３２ｋｍ,总体呈与水深变化反相关的梯度带;东南沿海莫霍面深约２８～３０ｋｍ,往西北方向逐渐增厚,最大逾３６ｋｍ。南海区域上地幔天然地震面波速度结构明显存在横向分块和纵向分层特征。岩石圈底界深度变化与地幔速度变化正相关;地幔岩石圈厚度与地壳厚度呈互补性变化,莫霍面和岩石圈底界呈立交桥式结构,具有陆区厚壳薄幔—洋区薄壳厚幔的岩石圈壳－幔耦合模式。南海区域白垩纪末以来的岩石圈演化主要表现为陆缘裂离—海底扩张—区域沉降的过程,现存的壳－幔耦合模式显然为岩石圈纵向演化产物,其过程大致可分为白垩纪末至中始新世的陆缘裂离、中始新世晚期至中新世早期的海底扩张和中新世晚期以来的区域沉降等三个阶段。 相似文献
4.
南海北部陆缘西部的地壳结构 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过中美科学合作,在南海北部陆缘西部采集了一条地壳剖面,从阳江地区开始,经珠三坳陷、神弧-东沙隆起、西沙海槽至西沙-中沙台地.结果表明,珠三坳陷的地壳已减薄至23km,去掉新生代沉积,则只有15km厚.西沙海槽的地壳结构已具备裂谷特征,地壳强烈减薄,厚14.47km;下地壳有高速地壳层,层速度为7.1km/g,厚6.7km.说明在新生代,南海北部陆缘西部受过强烈拉张,地壳减薄;上地幔部分熔融物质沿强烈拉张处侵入到地壳底部,使其地表形成裂谷.在西沙海槽的南部和北部,地壳结构差异很大,推测这里可能是由两个古老地块沿西沙海槽缝合起来,新生代早期的张性事件,又将这条古缝合线拉开,形成新生代裂谷──西沙海槽. 相似文献
5.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(2)
南海处于印度—澳大利亚、欧亚和太平洋三大板块汇聚中心,地理位置独特,地质作用复杂,经历了拉张、张裂到海底扩张的演化过程,是水平拉张和地幔上涌共同作用下的被动扩张结构。以南海中央海盆的地质构造为背景建立二维有限元模型,对具有先存薄弱带情况下岩石圈在水平拉张力和上涌力共同作用下的减薄扩张情况进行动力学模拟。计算结果表明:(1)岩石圈在受到拉张作用时,薄弱带和断层的存在会使该区域发生应力集中,优先减薄破坏;(2)岩石圈在单纯的拉张力条件下很难发生破坏,如果同时施加一个较小地幔上涌力反而能引起较大的变形,说明地幔上涌力在海盆扩张中起着重要的作用;(3)由于下地壳的流变性,下地壳比上地壳发生了更大程度的减薄,而且下地壳的流变特性比薄弱带的存在更有助于海盆的扩张。 相似文献
6.
Cantarell和Sihil油田位于墨西哥海上Campeche湾地区的一个复合挤压系统之中。Cantarell—Sihil构造沿走向方向有一定的变化，其南段为一个与简单正断裂有关的构造，中段为一个由Cantarell构造和Sihil构造组成的双重构造，北段为由第三纪正断裂分隔的挤压断块所组成的更为复杂的系统。Cantarell-Sihil构造的主要形成期为三个变形期：（1）侏罗纪至早白垩世拉张期，造成了一系列断开提通阶（Tithonian）、启莫里奇阶（Kimmeridg—iaJl）和下白垩统等地层的正断裂；（2）中新统挤压期，形成了Cantarell—Sihil构造逆冲系统；（3）上新世至全新世拉张期，一些侏罗纪形成的正断裂发生了再次活动。
Cantarell油田的产油区包括三个相互分开的以断裂为界的外来断块：Akal断块、Nohoch断块和Kutz断块等。其中，主力油田位于Akal断块，次要油田包括位于Kutz断块和Nohoch断块等外来断块中的油田，Kutz油田形成于下盘断块的顶部，而Nohoch油田则形成于一个向西倾伏的背冲断裂之上。最近发现的Sihil油田位于一个逆冲断裂下盘中的挤压构造之上，它由次级Sihil断裂上的两个凸起组成。Chac构造形成于原地断块中一个倾斜断块的上倾边缘处。精细的三维构造模型正被用于Cantarell油田剩余储量的开发设计以及Sihil油田的油藏描述中。 相似文献
7.
辽东湾地区是沿着郯庐断裂系发展的新生代大陆裂谷型断陷,其深部构造制约浅部结构。总结和分析辽东湾地区的重力场、磁力场、地震波场、热流场、地温分布及岩石层速度研究成果,表明辽东湾地区具有高值深部重力、浅居里等温面、浅壳幔电性高导体、相对低热流值等特征。该区Pn波平均速度较低,可能由于上地幔顶部热流物质向上侵入所致。NE向快波方向体现的是东侧右旋走滑响应,推测是辽东湾东部走滑作用弱于莱州湾及渤中地区,西部更弱或者未发生走滑的结果。辽东湾地壳发生明显减薄,居里等温面抬升区对应地壳厚度减薄区,在地壳减薄过程中很可能发生了伸展拆离。 相似文献
8.
<正>岩石圈在水平拉张力的作用下会发生伸展变形,以致形成裂陷盆地,但是在多因素的影响下,岩石圈的拉张形式会存在很大的差异,因此学者致力于提出不同模型解释不同的裂陷盆地结构。英国学者Mc Kenzie根据大陆纯剪切伸展模式建立了岩石圈伸展量与裂陷盆地的沉降量以及后裂陷阶段热沉降量之间的定量模型[1],在解释被动大陆边缘的地壳减薄、张裂和沉降方面发挥了重要作用[2-3],但它仅适用于完全对称的纯剪拉张模型,很难解释非对称共轭 相似文献
9.
南海东北部陆缘构造演化信息丰富,对于理解南海的演化过程至关重要。本文收集了南海东北部的深反射地震和海底广角地震成果剖面,提取地壳和下地壳高速层的厚度结果,并结合水深、重磁异常和岩石圈的流变学等地质地球物理资料,对南海东北部的地壳减薄特征、吕宋-琉球转换板块边界的性质和下地壳高速层的分布及成因进行了分析和讨论。南海东北部的地壳减薄在横向和垂向上都存在不均匀性,以下地壳减薄为主,在台西南盆地存在极端减薄地壳;南海北缘的白云凹陷、西沙海槽和西缘的中建南盆地也存在类似的极端减薄地壳,且都与刚性地块共轭或邻近,推测刚性地块的存在导致地壳初始破裂时下地壳流动和地幔上隆是局部出现地壳极端减薄的主要原因。吕宋-琉球转换板块边界两侧在海底地形、新生代反射和重磁异常等方面均存在差异,与中生代岛弧引起的高磁异常大角度相交,其可能是中生代古特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换的边界断裂。下地壳高速层在南海东北部广泛发育,结合其分布特征和波速比Vp/Vs的分布区间,认为其是多期次岩浆底侵形成的铁镁质基性岩。 相似文献
10.
南海西沙海槽岩石圈的密度结构与热-流变结构 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在中德合作获得的速度－深度模型基础上，通过重力异常拟合以及地温场和流变性质的估算，获得了西沙槽的密度结构、热结构和流变结构。计算表明，海槽中部上地壳的密度比两侧低：“热”岩石圈底界在海槽中部埋深为54km，向南北两侧逐渐加深，在神弧隆起区为76km，在西沙－中沙地块达到70km；地壳热流贡献量比地幔热流小，海底热流主要来自深部；在海槽中部地幔热流最高，并且具有较高的流变强度；研究区的流变学结构具有纵向分层性及横向变化的特点，向两侧韧性层变厚，脆性层逐渐减薄。地幔顶部的脆性层底界埋深大约为26km左右，相当于650℃等温线。分析表明，海槽中部强度增加主要归因于后期的热松驰，而块体空间移动困难以及西南次海盆的扩张可能是西沙海槽没有进一步破裂的重要原因。 相似文献
11.
Seismic reflection data imaging conjugate crustal sections at the South China Sea margins result in a conceptual model for rift-evolution at conjugate magma-poor margins in time and space.The wide Early Cenozoic South China Sea rift preserves the initial rift architecture at the distal margins. Most distinct are regular undulations in the crust–mantle boundary. Individual rift basins are bounded to crustal blocks by listric normal faults on either side. Moho uplifts are distinct beneath major rift basins, while the Moho is downbended beneath crustal blocks, with a wavelength of undulations in the crust–mantle boundary that approximately equals the thickness of the continental crust. Most of the basin-bounding faults sole out within the middle crust. At the distal margins, detachment faults are located at a mid-crustal level where a weak zone decouples crust and mantle lithosphere during rifting. The lower crust in contrast is interpreted as being strong. Only in the region within about 50 km from the Continent–Ocean Transition (COT) we suggest that normal faults reach the mantle, enabling potentially a coupling between the crust and the mantle. Here, at the proximal margins detachment fault dip either seaward or landward. This may indicate the presence of exhumed mantle bordering the continental margins.Post-rift shallow-water platform carbonates indicate a delay in subsidence during rifting in the South China Sea. We propose that this is an inherent process in highly extended continental margins and a common origin may be the influx of warm asthenospheric material into initially cool sub-lithospheric mantle.On a crustal-scale largely symmetric process predominate in the initial rifting stage. At the future COT either of the rift basin-bounding faults subsequently penetrates the entire crust, resulting in asymmetry at this location. However, asymmetric deformation which is controlled by large scale detachment faulting is confined to narrow areas and does not result in a margin-wide simple-shear model. Rather considerable along-margin variations are suggested resulting in alternating “upper and lower plate” margins. 相似文献
12.
The identification of the structures and deformation patterns in magma-poor continental rifted margins is essential to characterize the processes of continental lithosphere necking. Brittle faults, often termed mantle detachments, are believed to play an essential role in the rifting processes that lead to mantle exhumation. However, ductile shear zones in the deep crust and mantle are rarely identified and their mechanical role remains to be established. The western Betics (Southern Spain) provide an exceptional exposure of a strongly thinned continental lithosphere, formed in a supra-subduction setting during Oligocene-Lower Miocene. A full section of the entire crust and the upper part of the mantle is investigated. Variations in crustal thickness are used to quantify crustal stretching that may reach values larger than 2000% where the ductile crust almost disappears, defining a stage of hyper-stretching. Opposite senses of shear top-to-W and top-to-E are observed in two extensional shear zones located close to the crust-mantle boundary and along the brittle-ductile transition in the crust, respectively. Where the ductile crust almost disappears, concordant top-to-E-NE senses of shear are observed in both upper crust and serpentinized mantle. Late high-angle normal faults with ages of ca. 21 Ma or older (40Ar/39Ar on white mica) crosscut the previously hyper-stretched domain, involving both crust and mantle in tilted blocks. The western Betics exemplify, probably better than any previous field example, the changes in deformation processes that accommodate the progressive necking of a continental lithosphere. Three successive steps can be identified: i/a mid-crustal shear zone and a crust-mantle shear zone, acting synchronously but with opposite senses of shear, accommodate ductile crust thinning and ascent of subcontinental mantle; ii/hyper-stretching localizes in the neck, leading to an almost disappearance of the ductile crust and bringing the upper crust in contact with the subcontinental mantle, each of them with their already acquired opposite senses of shear; and iii/high-angle normal faulting, cutting through the Moho, with related block tilting, ends the full exhumation of the mantle in the zone of localized stretching. The presence of a high strength sub-Moho mantle is responsible for the change in sense of shear with depth. Whereas mantle exhumation in the western Betics occurred in a backarc setting, this deformation pattern controlled by a high-strength layer at the top of the lithosphere mantle makes it directly comparable to most passive margins whose formation lead to mantle exhumation. This unique field analogue has therefore a strong potential for the seismic interpretation of the so-called “hyper-extended margins”. 相似文献
13.
Crustal rheology controls the style of rifting and ultimately the architecture of rifted margins. Here we review the formation of three magma-poor margin pairs, Iberia-Newfoundland, the central segment of the South Atlantic Rift, and the South China Sea by integrating observational data into a numerical forward modelling framework. We utilise a 2D version of the finite element code SLIM3D, which includes nonlinear temperature- and stress-dependent elasto-visco-plastic rheology and is able to reproduce a wide range of rift-related deformation processes such as flexure, lower crustal flow, and faulting.Extension in cold, strong, or thin crust is accommodated by brittle faults and ductile shear zones that facilitate narrow rifts with asymmetric fault geometries. Hot, weak, or thick continental crust is dominated by ductile deformation and often extends symmetrically into a wide rift system. This simple recipe provides the standard framework to understand initial rift geometry, however, it is insufficient to account for the dynamics of intermediate and late rift stages that shape the final margin architecture.Asymmetric conjugate margins where one side is wide and the other narrow can be formed via both wide and narrow rift styles, which we reproduce with weak and strong crustal rheologies, respectively. Exemplified by the Iberia-Newfoundland conjugates and the Central South Atlantic, we define three characteristic rift phases: an initial phase of simultaneous faulting, an intermediate phase of rift migration that involves sequential fault activity, and finally, the breakup phase. Crustal rheology plays an overarching role in governing the dynamics of these asymmetric margins: we illustrate that weak rheologies generally prolong the phase of simultaneous faulting, while rift migration is enabled by initial fault asymmetry as well as relatively weak crust.Formation of the predominantly symmetric and wide margins of the South China Sea was controlled by extraordinarily weak crust that extended the phase of simultaneous faulting until breakup. The weak crustal rheology of this region relates to the South China Sea's pre-rift history where plate convergence lead to crustal thickening and magmatic additions in a back-arc regime shortly before the onset of rifting. 相似文献
14.
TAIGER project deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles acquired in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) provide a detailed view of the crustal structure of a very wide rifted continental margin. These profiles document a failed rift zone proximal to the shelf, a zone of thicker crust 150 km from the shelf, and gradually thinning crust toward the COB, spanning a total distance of 250–300 km. Such an expanse of extended continental crust is not unique but it is uncommon for continental margins. We use the high-quality images from this data set to identify the styles of upper and lower crustal structure and how they have thinned in response to extension and, in turn, what rheological variations are predicted that allow for protracted crustal extension. Upper crustal thinning is greatest at the failed rift (βuc ≈ 7.5) but is limited farther seaward (βuc ≈ 1–2). We interpret that the lower crust has discordantly thinned from an original 15–17 km to possibly less than 2–3 km thick beneath the central thick crust zone and more distal areas. This extreme lower crustal thinning indicates that it acted as a weak layer allowing decoupling between the upper crust and the mantle lithosphere. The observed upper crustal thickness variations and implied rheology (lower crustal flow) are consistent with large-scale boudinage of continental crust during protracted extension. 相似文献
15.
Hsin-Hung Wu Yi-Ben Tsai Tung-Yi Lee Ching-Hua Lo Chao-Hui Hsieh Dinh Van Toan 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2004,25(1-2):5-27
In this study, we construct a 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in South China Sea and its surrounding regions by surface wave dispersion analysis. We use the multiple filter technique to calculate the group velocity dispersion curves of fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves with periods from 14 s to 120 s for earthquakes occurred around the Southeast Asia. We divide the study region (80° E–140° E, 16° S–32° N) into 3° × 3° blocks and use the constrained block inversion method to get the regionalized dispersion curve for each block. At some chosen periods, we put together laterally the regionalized group velocities from different blocks at the same period to get group velocity image maps. These maps show that there is significant heterogeneity in the group velocity of the study region. The dispersion curve of each block was then processed by surface wave inversion method to obtain the shear wave velocity structure. Finally, we put the shear wave velocity structures of all the blocks together to obtain the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of crust and upper mantle. The three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure shows that the shear wave velocity distribution in the crust and upper mantle of the South China Sea and its surrounding regions displays significant heterogeneity. There are significant differences among the crustal thickness, the lithospheric thickness and the shear wave velocity of the lid in upper mantle of different structure units. This study shows that the South China Sea Basin, southeast Sulu Sea Basin and Celebes Sea Basin have thinner crust. The thickness of crust in South China Sea Basin is 5–10 km; in Indochina is 25–40 km; in Peninsular Malaysia is 30–35 km; in Borneo is 30–35 km; in Palawan is 35 km; in the Philippine Islands is 30–35 km, in Sunda Shelf is 30–35 km, in Southeast China is 30–40 km, in West Philippine Basin is 5–10 km. The South China Sea Basin has a lithosphere with thickness of about 45–50 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.3–4.7 km/s; Indochina has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–70 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.3–4.5 km/s; Borneo has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–60 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.1–4.3 km/s; the Philippine Islands has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–60 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.2–4.3 km/s, West Philippine Basin has a lithosphere with thickness of about 50–55 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.7–4.8 km/s, Sunda Self has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–65 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.3 km/s. The Red-River Fault Zone probably penetrates to a depth of at least 200 km and is plausibly the boundary between the South China Block and the Indosinia Block. 相似文献
16.
The South China Sea is the largest marginal basin of SE Asia, yet its mechanism of formation is still debated. A 1000-km long wide-angle refraction seismic profile was recently acquired along the conjugate margins of the SW sub-basin of the South China Sea, over the longest extended continental crust. A joint reflection and refraction seismic travel time inversion is performed to derive a 2-D velocity model of the crustal structure and upper mantle. Based on this new tomographic model, northern and southern margins are genetically linked since they share common structural characteristics. Most of the continental crust deforms in a brittle manner. Two scales of deformation are imaged and correlate well with seismic reflection observations. Small-scale normal faults (grabens, horsts and rotated faults blocks) are often associated with a tilt of the velocity isocontours affecting the upper crust. The mid-crust shows high lateral velocity variation defining low velocity bodies bounded by large-scale normal faults recognized in seismic reflection profiles. Major sedimentary basins are located above low velocity bodies interpreted as hanging-wall blocks. Along the northern margin, spacing between these velocity bodies decreases from 90 to 45 km as the total crust thins toward the Continent–Ocean Transition. The Continent–Ocean Transitions are narrow and slightly asymmetric – 60 km on the northern side and no more than 30 km on the southern side – indicating little space for significant hyper-stretched crust. Although we have no direct indication for mantle exhumation, shallow high velocities are observed at the Continent–Ocean Transition. The Moho interface remains rather flat over the extended domain, and remains undisturbed by the large-scale normal faults. The main décollement is thus within the ductile lower crust. 相似文献
17.
A seismic refraction study on old (110 Myr) lithosphere in the northwest Pacific Basin has placed constraints on crustal and uppermantle seismic structure of old oceanic lithosphere, and lithospheric aging processes. No significant lateral variation in structure other than azimuthally anisotropic mantle velocities was found, allowing the application of powerful amplitude modeling techniques. The anisotropy observed is in an opposite sense to that expected, suggesting the tectonic setting of the area may be more complex than originally thought. Upper crustal velocities are generally larger than for younger crust, supporting current theories of decreased porosity with crustal aging. However, there is no evidence for significant thickening of the oceanic crust with age, nor is there any evidence of a lower crustal layer of high or low velocity relative to the velocity of the rest of Layer 3. The compressional and shear wave velocities rule out a large component of serpentinization of mantle materials. The only evidence for a basal crustal layer of olivine gabbro cumulates is a 1.5 km thick Moho transition zone. In the slow direction of anisotropy, upper mantle velocities increase from 8.0 km s-1 to 8.35 km s-1 in the upper 15 km below the Moho. This increase is inconsistent with an homogeneous upper mantle and suggests that compositinal or phase changes occur near the Moho. 相似文献
18.
Distribution of crustal extension and regional basin architecture of the Albertine rift system, East Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. D. Karner B. R. Byamungu C. J. Ebinger A. B. Kampunzu R. K. Mukasa J. Nyakaana E. N. T. Rubondo N. M. Upcott 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2000,17(10)
By applying a kinematic and flexural model for the extensional deformation of the lithosphere, and using a recently available EROS Data Center topography DEM of Africa in conjunction with new and previous gravity data from Lakes Albert, Edward and George, we have determined the distribution, amplitude, and style of deformation responsible for the formation of the Albertine rift system, East Africa. Further, we have been able to approximate the three-dimensional architecture of the Albertine rift basin by analyzing a series of profiles across and along the rift system for which we also estimate the flexural strength of the rifted continental lithosphere and its along-strike variation. Previous modeling studies of the Lake Albert basin either overestimated the flexural strength of the extended lithosphere and/or underestimated the crustal extension. The single most important factor that compromised the success of these modeling efforts was the assumption that crustal extension was limited to the present-day distribution of the rift lakes. The style of deformation appears to have changed with time, beginning with a regionally distributed brittle deformation across the region that lead progressively to the preferential growth and development of the major border faults and antithetic/synthetic faults within the collapsed hangingwall block. Minor fault reactivation within the footwall block appears to be related to the release of bending stresses associated by the flexural uplift of the rift flank topography. By simultaneously matching the observed and modeled topography and free-air gravity across the Albertine rift system, we have determined a cumulative extension ranging from 6 to 16 km with the maximum extension occurring in the central and northern segments of the basin. Crustal extension is not constrained to the lake proper, but extends significantly to the east within the hangingwall block. Effective elastic thickness, Te, varies between 24 and 30 km and is unrelated to either the amount of extension or the maximum sediment thickness. The variation of Te relates possibly to small changes in crustal thickness, heterogeneities in crustal composition, and/or variations in radiogenic crustal heat production. Maximum sediment thickness is predicted to be 4.6 km and occurs within the central region of Lake Albert. Low bulk sediment densities, correlating with the location of major lake deltas, may be indicative of present-day sediment overpressures. Our results show that basin geometry is strongly dependent on the cumulative (and distribution) of lithospheric extension and the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere. Thus, in order to determine the total amount of extension responsible for the formation of a basin system, it is necessary to independently constrain the flexural strength of the lithosphere both during and after extension. Conversely, in order to determine the rigidity of extended lithosphere using the stratigraphy and/or geometry of rift basins and passive margins, it is necessary to independently constrain the cumulative extension of the lithosphere. 相似文献
19.
D. Franke U. BarckhausenN. Baristeas M. EngelsS. Ladage R. LutzJ. Montano N. PellejeraE.G. Ramos M. Schnabel 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(6):1187-1204
The South China Sea formed by magma-poor, or intermediate volcanic rifting in the Paleogene. We investigate the structure of the continent-ocean transition (COT) at its southern margin, off NW Palawan between the continental blocks of Reed Bank and the islands of Palawan and Calamian. Several surveys, recorded by the BGR from 1979 to 2008, established a comprehensive database of regional seismic lines, accompanied with magnetic and gravity profiles.We interpret two major rifted basins, extending in the NE direction across the shelf and slope, separated by a structural high of non volcanic origin.The continent-ocean transition is interpreted at the seaward limit of the continental crust, when magnetic spreading anomalies terminate some 80-100 km farther north. The area in between displays extensive volcanism - as manifest by extrusions that occasionally reach and cut the seafloor, by dykes, and by presumed basaltic lava flows - occurring after break-up.The COT is highly variable along the NW Palawan slope: One type shows a distinct outer ridge at the COT with a steep modern seafloor relief. The other type is characterised by rotated fault blocks, bounded by listric normal faults ramping down to a common detachment surface. Half-grabens developed above a strongly eroded pre-rift basement. The seafloor relief is smooth across this other type of COT.We suggest the pre-rift lithospheric configuration had major influence on the formation of the COT, besides transfer zones. Volcanic domains, confined to the north of competent crustal blocks correlate with the style of the COT.Gravity modelling revealed an extremely thinned crust across the shelf. We propose a depth-dependent extension model with crust being decoupled from mantle lithosphere, explaining the discrepancy of subsidence observed across the South China Sea region. 相似文献