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采用室内模拟的方法，对盐度、饵料、底质和温度对硬壳蛤稚贝成活率和生长率的影响进行了研究。结果表明，硬壳蛤稚贝存活和生长的适宜盐度范围为18－42，最适盐度范围为24－36。从稚贝成活率看，几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为：等鞭金藻＞美国扁藻＞混合藻＞亚心形扁藻＞大溪等鞭金藻＞三角褐指藻＞小球藻＞中肋骨条藻；但从稚贝日生长率看，几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为：混合藻＞等鞭金藻＝美国扁藻＝亚心形扁藻＞大溪等鞭金藻＞三角褐指藻＞小球藻＞中肌骨条藻。硬壳蛤对底质环境有一定的选择性，稚贝在纯砂底质中的成活率和日生长率均高于在纯海泥底质中，但砂的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率没有明显影响。硬壳蛤稚贝具有很强的耐高温能力，在室内控温条件下，能够耐受30－35℃的高温，但在室外自然温度条件下，当温度为21．8－35．4℃（平均为30．1℃）时，稚贝成活率却很低，无砂情况下只有32％，有砂情况下为零。 相似文献
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对马氏珠母贝人工育苗换水、投附着基和饵料等关键环节进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不换水组的D形幼虫及壳顶幼虫的存活率,稚贝育成率以及D形幼虫、壳顶幼虫及稚贝壳长日生长率比换水组分别提高了15.3%、259.6%、186.5%、33.3%、34.2%、12.4%,且差异显著;(2)第1、2次投附着板组的稚贝壳长日生长率均比一次性投附着板组快,第3次投附着板组的壳长日生长率比其他所有组均慢,且差异均显著。多次投附着板组的同一批次稚贝均匀度均比一次性投附着板组好,且多次投附着板组比一次性投附着板组的稚贝育成率提高了32.5%,稚贝存活率提高了19.3%,采苗量提高了35%;(3)投喂虾塘水组稚贝存活率、育成率及壳长日生长率比投喂50%自溶酵母+50%小球藻组分别提高了28.1%、47.2%、35.9%,而投喂这两种不同饵料的稚贝阴干后的存活率差异不显著。研究表明,通过封闭不换水育苗、多次投附着板及投喂虾塘水中的生态饵料的方法可以高效地培育出健康的马氏珠母贝种苗。 相似文献
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采用单因子分析方法,以小刀蛏为材料,研究了不同盐度、温度、底质及饵料对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响。实验结果表明:小刀蛏稚贝具有较强的盐度耐受性,可以在较大的盐度变动范围内生长和存活;小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的适宜盐度范围为15~35,最适盐度范围为20~25;适宜的温度范围为16~28℃,最适的温度范围为24~28℃;随着盐度和温度的增加,小刀蛏稚贝的生长率和存活率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。底质是小刀蛏生长和存活的必要环境条件,且小刀蛏对底质环境具有明显的选择性,稚贝以海泥底质最佳,实验条件下海泥底质组生长率和存活率显著高于半泥半砂底质和细粉砂底质。不同饵料对稚贝的培育效果不同,角毛藻和金藻的投喂效果最好,稚贝生长率和存活率最高,其次为扁藻组,小球藻组最差。研究结果可为小刀蛏人工培育技术的优化提供参考依据。 相似文献
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在经济软体动物的人工育苗中,单细胞藻类是主要的饵料品种之一。在人工育苗试验中,如何筛选出其幼虫或幼体最适宜的饵料种类和研究这些饵料种类的适宜培养条件,历来是水产实验生态学的重要课题。近几年来,我们在研究双壳类幼虫、稚贝的饵料和食性试验中证明:从厦门海区分离培养的钙质角毛藻[Chaetoceros calcitrans(Panlsen)Takano]是多种双壳类幼虫的理想饵料之一。如菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)幼虫摄食单一投放的这种藻类,幼虫变态成稚贝的存活率可达40%左右。假如和湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjian 相似文献
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本文研究了小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)室内人工育苗技术。在繁殖季节选择壳长7.5 cm亲贝,采用铺泥沙蓄养培育,以阴干+维生素浸泡刺激法获得精、卵,幼虫培育中人工控制幼虫密度,D形幼虫到壳顶幼虫前期为5～6个/mL,壳顶幼虫后期为1～2个/mL。进行了不同运输方式和不同底质亲贝蓄养比较试验、不同底质附着基采苗方法试验以及稚贝无底质上升流培育和不同盐度培育试验。研究表明,采用铺细沙加冰的运输方法亲贝成活率最高,干露9 h成活率可达90%;以纯海泥底质蓄养的亲贝肥满度和成活率最高;无底质采苗和铺泥采苗对幼虫变态率的影响没有差异;无底质采苗的稚贝,其生长速度明显慢于铺泥采苗;小刀蛏稚贝不宜用上升流进行培育,宜采用铺泥培育的方法;盐度为15时,稚贝培养效果最好,生长速度快、成活率高,盐度为35时培养效果最差。采用上述技术,成功培育出3 mm以上的商品苗2 000万粒,育苗效果显著。 相似文献
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采用单因子分析方法,在室内模拟设置10个温度梯度(6-36℃)、10个盐度梯度(4‰-40‰)和4种底质(细粉沙、细沙、粗沙、混合沙组)及3个厚度梯度(5、10、30mm),研究温度、盐度和底质对大竹蛏稚贝生长及存活的影响.结果表明:1)在盐度为21.4‰的条件下,大竹蛏稚贝存活及生长的适温范围为6-30℃,最适温度范围为21-30℃;15℃以上随温度升高日生长率逐渐增大,30℃个体日生长率为1.82%,21℃组成活率最高达88%.2)在温度为21.6-28.6℃条件下,大竹蛏稚贝存活及生长的盐度适宜范围为20‰-32‰,最适盐度范围为20‰-28‰;盐度20‰时成活率最大为85%,盐度24‰时个体日生长率最大为1.72%.3)大竹蛏稚贝对底质环境无明显的选择性,沙的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率均无显著影响(P＞0.05);但稚贝在不同厚度底质中的成活率和日生长率存在显著差异,10和30mm组的成活率和日生长率均显著高于5mm组的成活率和日生长率(P＜0.05). 相似文献
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硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)繁殖生物学研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
采用组织学和实验生态学方法对浙江引种养殖的硬壳蛤的性腺发育、生殖周期、胚胎发育、幼虫和稚贝培育进行了研究.结果表明,浙江养殖的硬壳蛤性腺发育过程以1年为1个周期,可分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期、休止期5个阶段;繁殖期在4月下旬至6月下旬,水温19.0-28.2℃,可大批产卵二次;肥满度最高为7.11%（6月份）,最低为3.68%（1月份）;水温20-22℃时,D形幼虫孵出时间约为20h,浮游幼虫经9-10天培育进入变态附着期,10-11天发育变态为稚贝.研究还发现,硬壳蛤的精子在光学显微镜下观察呈牛角形或较直的长三角形,与常见的双壳类软体动物的精子形态明显不同.文中还讨论了性腺发育与积温的关系,指出性腺发育成熟的积温和有效积温大约为1800℃和600℃. 相似文献
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盐度对文蛤孵化及幼体存活和生长的影响 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
国内外学者就盐度对文蛤幼体生长发育的影响有过一些报道,但仅局限于浮游幼虫期,而对受精卵孵化和稚贝期进行全面系统的试验研究,目前尚未见报道。本文分别以人工获得的文蛤受精卵、人工培育的浮游幼体和变态稚贝为试验材料,探索盐度对文蛤不同发育阶段生存、生长的影响规律,为人工育苗及稚贝中间育成提供参考。１ 材料和方法１．１ 材料亲贝取自辽宁省盘锦市盘山县双台子河口中潮区砂岗,为３～４龄蛤。经阴干和流水刺激排放精卵,取适量受精卵为孵化期试验材料,其余受精卵在２５℃水温下经人工孵化、选育后,在４０ｍ~３水泥池… 相似文献
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通过亲贝强化营养和升温促熟培育,提早栉江珧人工育苗时间;合理控制幼虫密度,前期4~5个/mL,后期2~3个/mL,严把饵料质量关,投喂新鲜无污染的饵料,科学换水与充气,及时分级筛选等系列技术措施,克服栉江珧育苗中易发生幼虫粘连的技术难题,使育苗生产顺利进行;开展了多种附着基投放的采苗方法试验,选出了铺砂浮动网箱采苗和网袋装网片附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗2种比较理想的采苗方法,提高稚贝的附着变态率,其附着变态率达30%以上,促进稚贝的生长和成活,在1 000 m3水体中育出2 mm以上的稚贝1.096亿粒。 相似文献
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经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用是海洋农牧业及工业的重要组成部分。20世纪经过几代人的努力，我国在海带、紫菜、裙带菜及龙须菜的繁育、养殖关键技术等方面成功取得突破，为这些海藻的产业化提供坚实的保障，为我国成为世界海藻大国奠定了基础。海藻养殖产业为人们提供了食品、藻胶及其它丰富的产品，这包括保健品、功能食品、化妆品及药物等。海藻养殖产业也对人类经济、社会的发展起到重要作用，通过吸收环境中的二氧化碳、氮和磷，为海洋生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。本文对我国海藻繁育、养殖及综合开发的历程进行简要回顾，对当前我国、中国科学院海洋研究海藻研究与应用进行了总结，对海藻研究发展的未来进行了展望；适应海藻产业从量向质的方向转变，同时兼顾生态环境效益，为我国海藻研发及应用提供参考。 相似文献
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为探究肿瘤易感基因101(简称TSG101)对斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)的免疫应答作用,了解在细菌刺激下斑节对虾的机体发生的变化机制,本研究以哈维弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)为实验组,以磷酸缓冲液(PBS)为对照组,通过荧光定量分析展开对斑节对虾对菌刺激的免疫应答作用。结果显示,斑节对虾的TSG101在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的表达量最高。在金黄色葡萄球菌刺激下,斑节对虾的TSG101在肝胰腺中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第12小时的TSG101 mRNA的表达量达到最大(为对照组的21.60倍);在鳃中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第6小时斑节对虾TSG101的表达量达到最大值(为对照组的3.64倍)。在注射哈维弧菌第9小时,肝胰腺中的PmTSG101 mRNA表达量极显著上调(P0.01)且达到最大(为对照组的2.50倍)。实验结果初步表明,斑节TSG101参与斑节对虾的先天免疫反应,在金黄色葡萄球菌和哈维弧菌的刺激的情况下,该基因RNA水平的表达情况发生明显变化。 相似文献
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Eight ophiuroid species, six from the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak and three from the northern Adriatic Sea, were examined for regeneration of arms. The species were separated into groups based upon mode of feeding and habitat. Comparison between groups collected in the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak showed that infaunal suspension- and deposit-feeding species (Amphiura filiformis and A. chiajei) had significantly more scars per arm (mean number 0.78) than epibenthic suspension feeders (Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, 0.29) or epibenthic carnivores and deposit feeders (Ophiura ophiura and O. albida, 0.13). Spatial variation in arm regeneration incidence was found between sampling sites in the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak for Amphiura filiformis and in the northern Adriatic Sea for Ophiothrix quinquemaculata. The ash-free dry weight (AFDW) and nitrogen (N) contents were measured in arms of six species of brittle-stars from the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak. Differences between species were found, with highest concentrations of AFDW and N in Amphiura filiformis, intermediate in A. chiajei, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiothrix fragilis, and lowest in Ophiura ophiura and O. albida. As the infaunal suspension- and deposit-feeding brittle-stars (Amphiura spp.) had the highest proportions of damaged arms and highest AFDW and N contents in their arms in this comparison, it is suggested that selective cropping of arms by demersal fish is the main cause of arm damage on Amphiura spp. in this area. 相似文献
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向水体中添加不同浓度的短小芽孢杆菌CGMCC1004（Bacillus pumilus）和胶红酵母菌CGMCC1013（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）以研究凡纳滨对虾（Litoenaeus vapznamei）体长、体质量、存活率、胃蛋白酶、肝胰腺淀粉酶和肝胰腺脂肪酶的影响，以及需钠弧菌（Vibrio natriegens）的感染效果。结果表明：向水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌能提高对虾体长、存活率，但结果不显著，但对体质量增长率具有显著提高作用；水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌对提高需钠弧菌感染后对虾成活率有一定的提高作用；水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌能显著提高胃蛋白酶活性，但是对肝胰腺淀粉酶活性有一定抑制作用；添加复合菌剂比添加单一菌种的作用要好；亦证明了向水体中添加细菌的方式对凡纳滨对虾的体长、体质量、存活率以及水质指标影响比较小，但是对消化酶具有一定的提高作用。 相似文献
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Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, southern Africa
The depth-distribution profiles of meiofauna in four transects in the Mngazana River, Transkei were studied during summer 1980. Highest densities [±1000(100 cm3)−1] were encountered within the top 10 cm of the sediment. Nematodes dominated (80%) and the remainder was made up of ciliates, oligochaetes, gastrotrichs, and low numbers of polychaetes, copepods, kinorhynchs and various crustacean larvae. Among chemical parameters Eh correlated most consistantly with distribution, particularly at the lower tidal levels. Temperature and pH appeared to be of lesser importance. The maximum estimated depth of penetration was on average 72 cm at the HW levels; 32 at MW and 23 at LW. The mean dry biomass was estimated at 1073 mg m−2; 941 mg m−2 and 196 mg m−2 at these tidal levels respectively. The importance of preliminary studies designed to estimate the depth distribution of meiofauna is discussed. 相似文献
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Four species in the genus Navicula were isolated using the serial dilution method. Based on scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and sequence comparisons of two segments of genes(small ribosomal subunit and large subunit of Rubisco), the species were identified as Navicula perminuta, N. pseudacceptata, N. vara, and N. rhynchocephala. Based on phylogenetic analysis and culture trials, there was a close relationship between N. perminuta and N. vara. Growth of these species was evaluated using measurements of optical density at 680 nm(OD680) under various environmental factors. Results showed that the optimum culture conditions were 25℃, 50–100 μmol photons m-2 s-1, pH 8.0, and salinities from 25 to 30. However, the favorable salinity for N. perminuta was surprisingly high at 35. Nutrient requirement analysis demonstrated that growth of Navicula depended on the availability of SiO32-. Their relative growth rates(RGR) peaked at the highest tested level(0.25 mmol/L). The optimal concentrations of NO3- and PO43- were 3.6 mmol/L and 0.18 mmol/L, respectively. Culture of these Navicula species for abalone or sea cucumber aquaculture should take these factors into consideration. 相似文献
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In order to trace their feeding habits, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C), as well as trace metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Se and Hg) were analysed in the tissues of five commercial shark species from the Celtic Sea: the tope shark Galeorhinus galeus, the black-mouthed catshark Galeus melastomus, the starry smooth hound Mustelus asterias, the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias and the lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Our results were compared to previously described stomach contents and isotopic composition of potential preys. Isotopic ratio delta15N suggested that tope sharks fed at a higher trophic level (16.7 per thousand in the muscle) than the other species, reflecting its piscivorous diet. The lower values of spiny dogfish (11.6 per thousand in the muscle) might be explained, amongst other things, by either its migratory behaviour or its preference for preys from lower trophic levels. Cd and Hg were correlated with isotopic ratios delta13C and delta15N, and were shown to be diet-related whereas Zn, Fe and Cu seemed much more linked to species-specific metabolism. Although this multidisciplinary approach is revealed as a useful tool for the study of shark ecology, the lack of known trophic fractionation suggests that isotopic data be compared to traditional diet analyses. 相似文献
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The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. 15N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen. 相似文献