共查询到10条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
Carl Jörg Petersen Stefan Bünz Steinar Hustoft Jürgen Mienert Dirk Klaeschen 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2010
The newly developed P-Cable 3D seismic system allows for high-resolution seismic imaging to characterize upper geosphere geological features focusing on geofluid expressions (gas chimneys), shallow gas and gas hydrate reservoirs. Seismic imaging of a geofluid system of an Arctic sediment drift at the Vestnesa Ridge, offshore western Svalbard, provides significantly improved details of internal chimney structures from the seafloor to ∼500 m bsf (below seafloor). The chimneys connect to pockmarks at the seafloor and indicate focused fluid flow through gas hydrated sediments. The pockmarks are not buried and align at the ridge-crest pointing to recent, topography-controlled fluid discharge. Chimneys are fuelled by sources beneath the base of gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) that is evident at ∼160–170 m bsf as indicated by a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR). Conduit centres that are not vertically straight but shift laterally by up to 200 m as well as discontinuous internal chimney reflections indicate heterogeneous hydraulic fracturing of the sediments. Episodically active, pressure-driven focused fluid flow could explain the hydro-fracturing processes that control the plumbing system and lead to extensive pockmark formation at crest of the Vestnesa Ridge. High-amplitude anomalies in the upper 50 m of the chimney structures suggest formations of near-surface gas hydrates and/or authigenic carbonate precipitation. Acoustic anomalies, expressed as high amplitudes and amplitude blanking, are irregularly distributed throughout the deeper parts of the chimneys and provide evidence for the variability of hydrate and/or carbonate formation in space and time. 相似文献
2.
The role of sub seabed topographically controlled fluid migration is assessed to improve our understanding of distributions of acoustic chimneys at the Nyegga pockmark field on the mid-Norwegian continental margin. 3D seismic data interpretations resulted in topographic gradients of seismic time surfaces and RMS amplitude maps. Topographical gradient maps and flow tracing allowed identifying migration pathways and trapping locations for free gas within the shallow sub seabed. The occurrence of acoustic chimneys, pockmarks and mounds correlate with identified fluid migration pathways and gas trapping locations. An important factor that controls the trapping locations and the lateral distribution of seeps on the seabed at Nyegga is the variation through time of the depth of the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ). Fluids can derive from gas hydrate systems that are suspected of being a biogenic source and/or Tertiary domes that are considered to show leakage of thermogenic fluids to the shallow geosphere. 相似文献
3.
《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2012,36(1):321-336
Over 25,300 seabed pockmarks were mapped from the Rosetta Channel region of the Western Nile Deep Sea Fan (NDSF) using concurrent High Resolution 2D, Chirp profiler and multibeam bathymetry data which spans the Holocene–Pleistocene period. Within the region, a pockmark field containing >13,800 pockmarks was analysed using spatial statistics to determine the distribution of pockmarks within the field. Pockmarks within the field are small (∼16 m diameter), shallow (∼0.5 m deep) circular depressions which formed within the last ∼ 6500 years. The fluid source for the field is identified as an accumulation/generation of gas beneath a hemipelagic seal c. 20–40 ms beneath the seabed. The position of the pockmarks is shown to be unrelated to the depth to the fluid source and an irregular high amplitude acoustic anomaly which is tentatively interpreted as a possible carbonate precipitate of biogenic microbial activity. Statistical spatial analysis of the field confirms the distribution of pockmarks is not random. An exclusion zone surrounding each individual pockmark is identified. The exclusion zone is a unique minimum radius around each pockmark which is not penetrated by any other pockmark. The exclusion zone works in unison with Self-Organised Criticality (SOC) in determining the spatial distribution of pockmarks within the field. The exclusion zone is interpreted as a pockmark “drainage cell”. A conceptual model for a pockmark drainage cell is proposed whereby pockmark formation dissipates a radius/area of fluid and overpressure, thereby preventing the formation of another pockmark within that cell. Consequently, pockmarks are observed to separate or produce anti-clustering tendencies within the field. 相似文献
4.
海底麻坑是由地层中流体向海底快速喷发或缓慢渗漏所形成的一种凹陷地貌,对其形态及成因机理进行深入研究具有重要意义。本研究基于高分辨率多波束地形、侧扫声纳、浅地层剖面及多道地震探测数据,对舟山群岛东部青浜岛海域发育的麻坑及其微地貌进行研究,分析表明:研究区发育有3个大型麻坑,并受到NE—SW向底流的改造而出现不同程度沿此方向的拉长,呈新月形或拉长形。麻坑侧壁呈现西陡东缓、西高东低的特征。3个大型麻坑内部发育有小的次级单元麻坑,或形成复合麻坑和链状麻坑等。麻坑之下地层出现声学浑浊等浅层气特征反射。在麻坑内外分别钻孔取样进行烃类气体的同位素分析,结果表明形成麻坑的流体为生物成因的甲烷气。研究区3个大型麻坑是在台风活动诱发下,由第四系地层中的甲烷气猛烈喷溢形成,而麻坑微地貌则是在随后发生的海底浅层气小规模缓慢逃逸形成的。 相似文献
5.
海底麻坑在圈定潜在的天然气水合物发育区和指示海底地质灾害方面都具有重要意义。基于南海中建海域的高密度三维地震资料,采用自动追踪技术对研究区海底地貌特征进行了刻画,发现了众多形态各异、大小不一的麻坑,可分为圆形麻坑、椭圆形麻坑、拉长形麻坑、新月形麻坑和复合型麻坑等5类。中建海域的海底麻坑主要发育在海底地形坡折的位置,成群、成带分布,在地形平坦的位置麻坑不发育。影响中建海域麻坑形成的因素主要有火山活动、断裂活动、水合物分解、海底底流等。引起中建海域海底形成麻坑的流体主要有4种,分别是火山热液、天然气水合物分解的气体、沿断裂向上运移的深部油气及火山热液与天然气水合物分解气体的混合。 相似文献
6.
7.
This study describes and analyses an extraordinary array of pockmarks at the modern seabed of the Lower Congo Basin (offshore Angola), in order to understand the fluid migration routes and shallow plumbing system of the area. The 3D seismic visualization of feeding conduits (pipes) allowed the identification of the source interval for the fluids expelled during pockmark formation. Spatial statistics are used to show the relationship between the underlying (polarised) polygonal fault (PPFs) patterns and seabed pockmarks distributions. Our results show PPFs control the linear arrangement of pockmarks and feeder pipes along fault strike, but faults do not act as conduits. Spatial statistics also revealed pockmark occurrence is not considered to be random, especially at short distances to nearest neighbours (<200 m) where anti-clustering distributions suggest the presence of an exclusion zone around each pockmark in which no other pockmark will form. The results of this study are relevant for the understanding of shallow fluid plumbing systems in offshore settings, with implications on our current knowledge of overall fluid flow systems in hydrocarbon-rich continental margins. 相似文献
8.
Berit Oline Hjelstuen Haflidi Haflidason Hans Petter Sejrup Atle Nygård 《Geo-Marine Letters》2010,30(3-4):221-230
The Nyegga region, located at water depths of about 600–800 m on the NW European continental margin, contains more than 200 pockmarks. Recently collected TOPAS seismic profiles and EM1002 bathymetric records now provide high-resolution information on their seabed and shallow sub-seabed geological setting. The identified pockmarks are up to 15 m deep, between 30 m and 600 m across and reach a maximum area of ca. 315,000 m2. The pockmarks are sediment-empty features. They do not have any preferred direction of orientation and show large variations in their shape. The pockmarks are restricted to a <16.2 cal. ka old sediment unit. This unit comprises sandy mud and is characterised by sedimentation rates of ca. 1 mm/year. The pockmarks are localised over a thick late Plio-Pleistocene prograding sediment package and a polygonal faulted Miocene-Oligocene ooze-rich unit. The late Plio-Plistocene deposits host bottom simulating reflectors, indicative of gas hydrate-bearing sediments. Inspection of the newly collected high-resolution dataset, combined with previously analysed sediment cores and 2D multichannel seismic profiles, reveals that the Nyegga pockmark field does not show any strong relationship between seabed features, sub-seabed structures and the sedimentary setting. This suggests a more complex evolution history of the Nyegga pockmark field then previously thought. 相似文献
9.
Origin of pockmarks and chimney structures on the flanks of the Storegga Slide,offshore Norway 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Seafloor pockmarks and subsurface chimney structures are common on the Norwegian continental margin north of the Storegga
Slide scar. Such features are generally inferred to be associated with fluid expulsion, and imply overpressures in the subsurface.
Six long gravity and piston cores taken from the interior of three pockmarks were compared with four other cores taken from
the same area but outside the pockmarks, in order to elucidate the origins and stratigraphy of these features and their possible
association with the Storegga Slide event. Sulfate gradients in cores from within pockmarks are less steep than those in cores
from outside the pockmarks, which indicates that the flux of methane to the seafloor is presently smaller within the pockmarks
than in the adjacent undisturbed sediments. This suggests that these subsurface chimneys are not fluid flow conduits lined
with gas hydrate. Methane-derived authigenic carbonates and Bathymodiolus shells obtained from a pockmark at >6.3 m below the seafloor indicate that methane was previously available to support a
chemosynthetic community within the pockmark. AMS 14C measurements of planktonic Foraminifera overlying and interlayered with the shell-bearing sediment indicate that methane
was present on the seafloor within the pockmark prior to 14 ka 14C years b.p., i.e., well before the last major Storegga Slide event (7.2 ka 14C years b.p., or 8.2 ka calendar years b.p.). These observations provide evidence that overpressured fluids existed within the continental margin sediments off Norway
during the last major advance of Pleistocene glaciation. 相似文献
10.
Derman Dondurur Günay ÇifçiMahmut Göktu? Drahor Süleyman Co?kun 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(8):1505-1516
Based on high-resolution Chirp seismic, multibeam bathymetry and side scan sonar data collected in the ?zmir Gulf, Aegean Sea in 2008 and 2010, gas-related structures have been identified, which can be classified into three categories: (1) shallow gas accumulations and gas chimneys, (2) mud diapirs, and (3) active and inactive pockmarks. On the Chirp profiles, shallow gas accumulations were observed along the northern coastline of the outer ?zmir Gulf at 3-20 m below the seabed. They appear as acoustic turbidity zones and are interpreted as biogenic gas accumulations produced in organic-rich highstand fan sediments from the Gediz River. The diapiric structures are interpreted as shale or mud diapirs formed under lateral compression due to regional counter-clockwise rotation of Anatolian microplate. Furthermore, the sedimentary structure at the flanks suggests a continuous upward movement of the diapirs. Several pockmarks exist close to fault traces to the east of Hekim Island; most of them were associated with acoustic plumes indicating active degassing during the survey period in 2008. Another Chirp survey was carried out just over these plumes in 2010 to demonstrate if the gas seeps were still active. The surveys indicate that the gas seep is an ongoing process in the gulf. Based on the Chirp data, we proposed that the pockmark formation in the area can be explained by protracted seep model, whereby sediment erosion and re-distribution along pockmark walls result from ongoing (or long lasting) seepage of fluids over long periods of time. The existence of inactive pockmarks in the vicinity, however, implies that gas seepage may eventually cease or that it is periodic. Most of the active pockmarks are located over the fault planes, likely indicating that the gas seepage is controlled by active faulting. 相似文献