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1.
3种水生植物净化养殖水体N、P效果的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过在养殖水体移植凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes.)、大薸(Pistia stratiotes)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb)3种水生植物,研究了3种水生植物对养殖水体N、P的净化效果。结果表明,3种水草生长均良好,能有效降低养殖水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度,其中NH+4-N浓度降至0.2mg/L以下。试验结束时,3种水生植物吸收氮、磷量大小依次为大薸空心莲子草凤眼莲;凤眼莲对TN、TP净化效果均显著优于大薸以及空心莲子草;大薸对氨氮(NH+4-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)净化效果优于凤眼莲和空心莲子草。  相似文献   

2.
黄河三角洲典型潮汐湿地碳、氮、磷生物地球化学特征   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
选择位于黄河三角洲的广饶潮汐湿地为研究对象,对比了在不同的植被覆盖和水文条件下潮汐湿地土壤碳、氮、磷元素的垂直分布及生态化学计量学特征。结果表明,在芦苇(Phragmites australis)覆盖下的GRA2区域沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量明显高于碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)覆盖下的GRA1区域。GRA1柱样TOC含量均值为1.798 mg/g,而GRA2柱样则为3.109 mg/g。GRA1柱样的TN含量范围在0.108~0.213 mg/g,均值为0.165 mg/g,而GRA2柱样TN含量范围则为0.307~0.473 mg/g,均值为0.353 mg/g。总体上,总磷(TP)含量的变化水平相对于TOC和TN来说较大,其垂直变异系数较高。而与TOC和TN相反的是,GRA2柱样中TP含量均值为0.298 mg/g,低于GRA1的0.388 mg/g,这可能跟GRA2区域芦苇的生长比碱蓬需要吸收更多的P元素有一定关系。研究区域沉积物C、N、P元素生态化学计量学比值普遍较低。相对较高的C/N值,较低的C/P值和N/P则显示黄河三角洲潮汐湿地的生物地球化学过程可能更多地受营养元素N和P等的限制,而前者可能是主要限制因素。本研究可为滨海湿地对全球碳和氮的储存提供基础数据,为滨海湿地可持续发展的管理和保护提供科学依据。  相似文献   

3.
胶州湾沉积物中氮与磷的来源及其生物地球化学特征   总被引:34,自引:9,他引:25  
通过对比分析和相关分析对沉积物中氮、磷含量、OC∶TN、TN∶TP进行了研究,探讨了胶州湾沉积物中氮、磷的来源及其生物地球化学特征.研究表明,胶州湾表层沉积物中总氮、总磷的变化趋势一致,即从湾内到湾外含量依次降低,其中总氮依次为0.41、0.25、0.20mg/g,总磷的含量依次为0.29、0.24、0.22mg/g.在整个柱状样中总氮、总磷平均含量的变化也和表层基本一致,有机氮在大部分层次占总氮的50%-70%,无机磷所占总磷的比例一般大于60%.根据沉积物OC∶TN比、氮、磷的垂直分布可以判断湾内和湾口沉积物中的氮主要是陆源的,海洋自生的氮分别占28.9%和13.1%,湾外的氮主要是自生的,海洋自生的氮占62.1%.与氮相比,磷主要是陆源的,但在湾外海洋自生磷的比例明显高于湾内.悬浮颗粒物的组成也证明了湾内沉积物中氮、磷主要是陆源的.沉积物中OC∶TN值的垂直变化也反映了近年来胶州湾物质来源的变化特征,即河流来沙急剧减少,沿岸倾倒垃圾不断增多,后者已经取代前者成为胶州湾主要的沉积物来源.另外,沉积物中TN和TN∶TP的垂直变化也和近年来胶州湾水体中营养盐含量的变化相一致.胶州湾不同地区氮、磷的沉积通量相差很大,湾口的沉积通量最大,而湾外的沉积通量最小;在表层沉积物中,氮的矿化速率高于磷,有机磷的矿化速率大于无机磷,但有机氮的矿化速率并不一定大于无机氮.OC、pH、Eh、Es等环境因素影响氮、磷的矿化,但在不同海区影响程度并不相同.  相似文献   

4.
文章根据2011年5月和8月两个航次的调查资料,分析东山湾营养盐含量、分布、结构特征及其关键影响因子,并探讨了营养盐对浮游植物的限制情况。结果表明,除活性硅酸盐,夏季活性磷酸盐、总磷、无机氮和总氮含量均高于春季;春、夏活性硅酸盐、活性磷酸盐、总磷、无机氮和总氮分布整体呈现为漳江入海口和八尺门海域含量较高,其含量、分布主要受漳江陆源径流的影响,其次为浮游植物的消长;春季东山湾海域水体中N/P、Si/N、Si/P和TN/TP平均比值分别为64.3、9.1、583.1和13.4,夏季平均比值有所降低,分别为28.3、4.9、155.3和13.3;春季N/P、Si/N、Si/P、TN/TP高值区均位于湾口位置,而夏季N/P、Si/N、Si/P、TN/TP整体呈现以八尺门邻近海域为中心、自西向东扩散;2011年春、夏季均存在磷限制现象,春季尤为严重,磷限制的站位比例为83.3%。  相似文献   

5.
本文于2015年5、6和9月对辽河口芦苇湿地积水进行营养盐昼夜变化监测,分析了其不同形态氮、磷组成和时空变化特征,研究了温度、盐度、pH、DO和叶绿素a理化因子,与营养盐组成和结构的关系。结果表明,芦苇湿地积水中总溶解态氮(TDN)昼夜变化相对稳定,芦苇生长初期、快速生长期和成熟期TDN含量范围依次为1.35-3.12mg/L(平均为2.07mg/L)、0.82-3.06mg/L(平均1.31mg/L)和0.31-12.59mg/L(平均3.26mg/L);虽然TDN的组成结构不断变化,但是DON始终是TN的主要组分,约占81-99%。总溶解磷(TDP)含量范围依次为0.04-0.12mg/L(平均为0.07mg/L)、0.03-0.12mg/L(平均0.06mg/L)和0.02-0.13mg/L(平均0.07mg/L)。芦苇生长期内水体中溶解性氮磷比(N/P)除5月4点外,均小于12,芦苇快速生产期(1.28)和成熟期(2.40)积水中的N/P比平均水平低于芦苇生长初期(5.47),积水中氮处于相对匮乏的状态,可能与芦苇对氮的大量吸收相关。温度、盐度、pH、DO和叶绿素a与不同形态营养盐的相关分析结果表明,芦苇湿地系统不仅存在旺盛的芦苇生产活动,也存在较强的微藻初级生产和微生物再生产活动,环境因子通过影响芦苇和积水微藻的初级生产,以及积水中微生物的再生产活动,显著影响营养盐组成和结构的时空变化。  相似文献   

6.
湖泊或海湾中的沉积物吸附氮(N)、磷(P)等元素所形成的沉积层成为水体富营养化的內源。在波浪作用下,尤其是强浪作用下,沉积物中的N、P会通过内源释放作用大量进入水体中。本文在自制的U型水槽中开展实验,采用不同水头差来模拟波浪的循环荷载作用,研究了沉积层中的N、P在静置固结状态(Ⅰ)、加波未液化状态(Ⅱ)、加波液化状态(Ⅲ)下的释放规律,并给出该试验条件下的沉积物释放速率的拟合方程。试验结果表明:沉积物中总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(TDN)的释放速率会随着水动力作用的增强而增加;总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)和活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率也随着水动力作用增强而增加,但水体中悬浮物(SS)含量过高会限制其释放速率。  相似文献   

7.
为了研究明湖湿地公园湖区内表层底泥中氮、磷营养盐和有机碳污染水平及分布现状,对明湖湿地5个区域26个采样点的表层(0~10 cm)底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机质(TOM)进行了测定、分析,结果表明:表层底泥TN含量介于285~4500 mg/kg间,均值为1779.6 mg/kg,分布趋势为西南(MS)区东南(ME)区东北湖响水河口(HK)湖中心(MC)区西北(MN)区;TOM含量介于17.13~189.30 g/kg间,均值为55.99 g/kg,空间分布与TN相似的格局;TP含量介于261~709 mg/kg间,均值为639 mg/kg,分布与TN、TOM有差异,最大值出现在HK区。TN与TOM二者间呈极显著正相关(r=0.951~*,p0.01),TP与TOM之间关联性不明显(r=0.627)。结合有机指数(OI)和综合污染指数(FF)评价结果知,研究区内表层底泥营养盐已达中度污染水平,其中TN超标率较高,是明湖湿地表层底泥富营养化的主控因子。且湿地南部底泥中氮、磷营养盐及有机质污染属严重级别,污染程度超过最低生态毒性效应级别,存在较高的生态风险。  相似文献   

8.
采用统计学方法,对南太湖水域三个入湖口(小梅港、新塘港、大钱港)水质中蓝藻生物量、TN和TP的年变化特征进行了调查;通过SPSS10.0软件对蓝藻生物量与TN和TP的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量一般有两个高位期,分别出现在每年的5—6月和9—10月;(2)南太湖入湖口的TN和TP处于富营养化水平,TN有朝重富营养化发展的趋势;(3)2008—2009年蓝藻生物量与TN的相关性系数r介于-0.010—0.210之间,呈现不相关;2010年r介于0.43—0.47,呈现低度负相关;(4)3年中蓝藻生物量与TP的相关性系数r介于0.30—0.80,呈现正相关。南太湖沿岸TP出现在0.05—0.20mg/L范围内频率达90%以上,蓝藻高位期时TP浓度在0.1—0.15mg/L范围。结果说明,南太湖沿岸水体中氮和磷营养盐水平较高,已经不容忽视,蓝藻生物量与TN之间存在一定的此消彼长规律,水体中TP已经是南太湖各入湖口蓝藻生长繁殖的相关性因子。  相似文献   

9.
南黄海沉积物中氮、磷的生物地球化学行为   总被引:15,自引:4,他引:11  
于2004年10月采集南黄海4个站位的柱状沉积物和29个站位的表层沉积物,用氧化浸取分光光度法研究了自然粒度下沉积物中的氮、磷分布特征以及控制其分布的生物地球化学机制。结果表明,多数站位随着沉积深度的增加,沉积物中氮、磷浓度趋于稳定。4个站稳定时氮浓度平均约为289μg/g,磷约为329μg/g,平均稳定浓度出现的沉积层次分别为氮>30cm,磷>22cm。氮、磷垂直分布形状的规则性与沉积速率密切相关,沉积速率越小的站位,其氮、磷垂直分布愈规则;海洋沉积物中的氮主要来源自海洋生物的代谢,而磷与陆源碎屑输入密切相关。氮与沉积物粘土含量、浮游动物生物量干重有明显的正相关关系。海水中浮游动物干重每增加1mg/m3,则沉积物中氮浓度增加5.64μmol/g,磷不存在这样的关系。沉积物中氮的早期成岩速率远高于磷,在沉积物海水界面附近氮约为磷的7.4倍。海水浮游生物生物量与沉积物中氮的早期成岩类型密切相关,在所研究的2004年秋季海水中,浮游动物生物量干重19mg/m3是沉积物中氮早期成岩类型转变的界限值,小于这一界限值,水体中的氮趋向于向沉积物中凝聚;大于19mg/m3,则沉积物中的氮趋向于向水体释放。  相似文献   

10.
珠江口是生态敏感的典型河口区,也是富营养化和赤潮多发区。为了搞清楚该区域沉积物中营养物质的含量及平面分布特征,进一步研究营养盐在沉积物-水体间的循环机制,同时也为珠江口污染防治和生态环境保护提供科学依据,对珠江口16个站位的表层沉积物中氮、磷的形态、含量及分布特征进行了研究。其中总氮用凯氏定氮法测定,无机氮提取后直接测定各形态含量,各种形态的磷采用化学分步提取法进行。提取液中硝酸盐氮用锌-镉还原法,亚硝酸盐氮用重氮-偶氮比色法,氨氮用靛酚蓝法,无机磷酸盐用磷钼蓝法测定。沉积物中TOC的测定用重铬酸钾氧化-还原滴定法。在测定结果的基础上采用单项指标标准指数法对沉积物中氮和磷的污染程度进行了评价。研究结果表明:沉积物中总氮的含量较高,平均值高达1649mg/kg;有机氮所占的比例很高,平均达83.17%,平均含量为1374mg/kg;氨氮是无机氮的主要形式,平均占无机氮的98%,平均含量为209.64mg/kg;硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在沉积物无机氮中比例很低,平均值为54.87mg/kg。表层沉积物中总磷的含量平均值为455.94mg/kg;有机磷占总磷含量的39.41%,平均含量为179.69mg/kg;铁结合磷和铝结合磷平均含量为94.97mg/kg。在平面分布上,各站间不同形态氮、磷的含量差异与陆源输入、沉积物粒径及水动力条件等因素有关。单项指标标准指数法对沉积物中氮和磷的污染评价结果表明:珠江口沉积物中总磷含量较低,标准指数都小于1;而总氮的含量较高,其标准指数变化范围为1.96—3.86,说明珠江口沉积物环境质量受氮的污染相对严重。  相似文献   

11.
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.  相似文献   

13.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。  相似文献   

14.
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.  相似文献   

15.
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.  相似文献   

16.
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.  相似文献   

17.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

18.
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.  相似文献   

20.
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.  相似文献   

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