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江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides G. Cuvier)俗称江猪,属鲸目(Cetacea),齿鯨亚目(Odontoceti),鼠海豚科,是海豚类中最小型的一种,也是我国沿海最常见的一种近岸小型无鰭鼠海豚。一般体长不超过2米,体重约30-80公斤,如图1照片所示。
江豚与其他海洋哺乳动物一祥,能发出多变的声信号,而且每一种声信号都受其生态行为的支配。发声系统是它们赖以生存的重要官能。海豚用其发射的声信号测定水下目标的距离、方位和大小,以至判断其形状,因而能有效的绕过障碍,避开或驱逐来犯之敌。依靠其声信号能更有效的捕获足够的食物,营养自身,抚育后代。声信号是海洋哺乳类动物在自然界进行生存斗争的有利武器。声信号又是海洋哺乳动物的语言,借以进行“社会”联络和通讯,甚至教育它们的后代。为此。人们把它们的这种功能称作“第六官能”(sixth sense)。
观察海兽类的声学行为,测试分析其声信号的结构和物理特性,是揭示它们的回声定位系统的机制,破译其“语言”奥密所必不可少的一步。从而将为驯养它们成为人类的水下得力“助手”提供可靠的实验方案,也将为仿生学等新的学科研究提供有效的理论依据。
本实验是为了把江豚驯养成“水下警犬”使其在海湾、河口进行人工放养鱼群的放牧,以及协助人类进行水下作业等目的而进行的基础工作,也是研究海洋哺乳动物回声定位的发射与接收机制的探索。实验工作是在一定的半自然条件下,对江豚某些生态行为下的声信号作了较详细的记录与分析。 相似文献
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应用丰度生物量比较法监测海洋污染对底栖生物群落的影响 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
应用生物丰度生物量比较法,分析了厦门西部港水域底栖生物群落结构的变化,且将该方法与种内个体对数正态分布做了比较.结果表明,该水域已受到不同程度的污染,底栖生物群落结构受到一定的扰动。在筼筜湖排污口和宝珠屿一带水域,底栖生物群落的丰度生物量复合K优势度曲线相互交叉、相互重叠,所反应的情形与种内个体对数正态分布极为吻合.该水域底栖生物群落不稳定的根本原因在于人为的污染,即填海筑堤造成的海洋生境的扰动和工业污水废物倾倒排放所产生的有机质压力. 相似文献
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应用丰度生物量比较法监测海洋污染对底栖生物群落的影响 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：8
应用生物丰度生物量比较法,分析了厦门西部港水域底栖生物群落结构的变化,且将该方法与种内个体对数正态分布做了比较.结果表明,该水域已受到不同程度的污染,底栖生物群落结构受到一定的扰动.在筼筜湖排污口和宝珠屿一带水域,底栖生物群落的丰度生物量复合K优势度曲线相互交叉、相互重叠,所反应的情形与种内个体对数正态分布极为吻合.该水域底栖生物群落不稳定的根本原因在于人为的污染,即填海筑堤造成的海洋生境的扰动和工业污水废物倾倒排放所产生的有机质压力. 相似文献
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通过建立海洋信息技术职责和任务目标,以培养“3S”技术高级海洋应用岗位型人才为目标,通过高科技应用能力的培养和全面育人,进行培养规格、课程体系、教学内容、教学方法等改革,通过教学和生产相结合的途径,培养学生的“3S”知识结构、能力结构,探索培养21世纪海洋信息高科技岗位型人才的道路。 相似文献
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在广东实现“四个走在全国前列”的时代需求下，茂名应着力建设现代化海洋经济体系。近年来，茂名海洋经济总量快速增长、海洋经济体系基本形成、海洋创新成果初具规模、海洋生态建设成效显著、海洋管理能力不断增强，奠定了建设现代化海洋经济体系的基础，但也面临着海洋经济规模偏小且结构不够合理、现代化海洋产业进程缓慢、现代化海洋经济发展动力不足且受到制约和缺乏保障等问题。未来应从加快供给侧改革、实施创新驱动、推进开放合作、优化海洋生态系统和完善体制机制等方面寻求茂名建设现代化海洋经济体系的路径策略。 相似文献
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运用复杂网络理论的分析方法,在世界海运船期数据的基础上,构建海洋货运网络。通过拓扑结构分析,描述了网络的空间格局,并采用k-core算法对网络进行分层,提出使用最大连通规模的相对大小及网络效率的相对大小衡量该类网络抗毁性,并提出以整体网络及分层后的多层网络进行随机攻击的方式,分析该网络的抗毁性,结果表明:海洋货运网络具有小世界效应,网络密集且度分布近似幂律分布,符合复杂网络的基本特征。网络对于随机出现的各类海洋灾害所造成的网络损毁具有很强的抗毁性,网络中节点损毁数量为影响网络规模及效率的主要因素,一般性攻击对于网络造成的影响集中于网络效率的下降,关键性节点损毁对于网络整体的运输情况影响不明显。 相似文献
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908专项全称“我国近海海洋综合调查与评价”，是我国有史以来规模最大、时间最长、项目最多、内容最丰富的近海海洋综合调查与评价工作，包括近海海洋综合调查、综合评价、“数字海洋”信息基础框架构建三项基本内容：国家海洋环境监测中心作为牵头单位， 相似文献
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海洋生态产品价值实现对推进海洋生态文明建设与海洋经济高质量发展具有重要意义。目前,海洋生态产品价值实现存在市场化程度不高、公众参与度低、实现不充分等问题。本文通过构建海洋生态产品价值实现参与主体（企业、政府和社会公众）的演化博弈模型,探究各方主体的策略稳定性规律,探讨三方博弈系统的均衡点及其稳定性,并运用Matlab仿真分析不同参数变化对系统演化的影响,最后依据博弈分析结果为探索“政府＋市场”的海洋生态产品价值实现路径提供对策建议。结果表明,政府是海洋生态产品价值实现的引导者与推动者,管控成本和社会收益是影响其策略选择的主要因素,加强政府的奖惩力度、增加企业提供海洋生态产品的潜在收益、降低供给成本对企业参与海洋生态产品价值实现具有正向作用,社会公众购买海洋生态产品所获效用的提升与监督成本的减少有利于促进社会公众参与海洋生态产品价值实现。 相似文献
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Temporal variability in predator presence around a fin fish farm in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea 
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下载免费PDF全文 Bruno Díaz López 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(1)
Recently, aquaculture has generated worldwide interest as a result of the overexploitation of wild stocks combined with a growing international demand for fish and seafood products. Wild fish attracted to the marine fish farms, together with the presence of the farmed fish, are powerful attractants to predators that normally feed on similar or identical fish stocks in nature. This 9‐year study describes for the first time in Mediterranean waters the temporal variability of mammalian and avian predators in a coastal fin fish farm. In all, 99 months (1062 days during 36 consecutive seasons) were spent in the field. By examining the results of this study, it is clear that species as seagulls, shags, bottlenose dolphins and grey herons (considered to cause economic loss in aquaculture owing to direct predation) interact regularly with the fish farm. Although bottlenose dolphins and grey herons were not the most important of all predator species, predatory interactions with the fish farm occurred with what seems to be increasing regularity. Another result observed is the possible bottlenose dolphins’ attraction caused by the harvesting operations in the fish farm. The fish farm offers an alternative food source for predators; hunting at fish farms usually requires less effort on the part of the predator, and becomes a more attractive option than hunting wild fish over wide ranges. During the period of this study, individually identified dolphins feeding were regularly observed feeding on discarded fish from fish farm workers during harvesting operations, supporting the possibility that some individuals are habituated to this food supply. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, it is recommended that strategies for the management of both the aquaculture industry and marine mammal populations should take the results of this study into consideration. 相似文献
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Fundulus heteroclitus preference for association with familiar conspecifics of similar body length was impacted by benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP); this was found to be a statically significant result with a p < 0.0001. When presented with equally sized shoals consisting of either large or small fish, the majority of unexposed (84%) and acetone exposed control (82%) fish selected the shoal of large fish. A small number of control fish chose either the shoal of small fish (6% and 10%) or the neutral zone (10% and 8%) where they were clear morphological outliers. Fish exposed to 0.1 mg/L BBP exposure daily for four weeks selected the shoal of small fish more often than unexposed or acetone controls (7.5- and 4.5-fold respectively). They also remained in the neutral zone and displayed agitation at levels more than twice that of control. Agitation and shoal choice disruption are quantifiable behavioral responses that support the use of F. heteroclitus as a model for detecting sub-lethal BBP exposure. 相似文献
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M. Cristina Fossi Silvia Casini Stefania Ancora Alessandra Moscatelli Antonella Ausili Giuseppe Notarbartolo-di-Sciara 《Marine environmental research》2001,52(5)
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to alter hormone pathways that regulate reproductive processes in wildlife and fishes. In this research the hypothesis that Mediterranean top predator species (such as large pelagic fish) are potentially at risk due to EDCs is investigated. These marine organisms tend to accumulate high concentrations of EDCs such as polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs). The potential effects of EDCs on a fish species of commercial interest, the top predator Xiphias gladius (swordfish), were investigated using vitellogenin (Vtg) and Zona radiata proteins (Zrp) as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Dramatic induction of typically female proteins (Vtg and Zrp) was detected by ELISA and Western Blot in adult males of the species. These results are the first warning of the potential risk for reproductive function of Mediterranean top predators, and suggest the need for continuous monitoring of this fragile marine environment. 相似文献
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研究河口沙洲及其植被的演变规律对维护河势稳定、保护河口地区生态环境具有重大意义。然而在较大时空尺度上，针对河口沙洲演变与其植被变化之间的相互作用关系尚讨论不足。因此，本文通过对文献资料中九段沙区域河势演变、涉水工程、植被面积等数据的收集和总结，结合海图及遥感影像分析，归纳分析了近三十年九段沙沙体及植被的演变特征及其相关作用关系。结果显示，近三十年九段沙沙体扩张明显，特别是0m以上沙体面积增长迅速，总增长达到176.5%；而5m等深线以内沙体面积扩张相对缓慢。九段沙区域河口汊道分流比、分沙比、悬沙浓度等水文、泥沙要素变化显著。九段沙植被面积由1990年的9.1 km2扩张到了2015年的65.68 km2，其中不同植被类群的变化特征有所不同。筛选得到的与0m等深线以内沙体面积变化具有显著相关性的环境因子包括互花米草群落面积和芦苇群落面积。未筛选得到与5m 等深线以内沙体面积变化有显著相关性的环境因子。九段沙沙体的演变受到了水文、泥沙条件及河势变化的重要影响。同时，沙体的发育提供了适宜植物生长的高程及环境条件进而促进了植被面积的扩张。沙洲演变与植被演变之间的相互作用关系在不同植被和不同高程间有所差异。未来需要进行长期有效监测以系统综合分析水文过程、沙洲演变与植被变化之间的相互作用关系。 相似文献
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沿海滩涂大部分为淤泥质平原海岸带,滩地比较开阔,分布集中,但滩涂地形,地貌,自然植被等具有特殊性,所以其测量也不同于一般的地面测量。本文介绍了沿海滩开发中 水准测计算方法和渠道施工测量,并提出了滩涂水准测量中值得注意的几个问题,对指导当前沿海滩涂开发测量有参考价值。 相似文献
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M C Fossi S Casini S Ancora A Moscatelli A Ausili G Notarbartolo-di-Sciara 《Marine environmental research》2001,52(5):477-483
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to alter hormone pathways that regulate reproductive processes in wildlife and fishes. In this research the hypothesis that Mediterranean top predator species (such as large pelagic fish) are potentially at risk due to EDCs is investigated. These marine organisms tend to accumulate high concentrations of EDCs such as polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs). The potential effects of EDCs on a fish species of commercial interest, the top predator Xiphias gladius (swordfish), were investigated using vitellogenin (Vtg) and Zona radiata proteins (Zrp) as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Dramatic induction of typically female proteins (Vtg and Zrp) was detected by ELISA and Western Blot in adult males of the species. These results are the first warning of the potential risk for reproductive function of Mediterranean top predators, and suggest the need for continuous monitoring of this fragile marine environment. 相似文献
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以长江口南支河段为研究区,利用LandsatETM+遥感影像反演的1999年水下地形和该河段2002年实测水深数据,结合长江口来水来沙现状和河段特征,分析了河段的冲淤变化和沙体迁移规律,提出了需采取的治理措施。研究结果表明:(1)从1999到2002年南支河段总体发生冲刷,年平均冲刷量为0.1926亿m3,河道内白茆沙、新浏河沙和新浏河沙包的沙头年平均后退467,374和421m;(2)上、下扁担沙之间由于串沟发育,两者有分离的趋势,沙体5m等深线的变动格局显示两沙体沙尾向下移动导致新桥水道上段水深加深、下段南侧水深变浅;(3)固定白茆沙和上、下扁担沙沙体,对维持南支河段航道的航运、稳定南北槽河势具有重要作用。 相似文献
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《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):455-465
Studies on the feeding behaviour of large predatory sharks are inherently problematic because of the size of the animals, the difficulty in observing and handling them and the risks to the investigator. Observations on the feeding behaviour of the sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus over a seven-year period revealed this species to display at least four distinct foraging strategies. A particular strategy, or a combination of two or more, was employed depending on the size and type of prey being subdued. The four primary factors that appear to influence prey selection were prey size, availability and density, and scavenging. The behaviour of a prey species influences the predator's foraging and hunting behaviour. The success of the sevengill shark as an apical predator can be attributed, in part, to the feeding strategies it employs to subdue prey. 相似文献
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Abstract. The ecology of tropical Mysidacea is poorly known. Mysidium columbiae (Z immer ), because of its ubiquitous distribution in the tropical western Atlantic and the information available on its aggregative behavior, is an ideal subject of study to reconcile aspects of this problem. Information and data were obtained on abundance, population size, shoal/school structure, fecundity, development, and feeding of a M. columbiae population inhabiting waters surrounding Twin Cays, a mangrove archipelago in Belize. Although reproduction was continuous and proportions of life stages within shoals remained relatively constant throughout the year, population size decreased by an order of magnitude from summer to winter. Embryonic development averaged 4.7 days, with postlarvae being released near the surface before dawn. Aquarium experiments suggested that olfaction may be more sensitive than vision, although both senses were used to locate food. This species is a detritivore, but gut contents suggested that it may also be a predator. 相似文献