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1.
孙嫒  谢超 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(4):961-967
为了改善东海小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)干制品的质量, 采用热泵等各种干燥技术, 对干制品复水比、色差值、T-VBN值、细菌总数以及能耗值等指标进行分析测定。结果表明, 热泵联合干燥技术明显优于传统热风干燥技术。进一步对联合干燥过程中影响干燥速率和干制品品质的因素进行分析(包括装填物料量、循环风速、干燥室温度和相对湿度等)。研究得出: 对重量为150g左右的小黄鱼, 干燥室温度为50℃、循环风速为2.0m/s、装填物料量为10kg、干燥室相对湿度控制在30%时干燥效果最佳, 并且节能明显, 降低能耗达到34.6%。该成果的推广应用将大大降低水产品干燥过程中的能耗问题。  相似文献   

2.
孙嫒  谢超  何韩炼 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(5):1257-1262
为了减少小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)干燥过程的能耗, 在前期实验的基础上, 采用响应面分析法, 以单位能耗除湿值(SMER)和挥发性盐基总氮值(T-VBN)两者的综合指标Y为最终评价指标, 对热泵干燥阶段的温度A、分阶段干燥的转换点含水率B、后期热风干燥阶段的温度C三个条件进行优化, 模拟得到回归方程的预估模型。结果表明, 小黄鱼联合干燥的最优条件为热泵干燥温度A=50℃、转换点含水率B=32.62%和热风干燥温度C=44.01℃, 在此条件下比较热泵干燥(HPD)、热泵-热风联合干燥(HPD+AD)、热风干燥(AD)三种干燥方式下的样品品质和耗能, 联合干燥得到的小黄鱼干品质高于热风干燥, 而且干燥能耗降低了34.8%。  相似文献   

3.
采用液相色谱-紫外检测器法、质构法等方法研究了鲣鱼在热处理过程中鱼肉的外形尺寸、质构特性、营养品质和酸度等随中心温度变化的情况。结果表明,随着鱼体中心温度不断升高,鲣鱼的长度先快后慢的发生了收缩,80°C时收缩率达24.56%;宽度先膨胀后收缩,80°C时膨胀率达到12.15%,厚度则一直膨胀,80°C时膨胀率达22.17%;鲣鱼硬度和咀嚼性变化趋势大致相同,弹性则一直降低,内聚性波动很大,但总体上升;盐溶性蛋白、碱不溶性蛋白、水溶性蛋白逐渐减少,且60°C时已检测不出水溶性蛋白,碱溶性蛋白和非蛋白氮逐渐增加;鲣鱼肉的酸度不断增加。同时对鲣鱼热处理过程中组胺含量进行了研究,结果表明鲣鱼中组胺在热处理后有所增加,且初始原料组胺含量越高,热处理后增加越明显。该研究成果将为鲣鱼精深加工提供理论基础。  相似文献   

4.
Katsuwonus pelamis广泛分布于各大洋热带和亚热带海域,其中以中西太平洋资源量最为丰富。综合评价环境因子对鲣鱼资源量的影响,构建科学的资源预报模型可为我国可持续合理开发该鱼种提供参考。本研究利用1998—2013年中西太平洋渔获量数据,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)为资源相对丰度指标,利用灰色关联方法分析鲣鱼资源相对丰度与环境因子之间的关联度,选取合适的环境因子,并基于不同环境因子构建不同的灰色预测模型对鲣鱼资源相对丰度进行预测,比较选择最优模型。结果表明, 中西太平洋鲣鱼的产量逐年递增,而CPUE在年间有着较大的波动。灰色关联分析认为,海表面温度与CPUE的平均关联度最大,其次为Nino3.4区海表温度距平值,其他的环境因子与CPUE的关联度较小。基于多环境因子的预测模型中,包含所有因子(海表面温度、海表面高度、叶绿素质量浓度a和Nino3.4区海表温度距平值)的模型M1有着最佳的拟合效果,实际值与预测值的相对误差为6.475 2,相关系数为0.687 4;而基于单一环境因子的预测模型中,去除11月SST数据的模型S2有着最佳的拟合效果,实际值与预测值的相对误差为7.419 2,相关系数为0.791 0。相比多环境因子的预测模型,单一环境因子预测模型有着较高的稳定性,实际值与预测值直接相关性也较高,可以作为中西太平洋鲣鱼资源相对丰度预报的最优模型。  相似文献   

5.
为研究鲣鱼在热处理过程中背部肌肉营养成分变化情况,测定鲣鱼背部肌肉的水分、灰分、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、脂肪酸及矿物质元素等指标的含量,并对其进行了氨基酸评分。结果表明:蒸煮前后的鲣鱼背部肌肉蛋白质含量分别为24.56%、20.42%,脂肪含量分别为1.03%、2.37%,灰分含量分别为1.97%、0.74%,水分比重均达60%以上。生鲣鱼肌肉的必需氨基酸总量高达499.9mg/g,熟鲣鱼肌肉的必需氨基酸总量达到412.4mg/g,均不含限制性氨基酸,熟鲣鱼肌肉的必需氨基酸含量低于鸡蛋蛋白质的必需氨基酸模式,但高于FAO/WHO推荐的学龄前儿童体内的必需基酸模式;而生鲣鱼肌肉的必需氨基酸含量均超过了两个参考必需氨基酸需要量模式;生鲣鱼背部肌肉的DHA和EPA含量为29.9%,熟鲣鱼肌肉的含量更高,为32.3%;生、熟鲣鱼肌肉K元素含量最高,也含有丰富的微量元素,如Fe、Cu、Zn、Se等。因此,热处理前后的鲣鱼背部肌肉均为高蛋白、低脂肪、矿物质丰富,味道鲜美的理想食品。  相似文献   

6.
以泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)半干制品为研究对象,测定和分析其在不同贮藏温度(4°C、20°C、30°C和40°C)下,菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、脂肪氧化程度(TBA值)与感官评分各项指标随贮藏时间的变化。结果表明,泥鳅半干制品在不同贮藏温度下,随着贮藏时间的延长品质逐渐下降,贮藏温度越低,品质指标变化越缓慢。经Pearson相关性分析,确定影响泥鳅半干制品品质变化的关键因子为菌落总数;基于Arrhenius方程,进一步建立菌落总数与贮藏时间、贮藏温度之间的动力学模型,该模型中活化能Ea为26.5 kJ/mol,反应速率常数k0为3186.6,推算得出泥鳅半干制品货架期预测值与实测值相对误差较小,该动力学模型可准确预测泥鳅半干制品在4—40°C贮藏温度下的货架期。本研究可为泥鳅半干制品的开发、流通奠定理论基础。  相似文献   

7.
露空胁迫对管角螺成活率的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
以不同发育阶段的管角螺为材料,研究了其在不同温度的干、湿环境下对露空的成活响应。实验结果表明,管角螺的成螺、幼螺及稚螺在低温湿润(18℃~20℃)的条件下可耐受更长的露空时间。成螺在低温湿润条件下露空72 h成活率达100%,但随着露空时间的延续,成活率降低,至10 d成活率降到10%。幼螺在同样条件下露空至72 h成活率为80%,稚螺为40%。而在高温(28℃~30℃)干燥的条件下干露相同的时间成活率明显降低,成螺72 h成活率为50%,至96 h全部死亡;幼螺72 h成活率为52.5%,稚螺68 h后全部死亡。在温度、湿度相同的条件下,管角螺耐露空能力为成螺幼螺稚螺。  相似文献   

8.
基于海口站1976~1997年逐时潮位和逐日最大风速资料,利用阿基米德Copula函数构建海口年最大增水与相应日期最大风速的联合概率分布模型。结果表明:1)广义极值分布可作为海口站年最大增水和相应日期最大风速的边缘分布。两个序列之间存在强正相关关系,G-H Copula函数更适用于作为海口站年最大增水和相应日期的最大风速联合概率分布的连接函数。2)两变量联合作用的同频率增水高度设计值与增水的单变量边缘分布设计值之间的相对差值约为7.5%。3)条件概率1(P(Y≥y|X≥x))中同频率的年最大增水和相应风速的遭遇概率介于78.2%~80.9%,条件概率2(P(Y≥y|X≤x))中同频率的年最大增水和相应风速两者的遭遇概率小于4.8%。  相似文献   

9.
对东平国家一般气象站2012年1—12月期间现、旧址的温度、湿度、风向、风速等地面气象观测要素间的差异进行分析,包括对其月、年平均值进行显著性检验;对对比期间定时观测风向相符率进行统计分析。结果表明:现、旧址间气象要素之间存在差异,现址年平均气温、平均相对湿度低于旧址,平均风速大于旧址,降水基本相符;现、旧址间各要素变化稳定,无显著差异,两地风向一致性较差,总体认为两地差异在规定范围内,可以连续使用。  相似文献   

10.
针对环境噪声谱与多年前噪声谱已不同、非开阔海域环境噪声测量受限等问题,在南海某海域对环境噪声与风速进行了连续多年的观测,并对两者的关系进行了统计分析。文中首先介绍了海洋环境噪声的测量方法及风速数据的获取手段,然后针对环境噪声与风速的时变特性、相关系数进行分析,最后对比浅海与深海两种深度下环境噪声与风速相关性的差异。数据处理与分析结果表明,海洋环境噪声随风速的大小变化剧烈,7m接收深度的海洋环境噪声值与风速的相关性是所有接收深度中最好的,其中又以频率为2 000 Hz时最佳,并得到了海洋环境噪声与风速的回归拟合方程,此外浅海处环境噪声可能受到航行船舶的影响较多,浅海处环境噪声与风速的相关性明显小于深海处。  相似文献   

11.
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.  相似文献   

13.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。  相似文献   

14.
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.  相似文献   

15.
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.  相似文献   

16.
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.  相似文献   

17.
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.  相似文献   

18.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

19.
20.
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria ( 〉 99% ), but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments ( ≥ 98.8% ), including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.  相似文献   

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