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1.
为了解模式生物种海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)的胚胎发育特征,作者培育30日龄的海水青鳉,收集自然受精卵,在水温26~28℃、盐度27~28条件下,静水孵化。利用奥林巴斯SZ61解剖镜对海水青鳉胚胎发育进行了观察研究。结果表明:海水青鳉受精卵为圆球形端黄卵,多油球,沉性,卵膜上具有绒毛膜和纤维丝。和多数硬骨相似,胚胎发育的过程大致可以分为7个期:胚盘形成期、细胞分裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、器官形成期、肌肉效应期和孵化期。并发现海水青鳉胚胎发育有其特征:早期分裂具有不规则现象;仔鱼以尾部破膜先出的方式孵化;柯氏囊出现在原口关闭前,少数个体具有两个柯氏囊。  相似文献   

2.
王晓杰  肖潇  李超  岳娜 《海洋学报》2015,37(12):116-122
本文在实验室模拟近期海洋酸化水平,对海洋酸化对海水青鳉鱼(Oryzia melastigma)胚胎骨骼发育的影响进行了初步研究。实验中,通过往实验水体中充入一定浓度CO2气体酸化海水。对照组CO2分压为450×10-6,两个处理组CO2浓度分别为1 160×10-6和1 783×10-6,对应的水体pH值分别为8.14,7.85和7.67。将海水青鳉鱼受精卵放入实验水体中至仔鱼孵化出膜,对初孵仔鱼经骨骼染色、显微拍照,挑取了仔鱼头部、躯干及尾部骨骼染色清晰的28个骨骼参数的长度进行了显微软件测量及数据统计分析。结果发现,酸化处理对实验鱼所测量的骨骼长度影响均不显著。因此推测,未来100~200年间海洋酸化对海水青鳉鱼的胚胎及初孵仔鱼的骨骼发育没有显著影响。  相似文献   

3.
鮸鱼胚胎发育的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究了人工繁殖时鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)胚胎的发育过程。鮸鱼受精卵呈圆球形,浮性,卵径为0.99~1.15 mm,中央大多具有1个油球,少数为2~3个或较多个油球。在水温为24.5~24.7℃,盐度为24的天然海水中,鮸鱼胚胎发育历时约21h 48 min孵化出膜。整个胚胎发育分为5个阶段,共21个发育期。  相似文献   

4.
黄海大头鳕胚胎发育过程   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
驯化野生大头鳕(Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius)作为亲鱼,通过自然受精和人工授精两种方法获得受精卵,自然受精卵通过虹吸法收集。受精卵孵化条件为水温6~8℃,盐度32~33,pH7.8~8.2,微充气。在奥林巴斯SZ61解剖镜下对大头鳕的胚胎发育进行了观察,并使用CCD图像传感器拍照,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。大头鳕受精卵为圆球形端黄卵,弱黏性,无油球,卵膜上具龟裂结构,卵子直径0.95~1.12mm,n=30,卵黄均匀透明。类似于大部分硬骨鱼类,其胚胎发育可分为胚盘形成期、卵裂期、桑椹期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官发生期、尾芽期、肌肉效应期。在水温6~8℃,盐度32~33的条件下,受精卵历时约336h完成胚胎发育过程,孵化出膜。在大头鳕胚胎发育过程中,具有4个不同于其他硬骨鱼类的地方:(1)发现早期分裂球具有不规则现象;(2)很多胚胎发育过程不出现柯氏囊,有柯氏囊的胚胎仅占10%左右,且出现晚,消失快;(3)胚胎孵化为仔鱼与发育进程关联性不大,孵化的仔鱼有3种主要形态;(4)胚胎各个时期都有较高死亡率,以原肠期最为严重。  相似文献   

5.
为了解和探讨3~5环PAHs对海水鱼类胚胎发育的毒性及作用方式,比较研究了菲(phenanthrene,Phe)、芘(pyrene,Py)、苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)单一暴露和三者各自与α-萘黄酮(α-naphthoflavone,ANF)联合暴露对海水青鳉(marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma)胚胎发育的毒性效应。胚胎体内EROD活性、发育畸形、孵化率和心律等毒性指标被测定,结果显示:Phe,Py和BaP对海水青鳉胚胎体内EROD活性的诱导能力大小为BaP>Py>Phe,各化合物对EROD诱导与发育畸形之间的关系较为复杂,除Phe所引起的EROD诱导与畸形指数之间呈显著相关(r=0.95,p=0.015)外,Py和BaP均无相关性;在100 μg/dm3 ANF影响下,CYP1A活性诱导被抑制,但胚胎发育的畸形指数被显著提高,ANF分别与Phe,Py和BaP的联合暴露对胚胎发育呈潜在的协同作用。本文研究初步表明,3~5环PAHs化合物对海水青鳉胚胎发育的毒性作用方式可能不同;CYP1A活性抑制在PAHs混合物对海水青鳉胚胎发育的毒性作用过程中未起到缓解毒性的作用,CYP1A抑制剂与PAH型CYP1A诱导剂的混合物对鱼类胚胎发育具有潜在的协同毒性作用,现有的PAHs混合物毒性风险评价方法可能低估了实际环境中PAHs的风险;海水青鳉早期生活阶段的心脏发育对PAHs混合物暴露较为敏感,可推荐其作为生物标志物指示PAHs或溢油污染。  相似文献   

6.
以生物芯片技术为核心,结合生态毒理学与功能基因组学的方法,制备了海洋青鳉鱼专用型生物芯片,包含180个与细胞分裂、解毒反应、缺氧反应、氧化应激反应、凋亡、生长和发育、性别决定和性腺分化以及生殖激素分泌等功能相关的基因.我们提取了雌性海洋青鳉鱼成体在正常培养和缺氧处理12周后的肝脏和卵巢组织总RNA,利用自制的基因芯片进行了基因表达谱分析,结果显示海洋青鳉鱼在缺氧压力环境下,肝脏和卵巢组织的差异性表达基因分别检测出9个和6个,表明应用此类自制良好的芯片可有效获得海洋青鳉鱼的组织特异性基因表达图谱,也将加强对海洋缺氧状态、氧化应激等反应的分子生物学机制的理解.本研究对于识别异常环境状态下的基因表达模式和组织特异性标志物,进一步开展监测海洋生态毒理因素的研究奠定良好的基础.  相似文献   

7.
泥鳅早期发育的观察研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
用人工授精方法,获得泥鳅的受精卵,详细观察了其早期发育过程,描述了胚胎发育各个阶段及其仔鱼的形态特征等。此外,对泥鳅受精卵的孵化时间和有效积温与水温的关系,进行了回归分析。  相似文献   

8.
分别配置盐度为13、18、23、28、33、38和43的海水, (23±0.5)℃温度条件下孵化拟目乌贼(Sepia lycidas)卵, 并对拟目乌贼胚胎发育情况进行观察与分析。结果表明, 拟目乌贼胚胎在盐度为28时发育最佳, 孵化历期为28—30天, 胚胎发育经过受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、胚芽原基形成期、胚体形成期、漏斗形成期、眼点形成期、红眼期、心跳出现期、内壳发生期、色素形成期、墨囊形成期、黑眼期、内壳形成期和幼体出膜期等16个典型时期。盐度为13、18、38和43时, 发育停滞, 说明海水盐度是拟目乌贼胚胎发育过程中一个很重要的影响因素。  相似文献   

9.
条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)的受精卵为圆球形、分离透明、无油球的悬浮卵。卵膜具粗波纹状的纹络。卵黄均匀,浅黄色或米黄色。卵径平均为1.70 mm±0.02 mm。卵黄囊径1.57 mm±0.025 mm。卵黄间隙狭窄,约为0.11 mm。受精卵的可孵化水温为6.0~11.0℃,最适孵化水温8.0~10.0℃。可孵化盐度为27.00~36.00,最适孵化盐度为33.00~35.00。受精卵在不同盐度的海水中,呈现不同的生态分布特征。在水温8.0~10.0℃,盐度33.00,光照500~6000 lx,pH值7.5~8.4的孵化条件下,受精卵约历时216 h孵化出膜,出膜方式以头部首先破膜为主。优质卵的孵化率可达90%以上。在条斑星鲽胚胎发育过程中,原肠期及原肠期以前的时期对温度的敏感性明显强于原口关闭后各个发育时期。卵胚卵裂期的不同步分裂现象要比其他硬骨鱼类提前,出现在第三次卵裂时期。多细胞期的裂球均一程度较低。在孵化育苗生产中,出现大量带有"空泡"的不正常的卵胚和前期仔鱼。该研究结果为比较鲆鲽鱼类早期发育过程提供了基础参考资料,同时揭示作为冷温性鱼类条斑星鲽受精卵发育过程中出现的特殊规律,从而为该鱼种进一步大规模苗种生产提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
海水青鳉是研究微塑料对海洋生物毒理作用的理想模式生物。文章围绕微塑料在海水青鳉中毒性研究,通过查阅相关文献,对已发表文献年度变化和地区分布进行了统计分析;通过分析实验所用微塑料种类、颗粒大小和实验浓度、暴露时间和方式以及不同生长阶段海水青鳉实验对象选择,总结归纳微塑料在海水青鳉体内代谢、肠道损伤、生长和发育毒性、生殖毒性、遗传毒性以及对其他海洋污染物的放大或缓解效应6个方面的研究结果,并以分析结果为基础,建议在后期研究海洋微塑料对海水青鳉毒性效应,应重点考虑实验时间长短、实验材料选择和实验设计、毒理作用机制分析等因素。  相似文献   

11.
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.  相似文献   

13.
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.  相似文献   

14.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。  相似文献   

15.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

16.
《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(8):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,  相似文献   

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18.
This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.  相似文献   

20.
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