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1.
生物硅质沉积物转变成瓷状岩和燧石,其成岩途径是从蛋白石-A变为蛋白石-CT,最后变为石英.因为矿物相的反应率很低,所以这个反应序列被认为在现代深海沉积条件下要几千万年才能完成.因此,燧石或瓷状岩通常发现在老于中新世的远洋和半远洋沉积物中.  相似文献   

2.
赤道西太平洋暖池区中部柱状样MD972140中钙质超微化石氧同位素记录和生物地层学的研究为该柱提供了可靠的年龄框架。氧同位素记录与生源和非生源组分的对比表明,粗组分和碳酸钙含量变化表现为冰期降低,间冰期升高,类似于大西洋型旋回,而蛋白石和非生源组分却与之相反。更新世以来粗组分和碳酸钙含量的变化总体上是由高到低,而蛋白石和非生源组分含量的变化是由低到高,反映了陆源物质输入量和表层水生产力的增加。由此可见,碳酸钙和蛋白石含量的变化主要受到钙质和硅质生物生产力以及陆源物质输入量的控制。氧同位素7期以来,蛋白石含量和硅质微体化石丰度在冰期升高及在间冰期降低的变化反映了表层水生产力的波动和硅质溶解作用的强弱。  相似文献   

3.
碎屑石英是风成黄土最主要的组成矿物,其结晶度指数与粉尘源区石英的母岩类型有关,其含量则可用于估算风尘通量变化进而恢复源区的干旱化历史。通过详细的探讨,揭示了测试条件及数据处理方法对石英含量和结晶度指数估算的可能影响。结果表明:(1)测量石英结晶度指数时扫描的步长和速度有别于测量石英含量时的参数设置;(2)数据处理时,先对数据进行人工手动扣除背景,结晶度指数要依据衍射图谱67.74°处和67.85°处的峰谷值进行估算,而石英含量的估算主要依据衍射图谱中20.9°处石英峰与28.4°处硅粉峰;(3)石英结晶度指数需要反复压片测量多次取平均值。  相似文献   

4.
西太平洋暖池(WPWP)的硅质生产力水平在调节第四纪全球大气CO2分压的变化上发挥着重要作用,但其控制因素尚存争议。本研究对位于WPWP核心区的MD06-3047岩芯进行了生源蛋白石分析,探讨了700 ka以来WPWP的硅质生产力的控制因素及气候效应。研究发现,700 ka以来WPWP硅质生产力变化呈现显著的冰期-间冰期旋回,基本在冰期较高,间冰期较低。其主要控制因素可能是东吕宋陆架沉积物风化输入、亚洲风尘输入和温跃层深度(DOT)变化。南大洋中层水的“硅溢漏”可能无法对此海区产生显著影响。冰期时的低海平面,导致热带火山弧附近裸露的陆架沉积物的物理剥蚀和硅酸盐风化,淡水输入为WPWP提供了更多的硅酸;冰期时增强的风尘供应为WPWP提供了更多的Fe;冰期时较浅的DOT使表层海水的营养物质垂向空间变小,滞留时间增多。这些因素使冰期的WPWP生产力增高,有可能降低了大气CO2分压。  相似文献   

5.
楚科奇海与白令海表层沉积中的钙质和硅质微体化石研究   总被引:17,自引:4,他引:13  
通过对北冰洋楚科奇海和令海41个表层沉积样品中的有孔虫、介形类等钙质微体化石和硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的定量分析,发现表层沉积中浮游有孔虫几乎缺失,这可能与该区表层生产力相对低、碳酸盐溶解作用较强有关,而底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石的丰度分布则明显受表层沉积物类型、表层初级生物生产力和碳酸盐溶解作用所控制。其中,北冰洋楚科奇海陆架区有孔虫丰度和分异度低,含少量浅水介形类,放射虫在陆架浅水区缺失,但含有较多硅藻和海绵骨针等其它硅质微体化石,反映该区由于海冰、表层海水温度较冷而导致表歧初级生产力相对低。白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫丰度比较科奇海高一个数量级,底栖有孔虫分异度也相对高,硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的丰度与钙质化石一样,其丰度比楚科奇海明显高,反映表层初级生产力相对高。根据白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石丰度、底栖有孔虫胶结质壳比值的水深变化,推测该区碳酸盐溶跃层和补偿深度(CCD)相对浅,分别位于水深2000m和3800m处。  相似文献   

6.
本研究基于ODP113航次水深2080m处的689站位所钻取的位于毛德海隆之上的沉积物.毛德海隆是位于威德尔海东部,孤立的无震洋脊,比大洋盆地高出了2500m.沉积序列由中始新世的有孔虫一超微化石软泥与晚始新世的超微化石软泥组成,其上为渐新世的台硅藻超微化石软泥与超微化石软泥.  相似文献   

7.
通过对南海东北部(12°~22°N,116°~122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2 600 m上下,北部则在2 200 m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下.  相似文献   

8.
通过对南海东北部(12°~22°N,116°~122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2600m上下,北部则在2200m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下。  相似文献   

9.
通过对雅浦海沟4 500和6 500m两个深度的柱状沉积物的含水率、总有机碳和多种地球化学元素含量的测定,总结分析了这些参数的垂向变化规律,采用元素比值法追溯沉积物的物质来源和氧化还原环境变化,并结合扫描电镜确定了沉积物中的生物化石组成,探讨了化石分布特征与地形结构、深海环流及板块运动之间的关系。结果表明,位于碳酸盐补偿深度以上的4 500m深度深渊沉积物自上而下由含硅质黏土逐渐向钙质软泥过渡,其中的沉积断层可能与深海环流或滑坡有关;位于碳酸盐补偿深度之下的6 500m深度超深渊沉积物属于硅质软泥,可能是重力流导致的表层沉积物堆积,这种沉积作用有利于有机碳的埋藏。该区域沉积物主要来自海洋生物源、陆源和火山源;底层流属于氧化环境,可能有南极底层水的流入。第四纪以来,雅浦海沟应无大规模火山喷发,而海沟东侧的卡罗琳海岭由于板块俯冲作用在不断下沉。  相似文献   

10.
沉积物中生物硅分析方法评述   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
刘素美  张经 《海洋科学》2002,26(2):23-26
硅是水生态系统中构成生物群落的重要元素。硅藻、放射虫、硅质海绵和硅鞭毛虫生长和骨骼形成都离不开硅。DeMaster1981年研究指出海洋硅主要来源于河流(4.2±0.8×1014g/a,SiO2)和热液喷发 (1.9±1.0×1014g/a,SiO2)。另外冰川风化、低温海底玄武岩风化和沉积物的成岩作用亦是其来源之一。而Conley等1993年报道富营养化往往引起水体中溶解硅的浓度逐渐降低。生物硅(Biogenicsilica)指化学方法测定的无定形硅的含量 ,亦称为生物蛋白石或简称蛋白石。生源无定形…  相似文献   

11.
A late Pliocene diatom Ge/Si record from the Southeast Atlantic   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
As a result of both culture and sediment core studies, the ratio of germanium (Ge) to silicon (Si) in diatom shells has been proposed as a proxy for monitoring whole-ocean changes in seawater Ge/Si, a ratio affected by changes in continental weathering. However, because of the difficulties of extracting and cleaning diatom frustules from deep-sea sediments, only samples from highly pure diatom oozes in the Antarctic region have been previously analyzed. Here we present data on diatom Ge/Si ratios, (Ge/Si)opal, for the time interval between 3.1 and 1.9 Ma from a mid-latitude, coastal upwelling area where significant terrigenous sediment input complicated the sample processing and analyses. In general, our (Ge/Si)opal values show the same decreasing trend after 2.6 Ma than previously measured in Antarctic sediments (Shemesh et al., 1989. Paleoceanography 4, 221–231), but with a noisier background that may reflect the local imprint of proximal continental input superimposed upon global changes in the ocean reservoir. The time of initiation of large-scale North Hemisphere glaciation at 2.6 Ma is characterized by a declining pattern of diatom Ge/Si ratios, which could have resulted from a global increase in the input of riverine Si due to enhanced silica weathering and/or equatorward (northward) intrusions of subantarctic waters enriched in silica. High (Ge/Si)opal ratios are associated with high opal contents from the same sediment samples and with warm climate as indicated by depleted benthic foraminiferal δ18O values from the North and Equatorial Atlantic. Cold periods signified by enriched benthic δ18O values, on the contrary, are associated with lower (Ge/Si)opal ratios. We interpret diatom Ge/Si values to reflect the prevailing weathering state on the continents, with greater chemical weathering during warm and wet periods of the Pliocene and less during cooler and drier intervals.  相似文献   

12.
Eastern boundary upwelling is an important aspect of the modern ocean, despite the relatively small area involved. Consequences of increased upwelling during the Neogene, as a result of intensifying trade winds, include increased heat transport by the ocean, increased mixing, increased fractionation of phosphate from silicate, and opportunities for evolution of new species. Coastal upwelling has been studied since the first decade of the 20th century. The processes involved are complex, and differ depending on geographic setting. Off Namibia, upwelling history has been studied by a number of drilling expeditions; the last of these was ODP Leg 175, which occupied seven sites on the continental slope between Walvis Ridge and Cape Town, during September and October of 1997. Productivity proxies all along southwestern Africa suggest the presence of increased upwelling and organic matter supply to the sea floor during glacial periods. At the same time, there is a decrease in the supply of diatoms and other siliceous plankton remains. This is the Walvis Opal Paradox, established through the contrasting results of studies by Diester-Haass (1985) and Oberhänsli (1991). We propose that the Walvis Opal Paradox is fundamental to the understanding of glacial–interglacial productivity fluctuations on a global scale. Furthermore, a central feature of the history of late Neogene upwelling off Namibia is the Matuyama Opal Maximum, centered between Gauss and Olduvai magnetic chrons [Wefer et al., Proc. ODP 175 (1998)]. It is due to the fact that diatom supply first increases (during the Gauss) when the planet cools and then decreases again during additional cooling, on entering the Quaternary. On a 400 000-year scale, peak productions are coincident with (or slightly lag) maximum seasonal contrast potential in the high-latitude insolation curve. We suggest that this is further evidence that the nutrient content of thermocline waters was diminished during glacial periods. The reasons why this should be so remain to be discovered.  相似文献   

13.
The majority of opal produced by diatoms dissolves during their sedimentation to the seafloor, but spatial and temporal variability of dissolution rates are large. Controlled laboratory experiments using live phytoplankton or phyto-detritus may help identify the different processes, including those that are biologically mediated or physico-chemically driven, that impact the dissolution of frustules and the aforementioned variability. Results of eight bSiO2 dissolution experiments, seven of which were conducted at low temperatures (<6 °C) are presented within the context of earlier similar studies, and different phases of dissolution dynamics characterized. TEP concentration, aggregation and the physiological status of the diatoms determined the period during which diatoms may maintain the protective membrane that surrounds their frustule and effectively reduces or completely inhibits (lag period) dissolution for some time. Once diatoms loose the capability to maintain their protective membrane, bacterial activity compromises it. Physico-chemical dissolution, which depends on frustule structure and abiotic environmental conditions, begins once the protective membrane is damaged. The ability of diatoms to maintain their membrane, the bacterial composition and activity governing its degradation, and the physico-chemical dissolution dynamics of exposed frustules are all impacted by temperature. In our experiments instantaneous dissolution rates were not dependant on bSiO2 concentration at low temperatures, although such a relationship was observed under otherwise identical conditions at 15 °C, implying that biotic factors rather than physico-chemical processes initially dominated dissolution at polar temperatures. Since inhibition of bSiO2 dissolution at low temperatures was inhibited to a greater extent than organic matter degradation, we postulate that it was not reduced bacterial activity but the enhanced ability of diatoms to maintain their membrane and thus withstand microbial attack that caused the low initial dissolution rates at <6 °C. In situ, interactions between the different biotic and abiotic processes impacting dissolution combined with differences in sinking velocity of diatom aggregates and grazing effects could easily explain high spatial and temporal variability in the accumulation of diatoms on the seafloor. Simple calculations based on our experimental results suggest that Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, for example, would be appreciably more likely to reach the seafloor than Chaetoceros debilis if both grow at low growth rates, e.g. under growth limiting conditions. However, dissolution behavior of Chaetoceros debilis during sedimentation may differ under conditions where this species forms large blooms.  相似文献   

14.
南庄头遗址的古植被和古环境演变与人类活动的关系   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
结合考古、孢粉及硅酸体研究的资料,分析了南庄头遗址的古植被、古气候、古环境的演变与人类活动的关系,研究表明:南庄头人知时期属于早全新世气候升温期,气候不稳定,但总体来说与现代相关差不大,晚期可能比现代更温暖湿润,局部地区出现水蕨,从本剖面的分析来看,没有足够证据证明当时农业已出现。  相似文献   

15.
黄海、渤海沉积物中生物硅的测定及存在问题的讨论   总被引:19,自引:3,他引:16  
叶曦雯  刘素美  张经 《海洋学报》2002,24(1):129-134
硅是水生态系统中构成生物群落的重要元素[1].海洋中硅主要来源于河流输入(4.2±0.8)×1014g/a和热液喷发(1.9.77;10)×1014g/a[2].另外冰川风化、低温海底玄武岩风化、沉积物的成岩作用和大气沉降亦是其来源之一[3].沉积物中的生物硅又称生物蛋白石(简称蛋白石),指化学方法测定的无定形硅的含量,主要由硅藻、放射虫、硅鞭毛虫和海绵骨针组成.沉积物中蛋白石的积累反映了生产力在时间和空间尺度的变化[4,5].对于生物硅的测定,至今已提出了许多种方法.其中最灵敏、应用最广泛的是化学提取法[6,7].  相似文献   

16.
通过对楚科奇海及邻近的北冰洋深水区表层沉积物中有机碳同位素含量(δ13C)、氮同位素含量(δ15N)及生物成因SiO2(BSiO2)含量分析,结果表明海源和陆源有机质的分布受海区环流结构和营养盐结构所制约.楚科奇海中西部和楚科奇海台受太平洋富营养盐海水的影响,海洋生产力高,沉积物中海源有机质和BSiO2含量高;靠阿拉斯加一侧海域海水的营养盐含量和生产力都偏低,沉积物中陆源有机质比重增加;在研究区北部和东北部的楚科奇高地和加拿大海盆,冰封时间较长,营养盐供应少,海洋生产力低,但来自马更些河和阿拉斯加北部的陆源有机质增多,沉积物中BSiO2含量小于5%,海源有机质百分含量小于40%.由于亚北极太平洋水通过楚科奇海向北冰洋海盆输送,研究区营养盐池表现为开放系统,营养盐的利用率与它的供应成反比,与海洋生产力成反比.  相似文献   

17.
A multi-proxy approach based on organic (organic carbon, alkenones, and C/N) and inorganic geochemical proxies (biogenic opal, inorganic carbon, Fe, Ti, and Ca) preserved in the sediments of the Jacaf channel (CF7-PC33; 44°21′S, 72°58′W, 510 m water depth), Chilean fjords, yields evidence of major past productivity fluctuations in accordance with climatic changes over the last ∼1800 years. The downcore record clearly shows two productivity/climate modes. The first period, prior to 900 cal yr BP, is characterized by decreased marine productivity and a reduced continental signal, pointing to diminished precipitation and runoff. In contrast, the second period between ∼750 cal yr BP and the late 1800s (top of core) is illustrated by elevated productivity and an increased continental signal, suggesting higher precipitation and runoff. Both time intervals are separated by a relatively abrupt transition of ∼150 years which roughly coincides with the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The increased content of freshwater diatoms and Chrysophyte cysts that characterize the last 200 years of the latter mode coincides with a significant decrease in the carbonate content of the sediment; together they further indicate increased terrigenous contributions and decreased marine carbonate productivity at the end of the Little Ice Age. The correspondence between our record and other paleoclimate studies carried out in South America and Antarctica demonstrates that the Chilean fjord area of Northern Patagonia is not just sensitive to local climatic variability but also to regional and possibly global variability.  相似文献   

18.
Settling particles play an important role in transporting organic carbon from the surface to the deep ocean. It is known that major components of settling particles are biogenic silicates (opal), biogenic carbonate (CaCO3), lithogenic clays and organic matter. Since each component aggregates and/or takes in organic carbon, all of these components have the ability to transport particulate organic carbon (POC) to the interior of the ocean. In this study, sediment trap experiments were carried out in four areas of the western North Pacific (including a marginal sea). Factors are proposed that correlate the composition of settling particles with POC flux. Annual mean organic carbon fluxes at 1 km depth in the western North Pacific Basin, Japan Sea, Hidaka Basin and northern Japan Trench were found to be 14.9, 18.1, 13.0 and 6.6 mg/m2/day, respectively. Organic carbon flux in the western North Pacific was greater than that in the Eastern North Pacific (7.4), the Equatorial Pacific (4.2), the Southern Ocean (5.8) and the Eastern North Atlantic (1.8). In the western North Pacific, it was calculated that 52% of POC was carried by opal particles. Opal is known to be a major component even in the Eastern North Pacific and the Southern Ocean, and the opal fluxes in these areas are similar to those in the western North Pacific. However, the organic carbon flux that was carried by opal particles (OCopalflux) in the western North Pacific was greater than that in the Eastern North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. These results indicate that the ability of opal particles to transport POC to the deep ocean in the western North Pacific is greater than that in the other areas.  相似文献   

19.
Gas hydrate saturation estimates were obtained from an Archie-analysis of the Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) electrical resistivity logs under consideration of the regional geological framework of sediment deposition in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, of Korea. Porosity was determined from the LWD bulk density log and core-derived values of grain density. In situ measurements of pore-fluid salinity as well as formation temperature define a background trend for pore-fluid resistivity at each drill site. The LWD data were used to define sets of empirical Archie-constants for different depth-intervals of the logged borehole at all sites drilled during the second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expedition (UBGH2). A clustering of data with distinctly different trend-lines is evident in the cross-plot of porosity and formation factor for all sites drilled during UBGH2. The reason for the clustering is related to the difference between hemipelagic sediments (mostly covering the top ∼100 mbsf) and mass-transport deposits (MTD) and/or the occurrence of biogenic opal. For sites located in the north-eastern portion of the Ulleung Basin a set of individual Archie-parameters for a shallow depth interval (hemipelagic) and a deeper MTD zone was achieved. The deeper zone shows typically higher resistivities for the same range of porosities seen in the upper zone, reflecting a shift in sediment properties. The presence of large amounts of biogenic opal (up to and often over 50% as defined by XRD data) was especially observed at Sites UBGH2-2_1 and UBGH2-2_2 (as well as UBGH1-9 from a previous drilling expedition in 2007). The boundary between these two zones can also easily be identified in gamma-ray logs, which also show unusually low readings in the opal-rich interval. Only by incorporating different Archie-parameters for the different zones a reasonable estimate of gas hydrate saturation was achieved that also matches results from other techniques such as pore-fluid freshening, velocity-based calculations, and pressure-core degassing experiments. Seismically, individual boundaries between zones were determined using a grid of regional 2D seismic data. Zoning from the Archie-analysis for sites in the south-western portion of the Ulleung Basin was also observed, but at these sites it is linked to individually stacked MTDs only and does not reflect a mineralogical occurrence of biogenic opal or hemipelagic sedimentation. The individual MTD events represent differently compacted material often associated with a strong decrease in porosity (and increase in density), warranting a separate set of empirical Archie-parameters.  相似文献   

20.
为探讨东太平洋CC区多金属结核中富钡镁锰矿细脉蛋白石层的成因机制,利用矿相显微镜、电子探针和ICP-OES,对蛋白石层及其周围铁锰氧化物进行了显微结构特征和化学成分特征的研究。结果表明:高反射率矿物结晶程度较好,主要由MnO组成,具有高Mn低Fe的特征,为成岩成因的钡镁锰矿。中反射率矿物结晶程度较差,主要由MnO和FeO组成,为水成成因的水羟锰矿。低反射率矿物为一种半透明矿物,主要由SiO2组成,为生物成因的蛋白石。根据钡镁锰矿、水羟锰矿和蛋白石的成因机制,为蛋白石层及其内部钡镁锰矿细脉的形成过程建立了一个模型,共分为5个生长阶段:第1阶段,结核呈半埋藏状态在氧化环境中形成水羟锰矿;第2阶段,结核呈半埋藏状态接受SiO2胶体的沉淀作用形成蛋白石层;第3阶段,结核呈半埋藏状态在氧化环境中形成水羟锰矿的同时,其成岩作用和蛋白石的脱水作用使蛋白石层中产生大量的裂缝;第4阶段,结核呈埋藏状态在弱氧化-还原环境中发生交代作用和重结晶作用形成钡镁锰矿;第5阶段,结核呈半埋藏状态形成水羟锰矿。  相似文献   

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