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1.
利用现场海水培养实验,结合浮游动物网样数据,研究长江口邻近海域几种优势桡足类(中华哲水蚤、背针胸刺水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤和精致真刺水蚤)对微型浮游动物的摄食影响。结果表明,精致真刺水蚤虽然属于肉食性种类,但几乎不摄食微型浮游动物;其余三种杂食性桡足类中华哲水蚤、背针胸刺水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤对微型浮游动物(纤毛虫+异养甲藻)的摄食率分别为0.66、0.09和0.59μg C/(ind·d),分别占其日总摄食量的29%、24%和37%。其中,异养甲藻在初始生物量和对桡足类饵料贡献上分别占整个微型浮游动物的30%和28%,是微型浮游动物中一个重要的组成类群。中华哲水蚤对微型浮游动物的摄食率与初始食物浓度有显著的正相关关系,并且对体长20μm纤毛虫的清滤率要明显高于对体长20μm的纤毛虫(P0.01)的清滤率,表明其偏好摄食较大个体的食物。通过Chesson选择性指数显示,尽管微型浮游动物在生物量上远小于浮游植物,但桡足类能优先选择摄食微型浮游动物;进一步结合网采浮游动物数据,获得各站三种优势桡足类丰度平均占桡足类总丰度的77%,但它们对微型浮游动物现存生物量的摄食压力仅为0.8%,表明桡足类对微型浮游动物群落的下行控制作用并不明显,仍有大部分微型浮游动物生物量未通过摄食途径进入到桡足类群落中。 相似文献
2.
海洋浮游纤毛虫是海洋微食物环的重要组成部分,同时也是连接海洋微食物环和经典食物链的重要环节。研究海洋浮游纤毛虫的摄食情况对了解海洋浮游纤毛虫在海洋浮游生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的作用有重要意义。主要研究内容包括纤毛虫的食性、纤毛虫对不同饵料的摄食强度(摄食率、清滤率)和选择性、影响摄食的因素及摄食后的同化和排遗。海洋浮游纤毛虫食性的研究方法主要有两种,分别为体内饵料颗粒法和维持生长法。实验室内估算纤毛虫摄食率和清滤率主要有两种方法,分别为饵料浓度差减法和体内饵料颗粒增多法。可以用特定体积清滤率和特定生物量摄食率来比较不同种纤毛虫的清滤率和摄食率。已有研究结果表明,纤毛虫的饵料包括较小的纤毛虫、硅藻、甲藻、鞭毛虫、聚球藻、原绿球藻和细菌等。纤毛虫的摄食率范围为0.1—920 cells/(ciliate h),清滤率范围为0—110μL/(ciliate h)。纤毛虫对饵料的粒径和化学性质均有选择性。饵料浓度、温度、光线、扰动以及纤毛虫所处的生长阶段都会对纤毛虫的摄食率产生影响。不同种类纤毛虫对不同种类饵料的同化率(67%—79%)和消化时间(13.7 min—24 h)不同。 相似文献
3.
几种环境因子对墨氏胸刺水蚤摄食的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
研究了不同藻类、藻细胞密度、温度、盐度、容器容积、昼夜变化等环境因子对浮游桡足类墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropagesmcmurrichi)的摄食关系。结果表明:1)藻种类、藻细胞密度对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率都有显著影响;2)墨氏胸刺水蚤对4种藻的摄食顺序为球等鞭金藻(摄食率I=12.418μgC/ind穐)>角毛藻(I=9.824μgC/ind穐)>异胶藻(I=6.683μgC/ind穐)>小球藻(I=5.229μgC/ind穐);3)温度在6~20℃范围内变化对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率无显著影响,但以10~15℃为佳。盐度对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率有显著影响,最适摄食盐度为20~27;4)容器容积和昼夜变化对墨氏胸刺水蚤的摄食影响不显著。 相似文献
4.
南海北部秋季微型浮游动物摄食和种类组成的初步研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2004年9月到10月间在南海北部海区对微型浮游动物的种类组成进行了调查,同期运用现场稀释法,以叶绿素a为监测对象,估计了该海区内微型浮游动物摄食率和摄食压力的水平。结果表明,南海北部海区纤毛虫群体中以多膜纲寡毛目为主,有16种,其中寡毛亚目纤毛虫4种,砂壳亚目纤毛虫11种。各站纤毛虫丰度比较低,在9~102ind/m3之间。浮游植物瞬时增长率(k)在0.03/d~2.13/d之间;微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)在0.01/d~1.06/d之间。微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力(Pi)在0.089%~65.23%之间,对初级生产力的摄食压力(Pp)在33.63%~86.04%之间。微型浮游动物的摄食水平主要受其丰度的影响,同时微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力显示,在南海北部海区微型浮游动物在初级生产力传递方面具有重要的科学意义和研究价值。 相似文献
5.
胶州湾桡足类幼虫和浮游生纤毛虫的丰度与生物量 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
1997年9月，12月，1998年2月，4月，8月，11月以及1999年2月和5大以胶州湾采集桡足类幼虫和浮游生纤毛虫的样品，样品用Lugol‘s试剂固定（最后浓度1％），用显微镜计数桡足类幼虫和浮游生纤毛虫的丰度，并计算总生物量（表层生物量和水体生物量）。桡足类幼虫，无壳纤毛虫和砂壳纤毛虫的最大丰度分别为850ind/L(1998年8月），21300ind/L(1998年8月）和172ind／L(1999年5），表层的总丰度为10－22630ind/L，平均分布湾内比湾外多，表层纤毛虫和桡足类幼虫的总生物量为0．10－380.27ugC/L，水体的生物量为0．20－1426.02mgC/m^2. 相似文献
6.
聚球蓝细菌是Pico级浮游植物的重要组成部分,微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食是海洋微食物网研究的重要内容。实验室内测定微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率的方法有饵料浓度差减法和体内饵料颗粒增多法2种,研究表明:鞭毛虫对聚球蓝细菌的摄食速率为0~2.9 syn grazer-1h-1,清滤速率0.4~10.9 nl grazer-1h-1;甲藻对聚球蓝细菌的摄食速率的范围为0.86~83.8 syn grazer-1h-1。实验室内研究纤毛虫对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率和清滤速率的资料不多。在自然海区,海水稀释培养、添加生物抑制剂培养和分粒级培养等方法被用来测定微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率,海水稀释培养法表明微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食率大多低于0.9 d-1,最大为1.54 d-1;使用生物抑制剂方法获得的微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食率为0.04~1.06 d-1;海水分粒级培养法表明聚球蓝细菌的主要摄食者个体微小,绝大部分小于20μm。 相似文献
7.
2005年11月16日和27日,运用稀释法和桡足类添加法,对厦门宝珠屿海域小型浮游动物及桡足类的摄食对浮游植物生长的影响进行了研究.结果表明,各粒级浮游植物的生长率均大于小型浮游动物的摄食率,小型浮游动物对总的Chla和nano-Chla具有一致的显著的摄食作用(0.51～0.78d-1),当存在螺旋环沟藻等大型的异养甲藻时,亦能摄食micro-级浮游植物.所添加的桡足类主要摄食micro-级的浮游植物,也显著摄食小型浮游动物,16日,所添加的桡足类促进nano-级浮游植物的每天生长效应达0.03ind/dm3.说明了厦门海域小型浮游动物及桡足类的摄食共同控制着浮游植物的生长,由于桡足类的杂食性,可产生一定的营养级联效应. 相似文献
8.
莱州湾夏季浮游桡足类的摄食研究 总被引：23，自引：8，他引：15
于１９９７年７月有（１９－２４日）和小湖（２６－３０日）期间在莱州湾对不同大小桡足类自然群体（大型：〉５００ｍｍ,小型：２００－５００ｍｍ）的分布及肠道色素含量进行了现场测定,并在一个４８ｈ连续观测站（Ａ４）进行了肠道排空率和摄食节律实验。结果表明,浮动物肠道色素含量随个体的增大而增加,大型桡足类存在着一定的昼夜摄食节律,摄食高峰出现在夜间,小型桡足类摄食切律不明显。Ａ４站测得的桡足类摄食结果表明 相似文献
9.
采用饵料浓度差减法,在实验条件下研究了不同细胞密度的中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻对海月水母水螅体、碟状体和水母体摄食活动的影响。结果表明,不同种类和密度的微藻细胞密度对水螅体、碟状体和水母体的摄食有显著影响。在实验的藻细胞密度范围内,随藻细胞密度的增加,水螅体和碟状体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的摄食率一直升高。水螅体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的最大摄食率均发生在藻细胞密度最高处,分别为4623cells/(ind.h)和4118cells/(ind.h)。碟状体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的最大摄食率也是发生在藻细胞密度最高处,分别为174671cells/(ind.h)和47218cells/(ind.h)。清滤率随着藻细胞密度增加而降低。在相似细胞密度下,碟状体对中肋骨条藻的摄食率高于东海原甲藻。水螅体和碟状体对同种藻的摄食情况不同,在相似藻细胞密度下,碟状体的摄食率比水螅体高。经过藻类饵料适应处理的水螅体对藻类的摄食率会有显著增加,约为未经饵料适应处理的10倍。水母体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻未发生摄食。 相似文献
10.
用改进的荧光标记技术测定具沟急游虫的摄食速率 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
于1997年10月在厦门西海域采集纤毛虫常见种－具沟急游虫，采用改进的荧光标记法的实验室条件下进行纤毛虫的摄食速度研究，结果表明，改进的荧光标记法具有操作简便，节省昂贵的荧光梁料，固定液浓度易掌握等优点，用该方法在常温下（22℃）测得纤毛虫对细菌和微藻的摄食速率分别为4.224pgC/(cell.h)和5.0pgC/(cell.h)，将此实验结果外推至自然海区，可得台湾海峡南部夏季纤毛虫对细菌，微藻的同化率分别为0.0176mgC/(m^3.d)和0.0201mgC/(m^3.d),北部冬季分别是0.0238mgC/(m^3.d)和0.0272mgC/(m^3.d).在实验条件下，温度较低时（14－26℃）对纤毛虫的摄食速度影响较大，但在较高温度（26－34℃）时差异不明显。 相似文献
11.
Andrew W. Leising James J. Pierson Claudia Halsband-Lenk Rita Horner James Postel 《Progress in Oceanography》2005,67(3-4):406
During late winter and spring of 2002 and 2003, 24 two- to three-day cruises were conducted to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, to examine the grazing, egg production, and hatching success rates of adult female Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani. Here, we discuss the results of our grazing experiments for P. newmani. Each week, we conducted traditional microzooplankton dilution experiments and “copepod dilution” experiments, each from two different layers. Grazing was measured by changes in chlorophyll concentration and direct cell counts. Clearance rates on individual prey species, as calculated by cell counts, showed that Pseudocalanus are highly selective in their feeding, and may have much higher grazing rates on individual taxa than calculated from bulk chlorophyll disappearance. The grazing rates of the copepods, however, are typically an order of magnitude lower than the grazing rates of the microzooplankton community, or the growth rates of the phytoplankton. P. newmani ingested diatoms, but, at certain times fed preferentially on microzooplankton, such as ciliates, tintinnids, and larger dinoflagellates. Removal of the microzooplankton may have released the other phytoplankton species from grazing pressure, allowing those species’ abundance to increase, which was measured as an apparent “negative” grazing on those phytoplankton species. The net result of grazing on some phytoplankton species, while simultaneously releasing others from grazing pressure resulted in bulk chlorophyll-derived estimates of grazing which were essentially zero or slightly negative; thus bulk chlorophyll disappearance is a poor indicator of copepod grazing. Whether copepods can significantly release phytoplankton from the grazing pressure by microzooplankton in situ, thus causing a trophic cascade, remains to be verified, but is suggested by our study. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Sea Research》2000,43(3-4):345-356
During spring blooms 1998 and 1999, three complementary methods were used to evaluate the in situ feeding activities of the dominant copepod species of the Belgian coastal zone: gut pigment content analysis using HPLC, the 14C tracer method, and cell count experiments. The results obtained by all three methods consistently showed that Phaeocystis globosa is not an adequate food source for the spring copepods in the Belgian coastal zone. Our results demonstrated that, among the potential prey, copepods strongly selected diatoms and microzooplankton, and that these types of prey accounted for the major part of the ingested carbon. However, diatoms and microzooplankton ingestion did not always seem sufficient in terms of carbon to avoid food limitation. Comparison of clearance rates exerted on different potential prey types during the P. globosa peak with those before and after the P. globosa peak showed that the copepods' feeding pressure on diatoms was reduced during the P. globosa peak while that on microzooplankton was not. The low grazing pressure on P. globosa, together with the preferential grazing on diatoms, which reduces the competition for nutrients, and the predation on microzooplankton organisms, which reduces the microzooplankton grazing pressure on P. globosa cells, are likely to favour the P. globosa bloom in the Southern Bight of the North Sea. 相似文献
13.
Incubation experiments were carried out daily during a Lagrangian experiment within an upwelled filament off the Galician coast to determine the importance of microzooplankton in the diet of calanoid copepods. Despite low chlorophyll concentrations the microzooplankton formed the minor component of the diet of the copepod community (7 to 15% of carbon ingested through autotrophic and heterotrophic prey). Ingestion of ciliates was greater than that of heterotrophic dinoflagellates, which reflected a higher abundance of ciliates in the water column. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates appeared also to be consumed by the copepods, although the very small size fraction (2–5μm) was probably not grazed by the larger copepods of Calanus spp. Grazing pressure by the copepods enumerated in the net samples was not sufficient to impact significantly the microzooplankton populations (2 to 51% of daily microzooplankton production was removed). Allometric relationships of grazing on microzooplankton for a range of numerically dominant copepod species are developed from the experimental results. The grazing pressure of the whole copepod community is estimated from these relationships. By considering the total mesozooplankton community we suggest that microzooplankton growth was probably restricted by metazoan grazers. 相似文献
14.
Copepod feeding in a coastal area of active tidal mixing: diel and monthly variations of grazing impacts on phytoplankton biomass 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study examined monthly feeding rates and grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass, as well as diel feeding rhythms of four key copepod species in a tidally well mixed estuary (Asan Bay, Korean Peninsula). Monthly ingestion rates estimated based on gut pigment analysis were closely associated with their peak densities, but not with phytoplankton biomass, implying high ingestion may be related to reproductive output for population growth. The three smaller copepods, Acartia hongi, Acartia pacifica and Paracalanus parvus, showed feeding preference for smaller phytoplankton (<20 μm) with higher clearance rates, whereas the larger Calanus sinicus preferred larger phytoplankton. Acartia pacifica and P. parvus showed distinct increased nocturnal feeding rates as measured with gut fluorescence, whereas A. hongi showed no significant day–night differences. Copepod diel feeding patterns were not associated with food quantity, and endogenous physiological rhythm might be hypothesized as responsible for the observed diel feeding patterns. Grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass by the four copepods in the estuary was on average 8% (range 0.2–29.8%) of the phytoplankton standing stock, similar to values reported in other coastal waters. Very high copepod abundances but low daily carbon ration (<20% for all copepods) provided by feeding on phytoplankton indicate that copepods also grazed on other non‐phytoplankton foods in Asan Bay. 相似文献
15.
Andrew W. Leising James J. Pierson Claudia Halsband-Lenk Rita Horner James Postel 《Progress in Oceanography》2005,67(3-4):384
During late winter and spring of 2002 and 2003, 24, 2–3 day cruises were conducted to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, to examine the grazing, egg production, and hatching success rates of adult female Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani. The results of the copepod grazing experiments for C. pacificus are discussed here. Each week, copepod grazing incubation experiments from two different depth layers were conducted. Grazing was measured by both changes in chlorophyll concentration and cell counts. In 2002, there was one moderate bloom consisting mainly of Thalassiosira spp. in early February, and a larger bloom in April comprised of two Chaetoceros species and Phaeocystis sp. Similarly, in 2003, there were two blooms, an early one dominated by Thalassiosira spp., and a later one consisting of Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. Clearance rates on individual prey species, as calculated by cell counts, showed that C. pacificus are highly selective in their feeding, and may have much higher clearance rates on individual taxa than rates calculated from bulk chlorophyll disappearance. During weeks of high phytoplankton concentration, the copepods generally ate phytoplankton. However, they often rejected the most abundant phytoplankton species, particularly certain Thalassiosira spp., even though the rejected prey were often of the same genus and similar size to the preferred prey. It is speculated that this avoidance may be related to the possible deleterious effects that certain of these diatom species have on the reproductive success of these copepods. During weeks of medium to low phytoplankton concentration, the copepods selectively ate certain species of phytoplankton, and often had high electivity for microzooplankton. The selection mechanism must consist of active particle rejection most likely based on detection of surface chemical properties, since the diatoms that were selected were of the same genus, nearly the same size, and at lower numerical abundance than those cells that were avoided. The grazing choices made by these copepods may have important consequences for the overall ecosystem function within coastal and estuarine systems through changes in the transfer efficiency of energy to higher trophic levels. 相似文献
16.
论文以强额孔雀水蚤(Parvocalanuscarssirostris)为研究对象,研究了不同培养温度(18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃)、不同种类微藻(球等鞭金藻(Isochrysisgalbana)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica))饵料以及不同饵料质量浓度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、5μgC/mL)对强额孔雀水蚤摄食的影响。结果表明:强额孔雀水蚤的清滤率随温度上升而上升,随饵料浓度上升而下降,26℃~30℃以及饵料浓度为0.5μgC/mL时清滤率较高;滤食率和摄食率随温度上升而上升,摄食球等鞭金藻和牟氏角毛藻时,在26℃时达到最高;摄食青岛大扁藻时,两者随温度升高持续上升。对3种藻的摄食率大小顺序为:青岛大扁藻>球等鞭金藻>牟氏角毛藻;强额孔雀水蚤摄食碳量占体碳比较高,远高于中华哲水蚤(Calanussinicus)、海洋伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus annandalei)等大中型桡足类;强额孔雀水蚤的最适饵料等效球直径约为11.5μm,青岛大扁藻为强额孔雀水蚤较适口的饵料。 相似文献
17.
为了研究小型浮游动物对近岸浮游植物藻华的摄食调控作用,于2005年7月,应用"稀释法"并结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)光合色素分析技术,研究了台湾海峡船基围隔实验条件下浮游植物生长率及小型浮游动物摄食率的日变动。结果表明:由于营养盐添加的影响,迅速形成了以尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)为优势种的藻华,生物量(叶绿素a)从实验初始7月6日的1.45μg/dm3迅速增加到7月8日的29.80μg/dm3,随后消退。镜检和光合色素分析的结果显示,实验期间一直以此硅藻占绝对优势。浮游植物的生长率在藻华峰值(7月8日)前保持了较高的生长速率(>1.0/d)且大于小型浮游动物的摄食率;小型浮游动物的摄食率也逐渐增加,7月7日时达到0.86/d,显示有57%以上的浮游植物现存量被摄食。7月8日后,水华迅速消退,摄食率除13日外,均大于浮游植物的生长率。小型浮游动物主要由急游虫(Strombidium spp.)、侠盗虫(Strobilidium spp.)等无壳纤毛虫、异养甲藻-螺旋环沟藻(Gyrodinium spirale)及砂壳纤毛虫等组成,其对浮游植物的生长迅速作出了反应,各类群的丰度在水华峰值后的7月9日均几达最大值,水华后期(11日)大型的无壳纤毛虫达最大值。小型浮游动物的这种组成及变动特点是其保持较高摄食率及一定程度上控制和促进藻华消退的原因之一。 相似文献