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1.
Abstract

Given sufficient light and heat, the growth of aquatic macrophytes and algae associated with eutrophication is generally controlled by the concentration, form and ratio between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Data from 1100 freshwater sites monitored for the last 10 years by New Zealand's regional councils and unitary authorities were assessed for streams and rivers with mean nitrate/ nitrite‐N (NNN), dissolved reactive P (DRP), total N (TN) and total P (TP) concentrations in excess of New Zealand guidelines, and to generate a data set of N:P ratios to predict potential periphyton response according to the concentration of the limiting nutrient. The frequency of sites exceeding the guidelines varied from 0 to 100% depending on the parameter and region, but South Island regions were generally more compliant. The dissolved inorganic N (DIN) to dissolved reactive P (DRP) ratio was used to group data into three nutrient limitation classes: <7:1 (N‐limited), between 7:1 and 15:1 (co‐limited), and>15:l (P‐limited), by mass. P‐limitation was the most frequent scenario in New Zealand streams (overall, 76% of sites were P‐limited, 12% N‐limited, and 12% co‐limited). The mean concentration of the limiting nutrient for each site was combined with empirical relationships to predict periphyton densities (the average of N‐and P‐limited growth was used for sites with co‐limitation). This assessment predicted that 22 sites were likely to exceed the periphyton guideline for protecting benthic biodiversity (50 mg chlorophyll a m?2), but this assessment is likely to be highly changeable in response to climatic conditions and present and future land use. As an example, we modelled N and P losses from an average sheep and a dairy farm in Southland (South Island, New Zealand) in 1958, 1988, 2008 and 2028. We predicted that with time, as farm systems have and continue to intensify, N losses increase at a greater rate than P losses. Since the pathway for N to reach fresh waters may be more tortuous and take longer than P to reach a stream or river, focusing mitigation on P losses may have a quicker effect on potential algal growth. In addition, with time, it is expected that P‐limitation in New Zealand's rivers and streams will be more widespread as N‐losses are unabated. Hence, although strategies to decrease N losses should be practised, mitigating P losses is also central to preventing eutrophication.  相似文献   

2.
分别于2006年8月,12月和2007年4月,10月采集胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水样品,对氧化亚氮(N2O)和甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定,并设置1个连续站进行24 h连续观测.结果表明:大气中N2O春、夏、秋、冬的平均浓度(体积分数)分别为(3.17±0.03)×10-7,(3.24±0.15)×10-7,(3.19±0.02)×10-7和(3.08±0.25)×10-7;大气中CH4春、夏、秋、冬的平均浓度(体积分数)分别为(1.89±0.04)×10-6,(1.79±0.04)×10-6,(2.09±0.21)×10-6和(2.01±0.09)×10-6.胶州湾表、底层海水中N2O和CH4的浓度和饱和度表现出明显的季节变化,其中N2O浓度和饱和度冬季最高,春、秋季次之,夏季最低;CH4浓度和饱和度夏季最高,冬季最低.利用Liss and Merlivat(1986)公式和Wanninkhof(1992)公式估算出胶州湾海域N2O的年平均海-气交换通量分别为(11.16±14.15)和(22.42±27.56)μmol m-2·d-1;CH4分别为(7.75±6.19)和(17.76±14.84)μmol m-2·d-1.胶州湾大部分海域表层海水中N2O和CH4呈过饱和状态,是大气中N2O和CH4的净源.  相似文献   

3.
渤海冬夏季营养盐和叶绿素a的分布特征   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
在2000年8月和2001年1月对渤海进行的两个航次的调查取样的基础上，分析渤海营养盐和叶绿素a的分布特征，各海区营养盐的结构以及营养盐和叶绿素a的关系。结果表明，冬季营养盐的浓度高于夏季，硅酸盐有明显的垂向结构，40多年来渤海中部硝酸盐呈现增加趋势；莱州湾浮游植物生长处于磷限制，其它海区处于氮限制；冬季叶绿素a的浓度也高于夏季，叶绿素a的季节差异可能与夏季浮游动物对浮游植物的大量摄食有关。  相似文献   

4.
池养乌苏里拟鲿雌雄鱼生长及周年性激素与性腺发育研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)的种质资源保护和商品鱼养殖正在我国悄然兴起。本文首次研究了乌苏里拟鲿雌、雄鱼在池塘养殖条件下的生长规律以及性成熟鱼周年性腺发育与性激素变化特性。研究结果表明,乌苏里拟鲿随着年龄的增长,雌鱼和雄鱼之间的体质量、体长差异逐渐明显,雌鱼体长与体质量的关系式为:W=0.182 5L1.964 6(R2=0.944 5);雄鱼体长与体质量的关系式为:W=0.188 1L2.0059(R2=0.961 8)。在12月份(2龄鱼)至翌年10月份(3龄鱼)期间,雌、雄鱼丰满度呈下降趋势,成熟度、血清雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)水平均呈先升高后下降的变化规律。雌鱼的E2和T在5月份达到最高值,分别为(1 624.23±331.4)pg/mL和(1 320.85±279.12)pg/mL;雄鱼的E2在5月份达到最高值(323.17±147.36)pg/mL,而T的最高值则出现在4月份,为(758.33±100.47)pg/mL。雌、雄鱼性腺发育和成熟度基本同步,从外观和组织学观察对性腺的分期显示,2龄乌苏里拟鲿在12月份的精巢和卵巢已发育至第Ⅲ期,在次年6月份均达到第Ⅴ期。  相似文献   

5.
依据2006～2007年夏、冬两季的北黄海海洋综合调查资料,分析了叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征,并浅析了其主要影响因素.夏季北黄海Chl a的平均含量为30.75 mg·m-2(7.64～92.57 mg·m-2),冬季平均含量为18.72 mg·m-2(3.04～50.55 mg·m-2),与夏季相比显著偏低(P<0.05).夏季Chl a浓度的垂直分布呈现较为明显的分层现象,最大值基本出现在次表层;冬季大部分海域垂直分布均匀.夏季水柱初级生产力含量的平均值为471.2 mg·m-2·d-1(70.1～1 308.2 mg·m-2·d-1),其分布大致呈现近岸海域高、东部开阔海域较低的格局;冬季平均值为125.4 mg·m-2·d-1(72.6～245.5 mg·m-2·d-1),约为夏季的1/4,且分布较均匀.北黄海夏季磷酸盐可能成为限制浮游植物生长的因素,而冬季无机氮和磷酸盐可能同时成为限制因子.夏季和冬季的海表温度与表层Chl a浓度之间均呈负相关关系,R2分别为0.44(P=0.01,n=73)和0.41(P=0.01,n=71).  相似文献   

6.
The airborne laser scanning LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) provides high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) that have been applied recently to the characterization, quantification and monitoring of coastal environments. This study assesses the contribution of LIDAR altimetry and intensity data, topographically-derived features (slope and aspect), and multi-spectral imagery (three visible and a near-infrared band), to map coastal habitats in the Bidasoa estuary and its adjacent coastal area (Basque Country, northern Spain). The performance of high-resolution data sources was individually and jointly tested, with the maximum likelihood algorithm classifier in a rocky shore and a wetland zone; thus, including some of the most extended Cantabrian Sea littoral habitats, within the Bay of Biscay. The results show that reliability of coastal habitat classification was more enhanced with LIDAR-based DTM, compared with the other data sources: slope, aspect, intensity or near-infrared band. The addition of the DTM, to the three visible bands, produced gains of between 10% and 27% in the agreement measures, between the mapped and validation data (i.e. mean producer's and user's accuracy) for the two test sites. Raw LIDAR intensity images are only of limited value here, since they appeared heterogeneous and speckled. However, the enhanced Lee smoothing filter, applied to the LIDAR intensity, improved the overall accuracy measurements of the habitat classification, especially in the wetland zone; here, there were gains up to 7.9% in mean producer's and 11.6% in mean user's accuracy. This suggests that LIDAR can be useful for habitat mapping, when few data sources are available. The synergy between the LIDAR data, with multi-spectral bands, produced high accurate classifications (mean producer's accuracy: 92% for the 16 rocky habitats and 88% for the 11 wetland habitats). Fusion of the data enabled discrimination of intertidal communities, such as Corallina elongata, barnacles (Chthamalus spp.), and stands of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis, which presented misclassification when conventional visible bands were used alone. All of these results were corroborated by the kappa coefficient of agreement. The high classification accuracy found here, selecting data sources, highlights the value of integrating LIDAR data with multi-spectral imagery for habitat mapping in the intertidal complex fringe.  相似文献   

7.
New insights into the Lagrangian and eddy dynamical processes within the East Australian Current (EAC) and the Tasman Sea are presented. We briefly discuss the past campaigns undertaken to observe the EAC and the Tasman Sea eddies as well as the motivation to renew the deployment of drifting buoys into the EAC and the Tasman Sea. The specific features discussed are motivated by the recent observing campaigns using drifting buoys and the availability of high spatial- and temporal-resolution estimates of the ocean state and circulation from eddy resolving models. The interpretation of these features is also aided by other components of the ocean observing system. The dynamics presented includes: (a) transient EAC separation through a vortex dipole, (b) stratified vortex mergers and secondary circulation of EAC eddies, (c) eddy networks in the Tasman Sea and (d) formation and propagation of the EAC separation point. The importance of these dynamical features to the EAC and the Tasman Sea and their implications for the observing system and modelling are discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The responses of common smelt (Retropinna retropinna Richardson), inanga (Galaxias maculatus Jenyns), common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall), and shrimp (Paratya curvirostris Heller) to ammonia and low dissolved oxygen (DO), separately and in combination, were measured in a fluvarium. Only common smelt avoided high or low ammonia (c. 8.5 and 2.0 g m?3 NH3, respectively) and low DO (c. 2 g m?3) alone and in combination. Shrimp avoided high ammonia and low DO+ammonia but not low DO on its own. Inanga and bullies showed no significant negative response to either contaminant; rather, inanga were strongly attracted to low ammonia and bullies to low DO. These results parallel those from toxicity experiments that show common smelt and shrimp are usually among the most sensitive native species to various contaminants. The consistent and appropriate avoidance behaviour shown by common smelt, in particular, suggests this species would be a good indicator organism for assessing the health of lowland waterways.  相似文献   

9.
Prionocidaris australis (Ramsay), Salenocidaris hastigera (A. Agassiz), Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, Aphanophora echinobrissoides de Meijere (Echinoidea), and Ophiotholia multispina Koehler (Ophiuroidea) are recorded from off Norfolk Island; Peronella hinemoae Mortensen (Echinodea) and a new species of Amphiophiura (Ophiuroidea) are recorded from Wanganella Bank situated about midway between Norfolk Island and northern New Zealand.  相似文献   

10.
Vesicomyid clams, vestimentiferans, and some bathymodiolin mussels from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps possess thiotrophic endosymbionts, high levels of hypotaurine and, in tissues with symbionts, thiotaurine. The latter, a product of hypotaurine and sulfide, may store and/or transport sulfide non‐toxically, and the ratio to hypotaurine plus thiotaurine (Th/[H + Th]) may reflect an animal's sulfide exposure. To test this, we analyzed seep and vent animals with in situ sulfide measurements. Calyptogena kilmeri clams occur at high‐sulfide seeps in Monterey Canyon, while C. (Vesicomya) pacifica clams occur at seeps with lower levels but take up and metabolize sulfide more effectively. From one seep where they co‐occur, both had gill thiotaurine contents at 22–25 mmol kg−1 wet mass, and while C. (V.) pacifica had a higher blood sulfide level, it had a lower Th/[H + Th] (0.39) than C. kilmeri (0.63). However, these same species from different seeps with lower sulfide exposures had lower ratios. Bathymodiolus thermophilus [East Pacific Rise (EPR 9°50′ N)] from high‐(84 μm ) and a low‐(7 μm ) sulfide vents had gill ratios of 0.40 and 0.12, respectively. Trophosomes of Riftia pachyptila (EPR 9°50′ N) from medium‐(33 μm ) and low‐(4 μm ) sulfide vents had ratios of 0.23 and 0.20, respectively (not significantly different). Ridgeia piscesae vestimentiferans (Juan de Fuca Ridge) have very different phenotypes at high‐ and low‐sulfide sites, and their trophosomes had the greatest differences: 0.81 and 0.04 ratios from high‐ and low‐sulfide sites, respectively. Thus Th/[H + Th] may indicate sulfide exposure levels within species, but not in interspecies comparisons, possibly due to phylogenetic and metabolic differences. Total H + Th was constant within each species (except in R. piscesae); the sum may indicate the maximum potential sulfide load that a species faces.  相似文献   

11.
A preliminary optical classification of lakes in Estonia and south Finland which can also be used for small bays of the Baltic Sea is elaborated. The classification is based on the optical properties of water (diffuse attenuation coefficient, diffuse reflectance) and parameters that are routinely monitored in water bodies (Secchi depth, concentration of chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter and yellow substance). The data complex used for our classification covers different types of water ecosystems (ranging from oligotrophic to hypertrophic) and the variability of water constituent concentrations in the ice-free period in Estonia and south Finland. Using cluster analysis, we found 5 optical classes of waters: clear (C), moderate (M), turbid (T), very turbid (V) and brown (B). There is satisfactory correspondence between class of water, shape of diffuse attenuation coefficient and diffuse reflectance spectra and trophic state of the lakes.  相似文献   

12.
Minicores of seabottom sediments from typical coastal and estuarine areas of Greece (the Gulf of Elefsis and the estuaries of the Acheloos and Louros rivers), influenced in a widely varying degree by anthropogenic inputs, were analysed for trace metal content and measured for a series of magnetic properties (i.e., total magnetic susceptibility, frequency dependent susceptibility, isothermal remanent magnetization and demagnetization).Apparent linkages between trace metal content (total or in chemically leached fractions) and magnetic properties were found in cores from all areas. Variations in the relative importance of the non-leachable fraction of metals in the Elefsis Gulf sediments closely parallel changes in the percentage frequency dependent susceptibility, which can be considered as indicator of soil derived material.By combining chemical and magnetic data, very useful information was obtained on: (a) the origin (industrial) of the rapidly deposited sediments in the Gulf of Elefsis; (b) the deposition rate, which was estimated as 0.5 cm per annum; (c) the range and nature of the major natural particle assemblages present in the Acheloos and Louros estuaries; (d) the distinction between the assemblages deriving from the erosion of surface soils and from unweathered parent material; (e) the identification of particles acting as major trace metal carriers (viz. anthropogenic particulates and soil-derived clays).In general the results confirm that integrated trace metal—magnetic studies can provide valuable data on the origin, transport and sedimentation mechanisms of trace metals associated in various ways with particles in coastal and estuarine systems. New perspectives are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

13.
福建海水鱼类人工繁殖和育苗技术的现状与展望   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
自90年代以来，福建海水鱼类人工繁殖和育苗技术已向着多品种和批量化方向发展，各特优种类不断增加，人工种苗为海水网箱和池塘养殖提供大量苗源，科研教学单位的多项育苗成果已转化为生产力，开始进入种苗规模化生产的可持续发展阶段。迄今为止，福建海水鱼类人工繁殖和育苗成功的种类至少有14科30种，1999年大黄鱼的育苗量已超过3亿尾，其他年产种苗千万尾以上的海水鱼类有美国红鱼、花鲈、免状黄姑针、真鲷（春季生殖群体）和花尾胡椒鲷；年产种苗数百万尾的有黑鲷、勒氏笛鲷、断斑石鲈、免鱼和斜带髭稠等种类。石首鱼科鱼类已成为人工繁殖和育苗的主要对象。本文还针对福建海水鱼类增养殖的问题，提出今后可持续发展的几点设想。  相似文献   

14.
Conjugation of phenolic xenobiotics and metabolites through sulfation and glucuronidation is an important biotransformation pathway. Sulfotransferases (SULT) are generally considered non-inducible, while some UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoenzymes are co-induced with cytochrome P450-1A by Ah-receptor ligands. To test these assumptions for two fish species, we measured sulfation and glucuronidation of 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treated channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) from the creosote contaminated Atlantic Wood site in the Elizabeth River, VA. The results show a significant induction of both UGT and SULT activity in 3-MC treated catfish, linked to the expected induction of EROD activity. In mummichog, significant induction of UGT was measured at the contaminated site over the reference site (King's Creek, VA), as well as extremely low SULT activities at both sites. Western blots, using a polyclonal antibody for catfish phenol-type SULT, confirmed the absence of phenol-type SULT in mummichog. Residual, though slightly inducible, SULT activity may be attributed to other SULT isoforms.  相似文献   

15.
《Marine Chemistry》2002,79(1):27-36
Preformed Cd and PO4 were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO4 plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O2 to regenerated Cd and PO4 were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO4) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO4) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO4 in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O2/Cd, PO4 were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO4). The calculated preformed Cd and PO4 concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO4 at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO4 at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO4. Preformed PO4 generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO4 in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO3 dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO4 showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.  相似文献   

16.
Plaice, flounder and sand goby were exposed to ethynylestradiol (EE2) for 21 days and then followed for up to 31 days after removal of the oestrogen. Plasma vitellogenin (VTG) and hepatic VTG mRNA were determined in groups of fish sampled during the induction and post-exposure phases. VTG mRNA increased slightly earlier than plasma protein, but both reached maxima by 21 days. In contrast, VTG mRNA decayed much more rapidly than protein after EE2 exposure was terminated (typical values t(1/2) mRNA 3 days, protein 15-30 days). Vitellogenin and VTG mRNA thus measure different temporal events and this is illustrated by field data of male flounder in which both parameters have been determined. Few fish show co-ordinate increased VTG mRNA and vitellogenin but rather more fish have increased vitellogenin. Low level increases of VTG mRNA (5 X) is observed in some fish without increased vitellogenin and this may represent polymorphic differences between individual fish.  相似文献   

17.
Available data on phytoplankton and bacterial abundance and production off the coasts of southern Africa (to the 500 m depth contour) have been assembled and analysed for a network analysis of carbon flow in the Benguela ecosystem. Phytoplankton carbon biomass (from measurements of chlorophyll a) in the northern Benguela (2 558 300 tons) was considerably higher than in the southern Benguela (671 420 and 516 400 tons for the West and South coasts respectively). However, overall annual production (from C14-uptake measurements) was similar, 77 416 608, 76 399 973 and 78 988 020 tons C·year?1 respectively. Phytoplankton respiration and sedimentation losses were calculated as functions of primary production and therefore followed similar trends. From the most conservative estimates (mean bacterial biomass of 10 mg C·m?3 and average P:B of 0,2·day?1) bacterial biomass is 2–7 per cent of phytoplankton biomass in the northern and southern Benguela, and bacterial production is 3–5 per cent of primary production. Assuming a net growth yield of 30 per cent, bacteria would need to consume 9–15 per cent of the total primary production in order to meet their requirements for carbon consumption. Calculations based on a mean bacterial biomass of 40 mg C·m?3 and a mean growth rate of 0,5·day?1 in the upper 30 m of the water column show bacterial biomass to be 8–27 per cent of phytoplankton biomass and bacterial production to be 26–44 per cent of phytoplankton production. Bacterial carbon consumption requirements at these rates amount to 86–147 per cent of total primary production.  相似文献   

18.
The distribution of dissolved (soluble and total) and particulate (leachable and total) aluminum was examined in the Columbia River and estuary, in near-field and far-field river plumes, and in adjacent coastal waters of Washington and Oregon during the River Influence on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) cruise of May/June 2006. Dissolved and particulate aluminum (Al) concentrations were significantly greater in the river than in the coastal waters that mixed to form the plume. Dissolved Al concentrations in the Columbia River (∼80 nM) were low relative to other major rivers. Leachable and total particulate Al concentrations within the river reached concentrations greater than 1000 nM and 18,000 nM, respectively. Dissolved Al within the Columbia River estuary showed a significant removal (∼60%) at salinities between 0 and 10 with salt-induced flocculation of colloidal Al complexes and enhanced particle scavenging being probable explanations for aluminum removal. Dissolved and particulate Al concentrations were significantly greater in near-field plumes relative to surrounding coastal waters. As the plume advected from near-field to far-field away from the river mouth, dilution of the plume with lower dissolved Al surface waters as well as particle scavenging along the flow path appeared to be controlling dissolved Al distributions. Particle settling as well as dilution with lower particle-load waters led to observed decreases in particulate Al as the plume moved from near-field to far-field. However, the percent-leachable particulate aluminum in both near-field and far-field plumes was remarkably constant at ∼7%. Dissolved and particulate Al in a far-field plume over 100 km southwest of the Columbia River mouth were over an order-of-magnitude greater than surrounding waters, illustrating the importance of the Columbia River plume as a mechanism for transporting Al offshore. Aluminum could be used to trace the input of biologically-required elements such as iron into waters off the shelf.  相似文献   

19.
The east and northeast Brazil shelves of the Southwest Atlantic harbor some unique conditions for tropical passive margins with western boundary currents. The narrow and open shelf is almost entirely covered by carbonate sediments due to little freshwater input and the coast is impacted by the South Equatorial Current (SEC). The wide Abrolhos bank of the east Brazil shelf, presents more diverse conditions, as it forms a physical barrier to the Brazil Current, and upwelling and land input become more significant. The main characteristics of the coast and shelf and findings on biogeochemical, sedimentation, and paleoceanographical processes, addressed by the Joint Oceanographic Projects (JOPS) campaigns, are summarized.  相似文献   

20.
Recent studies demonstrating feminization of effluent-exposed wild-caught male fish in the UK have prompted much research regarding the estrogenic activity of effluent from municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs). To investigate the estrogenicity and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction potency of MSTP effluent, two species of fish, adult male mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, and juvenile sunshine bass, Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops, were exposed to un-chlorinated effluent (75% effluent, 25% seawater) from a large MSTP in Yonkers, NY, USA. After a 21-day static-daily (75%) renewal exposure, significant elevations over controls were observed in levels of vitellogenin (VtG) in plasma (1730%) and liver (131%) in effluent-exposed sunshine bass. In contrast, hepatic VtG was not elevated in mummichogs; plasma VtG was not measured in this species. Effluent exposure elevated hepatic CYP1A protein (140-145%) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity (408-598%) in both species. These findings suggest ontogenetic and/or species differences in response to estrogenic compounds in MSTP effluent. Furthermore, the elevation of CYP1A in response to sewage effluent exposure indicates the presence of additional compounds that may alter xenobiotic and/or steroid biotransformation in fish.  相似文献   

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