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1.
This paper deals with the development of a processing technique that improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the single sensor for a received signal that is embedded in a partially correlated noise field. The approach of this study is unique in that the noise is treated as being non-white and partially correlated. The concept of the proposed development is based on the time interval over which the temporal coherence or correlation properties of a noise field are defined. For narrowband signals, the associated temporal coherence period is much longer than the correlation time interval of the anisotropic noise field. Thus, a coherent integration of discontinuous segments of received signals will enhance the SNR at the single sensor by lowering the correlation properties of the associated non-white noise. Reconstruction of the narrow-band signal time series, with improved SNR at the sensor will allow the use of the existing high resolution techniques to be utilized more effectively by lowering their threshold values in order to detect very weak signals. The intention here is to integrate the characteristics of the real anisotropic noise field during the preliminary processing stages of the received signals by an array of sensors. Simulations show that the proposed method can be integrated in the signal processing functionality of sonar and radar systems 相似文献
2.
Spatial processing, including beamforming and diversity combining, is widely used in communications to mitigate intersymbol interference (ISI) and signal fading caused by multipath propagation. Beamforming suppresses ISI (and noise) by eliminating multipath (and noise) arrivals outside the signal beam. Beamforming requires the signals to be highly coherent between the receivers. Diversity combining combats ISI as well as signal fading by taking advantage of the independent information in the signal. Classical (spatial) diversity requires that signals are independently fading, hence are (spatially) uncorrelated with each other. In the real world, the received signals are neither totally coherent nor totally uncorrelated. The available diversity is complex and not well understood. In this paper, we study the spatial processing gain (SPG) as a function of the number of receivers used, receiver separation, and array aperture based on experimental data, using beamforming and multichannel combining algorithms. We find that the output symbol signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a multichannel equalizer is predominantly determined by the array aperture divided by the signal coherence length, with a negligible dependence on the number of receivers used. For a given number of receivers, an optimal output symbol SNR (OSNR) is achieved by spacing the receivers equal to or greater than the signal coherence length. We model the SPG in decibels as the sum of the noise suppression gain (NSG, equivalent to signal-to-noise enhancement) and the ISI suppression gain (ISG, equivalent to signal-to-ISI enhancement) both expressed in decibels; the latter exploits the spatial diversity and forms the basis for the diversity gain. Data are interpreted using the modeled result as a guide. We discuss a beam-domain processor for sonar arrays, which yields an improved performance at low-input SNR compared to the element-domain processor because of the SNR enhancement from beamforming many sensors. 相似文献
3.
A role of passive sonar signal processing is the detection and estimation of the parameters associated with amplitude modulated broad-band signals. An example of such signals is propeller noise. Discrete frequency lines occur at the rotational frequency of the propulsion shaft and at the blade frequency. This correspondence provides expressions for the Cramer-Rao lower bounds for the estimates of broad-band signal power, modulation level, modulation frequency, and modulation phase. It is shown that for low broad-band-signal-to-broad-band-noise ratios, the estimates of power and modulation level are uncoupled from the estimates of modulation frequency and phase 相似文献
4.
The detection of a passive sonar target in the presence of ambient noise and a plane wave interference is discussed. Intuitively, such a detector consists of a spatial filter which nulls the interference, followed by a temporal filter. In this paper we study the role of the a priori knowledge of the spectrum of the interference and/or signal in improving detector performance. We develop three different generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors, resulting from different cases of prior spectral information. We show that, for all cases of known/unknown source and/or interference power spectrum, the GLRT detectors are, as expected, null steering systems. The depth and shape of the null, as well as the postbeamforming temporal filter, are different and are functions of the a priori known spectrum. Under the assumption that all signals and noise are zero-mean Gaussian processes, we analyze the performance of the different detectors and we exploit their dependency on the array beampattern, as well as on the source and interference signal-to-noise ratio. This analysis serves to identify scenarios where the use of prior spectral information leads to significant performance improvement 相似文献
5.
西沙北部海域海洋环境噪声频谱特性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Ambient noise is very important in the prediction system of a sonar performance, because it determines the detection ranges always in a passive sonar and usually in an active sonar. In the uncertainty issue for the so-nar performance, it is necessary to know this factor＇s statistical characteristics that are only obtained by data processing from the underwater ambient noise measurements. Broad-band ambient noise signals from 16 hydrophones were amplified and recorded for 2 min every 1 h. The results show that the ambient noise is essentially depth independent. The cross correlation of the ambient noise levels （1, 6 and 12 h average） with a wind speed is presented. It was found that the correlation is excellent on the upper frequency band and the noise levels correlate better with high wind speed than with low wind speed. 相似文献
6.
分段拷贝相关器是高斯白噪声背景下,快速衰落水声信道中,对应最大似然比准则的最佳接收机,其输出服从χ2分布。推导出有信号时接收机输出端的概率密度函数和检测概率的解析表达式,计算机仿真结果验证了所获得结果的正确性。最后通过计算无信号时接收机输出的概率密度函数,在给定虚警概率的情况下,求出了接收机的检测门限。 相似文献
7.
The shipping noise properties in the deep ocean are studied. Shipping noise exhibits the strong dual-horned directionality features in the flat-seabed ocean, and its directional density can be modeled by a Von Mises distribution. With the explicit expression for the directional density function, the spatial coherence functions of shipping noise are also derived, and the relative features are studied. The research result shows that the properties of shipping noise are different from the ambient noise of other sources, and it can be used for the sonar array design. The model is well matched with the experimental result, and it can be extended to the situations when the ambient noise exhibits the dual-horned structure. 相似文献
8.
The testing of a synthetic aperture technique, the ETAM algorithm, is extended and its performance for CW pseudorandom signals and broadband ship noise is examined. The results show the limitations of the technique and are of special interest for operational systems development. In the CW experiments, the transmitted signal was generated with high temporal coherence, and loss of the spatial and temporal coherence of the received signal was introduced only by the medium and the stability of the towed array. In the experiments that included the pseudorandom signal and the ship noise, the temporal coherence of the transmitted signals was deliberately chosen to be poor in order to study the effects and the performance of this algorithm with broadband signals. The related experimental results show that for received signals, which have their segments over the synthesizing period highly cross-correlated, a synthetic aperture array gain was achieved that corresponds to the length of an equivalent fully populated array 相似文献
9.
Several detection statistics are compared in the frequency domain based on the asymptotic probability of detection (APD) criterion. They include second-order, fourth-order, normalized fourth-order, and kurtosis estimates. The results show that for randomly occurring signals which can be characterized as non-Gaussian, the fourth-order, normalized fourth-order, and kurtosis estimates can have higher asymptotic probability of detection levels compared with second-order estimates. But only for the normalized fourth-order and kurtosis estimates do the results seem significant. Moreover, if a second-order estimate of the noise is available to normalize a fourth-order estimate of signal and noise, the resultant normalized fourth-order estimate has higher asymptotic probability of detection levels even for Gaussian signals. This result holds only when there is a significant positive covariance between the numerator and the normalizing noise sample in the denominator. On the other hand, if an independent noise sample is used to normalize a second-order or fourth-order estimate, the overall performance based on the asymptotic probability of detection will be degraded compared with the unnormalized second-order or fourth-order estimates, respectively. 相似文献
10.
This paper presents an evaluation of second, third, and fourth-order moments for the passive detection of transient signals in both simulated Gaussian noise and measured noise. The measured noise was recorded by a vertical array located near the San Diego, CA, harbor and is dominated at low frequencies by ship-generated noise. The detectors assume neither noise nor signal stationarity and can use single or multiple channels of data. Simulation results indicate that the fourth-order moment detector often performs better than the energy detector in the correlated measured noise, with increasing channel contributions to the moment function, resulting in increased gain. The results in simulated Gaussian noise likewise favor the fourth-order moment detector, at least for the signals with significant fourth-order moments, but the ability of the higher order detector to discriminate against correlated noise is evident. Analysis over a 30-min segment of the measured noise with selected signals demonstrates that fourth-order detection gains can be reliably expected as the noise statistics change. 相似文献
11.
Underwater noise due to snapping shrimp is highly impulsive, and often dominates the ambient noise environment of warm, shallow waters at frequencies above 1 kHz. We report here on the statistics of bandpass snapping shrimp noise data, and on the modeling of the joint distribution of the in-phase and quadrature components using bivariate versions of the generalized Gaussian (GG), generalized Cauchy, and Gaussian-Gaussian mixture models. We evaluate the performance of several generalized energy detectors for passive bandpass detection, by inserting stochastic signals into the noise data. Detection thresholds were measured for an integration time of 0.5 s and false alarm probabilities down to 1%. The locally optimum detector based on the mixture model gave the best weak signal detection performance, with an 8 dB reduction in detection threshold over conventional energy detection. A significance test detector based on the GG model performed 1-2 dB worse, but exhibited better strong signal performance 相似文献
12.
背景噪声的强弱是影响地震台站观测的一个重要因素。获取背景噪声的分布特征对评估海底地震仪记录数据质量及对数据的降噪处理均具有重要的指示意义。利用概率密度函数方法获取台站数据的功率谱密度的概率分布特征并与全球背景噪声高值模型和低值模型进行对比是研究台站周围环境背景噪声水平的有利手段。本研究基于南海大规模的被动源海底地震仪台阵长期观测实验的部分数据,利用概率密度函数方法研究了南海的背景噪声。首先,在全频段上对背景噪声进行了分析,并与其他台站做了对比,发现海洋的背景噪声在微震段和低频段大于高值模型且在全频带上远大于陆基台站的背景噪声,这表明海底地震仪数据质量并不高;其次,对观测过程中出现的地震事件以及其他典型信号的概率密度分布进行了归纳总结,发现远震事件、近震事件和数据丢失现象分别具有不同的优势频段和特征,这对后续滤波处理和质量检查具有重要指示意义;最后,研究了背景噪声的时间变化特征,发现台风是导致微震段时间变化的主要原因。 相似文献
13.
Carey W.M. Cable P.G. Siegmann W.L. Lynch J.F. Rozenfeld I. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(4):841-852
The experiment, The Acoustic Characterization Test III, was conducted in the oceanographically complex Strait of Korea to accurately measure the sound transmission under known environmental conditions. Geoacoustic profiles derived from geophysical measurements, measured bathymetry, and sound-speed profiles were the basis for range dependent parabolic equation (PE) calculations. Agreement between measured and calculated transmission loss was obtained with an attenuation profile in the near water-sediment interface layer with a dependence on frequency to the 1.8 power consistent with measurements in other sand-silt areas. Since the environment was oceanographically complex and the shipping noise levels were high, the coherency of the sound transmission was estimated using relative signal gain (RSG). RSG was taken as the difference between the gain calculated with PE and measured with the array and at longer ranges and higher frequencies was found to be approximately -2 dB with a signal gain coefficient of variation of 5%. This RSG degradation, attributed to the random signal phase fluctuations resulting from scattering from the surfaces and volume of the waveguide, yielded using a Gaussian coherence function a spatial coherence length of 30/spl lambda/ @ 400 Hz-40 km. In addition, high resolution imaging of five targets with two bottom mounted arrays illustrate the achievable performance of low-to-mid frequency active sonar in this environment. 相似文献
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15.
Power spectral density estimation is often employed as a method for signal detection. For signals which occur randomly, a frequency domain kurtosis estimate supplements the power spectral density estimate and, in some cases, can be employed to detect their presence. This has been verified from experiments with real data of randomly occurring signals. In order to better understand the detection of randomly occurring signals, sinusoidal and narrow-band Gaussian signals are considered, which when modeled to represent a fading or multipath environment, are received as non-Ganssian in terms of a frequency domain kurtosis estimate. Several fading and muitipath propagation probability density distributions of practical interest are considered, including Rayleigh and log-normal. The model is generalized to handle transient and frequency modulated signals by taking into account the probability of the signal being in a specific frequency range over the total data interval. It is shown that this model produces kurtosis values consistent with real data measurements. The ability of the power spectral density estimate and the frequency domain kurtosis estimate to detect randomly occurring signals, generated from the model, is compared using the deflection criterion. It is shown, for the cases considered, that over a large range of conditions, the power spectral density estimate is a better statistic based on the deflection criterion. However, there is a small range of conditions over which it appears that the frequency domain kurtosis estimate has an advantage. The real data that initiated this analytical investigation are also presented. 相似文献
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17.
The Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) function was originally proposed by Wigner in quantum mechanics and Ville applied it for signal analysis. This method has made it possible to represent a signal's power density spectrum in the time-frequency domain as a natural extension of the Fourier transform method (FTM). Recently, it has attracted great interest for its validity to analyze time-varying signals accomplished by the development of high-speed digital signal processing, and it is used for analyzing nonstationary signals. Conventionally, a sonar beamformer is constructed using delay lines, but the development of the high-speed processor has made it possible to apply the FTM for sonar beamforming. However, the bearing resolution of the beamformer is not enough for discriminating small underwater objects on the sea bottom by this method. To solve this problem, we aim to apply the WVD method, which can represent finer structure of signals as a natural extension of the FTM, for sonar beamforming to obtain sharper beam patterns than those of the beamforming method by FTM. Simulation results by computational calculations to clarify the resolution by the WVD method, which is presented in this paper, becomes approximately twice as high as by conventional FTM. The results of an experiment at sea also show the performance of this method 相似文献
18.
全极化X波段雷达掠散射海面回波统计分布特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
尽管复Wishart分布已被广泛应用于SAR数据统计分析，然而该分布函数却很少被用来研究雷达海面掠散射回波时间序列的统计特征。本文通过分析IPIX雷达海面掠散射回波数据发现：大尺度海浪遮挡区的雷达回波能量很低，主要是雷达系统噪声，如果将该部分低能量回波数据剔除以后，真实海面的IPIX 雷达回波时间序列数据亦满足圆高斯分布，因此，IPIX 雷达海面回波的时间序列数据也必然满足复Wishart分布。在此，我们基于Wishart分布模型分别对全极化IPIX 雷达不同极化通道数据的海面回波时间序列数据进行了统计研究，并推导给出了不同通道数据协方差矩阵元素实部、虚部及相位差等参数的统计分布函数模型。通过与雷达测量数据比计较可见，推导所得理论统计模型与实际测量数据吻合很好。本文所得结论对进一步深入理解掠散射海面雷达回波的统计特征具有一定理论意义。 相似文献
19.
目标触底过程中通常会产生强烈的瞬态地震波信号,通过对此类地震波信号的监测、处理和分析,能够帮助判断该信号的产生是否是由异常活动产生的,并且能够根据信号分析相关信息,实现早期预警, 从而做出快速响应。 由于双谱检测具有很好的抗高斯干扰能力,对高斯平稳随机过程和试验模拟目标触底瞬态地震波信号的双谱特性进行了分析,并在高斯背景中对试验采集的瞬态信号进行了检测仿真,仿真试验结果表明:在高斯背景的干扰下,双谱检测能够有效实现对瞬态信号的检测[1] 。 相似文献
20.
论文首先研究高斯柯西卷积噪声模型和窄带混合高斯噪声模型用来对混响建模,前者主要用于仿真分析,而后者因其参数有明确物理意义且可通过样本序列估计得到,因此被用于海洋的工程实现.文章重点研究混合高斯噪声背景下确知信号的非高斯最佳检测器的构造,并对检测器进行了仿真.验证结果表明混合高斯噪声背景下确知信号的非高斯最佳检测器检测性能优于常规的匹配滤波器3～4.5 dB. 相似文献