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1.
一种新的褐藻胶寡糖制备方法—氧化降解法   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
建立了一种新的褐藻胶寡糖的制备方法,即氧化降解法。通过褐藻胶来源的聚甘露糖醛酸(PM)在不同浓度的过氧化氢、不同温度和不同反应时间下降解优选降解条件。以包含3~11糖单体的寡糖混合物为目标产物,以相应的降解产物的平均分子质量为1500u为选择标准,获得氧化降解法的最佳条件:过氧化氢浓度5%,反应温度90℃,降解时间2h。以该条件降解PM获得的降解产物经圆二色谱、紫外光谱及红外光谱测定表明,制备的寡糖保持了甘露糖醛酸的结构特点。提示该方法可用于褐藻胶寡糖的制备。  相似文献   

2.
将大分子质量壳聚糖用壳聚糖酶法降解成分子质量为3ku左右的低分子质量壳聚糖,再将其分别化学修饰成低分子质量的羧甲基壳聚糖和羧甲基甲壳素,并进行结构表征。在最适条件下,用溶菌酶分别对3种多糖进行降解实验,并进行酶解前后多糖的还原糖浓度测定和HPLC分析,确定溶菌酶对不同结构多糖的水解能力。结果表明,溶菌酶对羧甲基甲壳素水解作用最快,羧甲基壳聚糖次之,壳聚糖最慢。该研究为甲壳素衍生物在生物医用材料中的应用和降解速率调控提供了依据。  相似文献   

3.
木瓜蛋白酶降解甲壳胺的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
采用一种木瓜蛋白酶过甲壳胺进行降解。研究了酶用量、pH值、温度、时间四个因素对反应的影响。其中,温度的影响作用显著,时间具有较小的影响作用(pH:3.0~6.0;温度:30°~60℃;时间:2~8h)。实验结果表明降解反应不遵循简单的动力模式。在pH4.0、40°C、8h、1.5mg/mL木瓜蛋白酶的条件下,分子量为(5~10)×105时用甲壳胺可容易地被木瓜蛋白酶降解为高度解聚的甲壳胺。  相似文献   

4.
采用过氧化氢法降解了相对分子质量约为141万±8.3万的海藻异枝麒麟菜(Eucheuma striatum Schmitz)硫酸多糖(ESPS),降解产物平均相对分子质量为4 819±440.降解后多糖的硫酸基(OSO2-3)质量分数稍有下降,由16.03%降至15.20%左右.同时,用体外模拟方法研究了降解前后ESPS对草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长的抑制作用,降解后的ESPS明显优于未降解多糖,其诱导生成的一水草酸钙(COM)晶体尺寸进一步减小,晶体数量减少,且棱角更为圆钝.表明低分子质量ESPS更能抑制CaOxa晶体的成核和生长.  相似文献   

5.
纤维素酶与淀粉酶降解壳聚糖的动力学研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
采用还原糖测定法 ,研究了纤维素酶与淀粉酶降解壳聚糖过程中酶反应动力学参数 ,比较了以壳聚糖为底物的纤维素酶与淀粉酶的催化反应动力学特性。研究结果表明 ,反应最适温度均为50℃ ;最适pH值为5.4 ;纤维素酶与淀粉酶降解壳聚糖米氏常数Km 值分别为 :1.68mg/mL、0.17mg/mL;最大酶反应速度Vmax分别为 :1.24mg·L-1·min-1、1.22mg·L -1·min -1。  相似文献   

6.
以二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸为目标污染物,研究了光助Fenton氧化去除水中卤乙酸的可行性及影响因素,并对其动力学进行了初步研究.结果表明,影响光助Fenton氧化的因素很多,氙灯功率500 W、H2O2和Fe2+投加量分别为5.0和1.0 mmol·L-1、pH=4.0反应60 min是所考察范围内的最佳降解条件,浓度为100 μg·L-1的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解率分别为90.32%、87.77%;在实际水质pH=7.0时,相同浓度的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解率分别为75.34%、68.80%.紫外辐射与Fenton氧化对二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解具有协同效应.光助Fenton氧化对二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解符合一级反应动力学,表观活化能分别为30.11、31.09 kJ·mo1-1,受温度影响不大.  相似文献   

7.
本文简述了壬基酚(NP)的来源以及污染现状,综述了各类NP降解菌在不同条件下对NP的降解特性及其代谢产物,归纳了壬基酚可能的生物转化路径和降解机理。研究表明:不同环境中分离出的NP降解菌不同,其对NP的降解性各异,所得到的代谢产物及降解机理也各不同。最后分析了目前研究中存在的问题以及对以后工作的展望。  相似文献   

8.
海水中农药的光化学降解研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
农药的光化学降解是海水中农药残留污染物去除的重要途径,其降解过程和降解产物对海水环境的影响很大。文中研究了有机污染物农药在海水环境中光化学降解的反应类型,反应机理,影响因素(光照条件、溶液介质、pH、重金属离子、光敏剂),光降解产物及其分析方法。指出了当前农药光化学降解研究中存在的一些问题并提出了今后的研究方向。  相似文献   

9.
通过制作生态系围隔实验装置,采用模拟围隔实验的方法,测定N、P营养盐的降解系数.基于夏秋两季杭州湾北岸近岸海域的现场水样采集,测出杭州湾北岸近岸海域无机氮的生物降解系数在0.121~0.269 d-1范围内,均值为0.225 d-1,测得活性磷酸盐的降解系数在0.031~0.179 d-1,均值为0.08 d-1.考虑到实验室静态模拟环境与真实海区状况的差异,采用保守估计法和 Bosko 公式进行处理,最终计算得出的0.21 d-1和0.05 d-1可分别作为杭州湾北岸海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐的实际降解系数.  相似文献   

10.
鲜浒苔稀硫酸水解产糖工艺研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
分别用质量分数为0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8%、2.2%的稀硫酸在121℃高温高压的条件下水解鲜浒苔30、60、90 min,浒苔水解残留物再用纤维素酶酶解,用DNS法测定上述各步骤中的还原糖产量。结果表明,浒苔总糖含量为67.2%。稀硫酸水解工艺中,硫酸质量分数为1.8%、水解90 min,浒苔还原糖转化率最高,达59.9%,每克干质量浒苔可产生447.0 mg还原糖。稀硫酸水解残留物纤维素酶酶解工艺中,浒苔还原糖转化率较低,在硫酸质量分数为0.6%、水解时间为60 min时还原糖转化率出现最大值,仅为6.5%。结果显示浒苔稀硫酸水解产还原糖效果显著,但并不能促进纤维素酶酶解。浒苔糖化可单独采用稀硫酸水解工艺,本实验条件下的最佳工艺条件为1.8%硫酸水解90 min。本研究探索了浒苔糖化工艺条件,对后续的浒苔燃料乙醇发酵研究具有一定的参考意义。  相似文献   

11.
1Introduction Thegeneration,reactionandconsequenceof freeradicalsinbiologicalsystemshavereceived muchattentionrecentlyinconnectionwithavariety ofpathologicalevents(BarryandSusanna,1993;FangandLi,1999).LDLoxidizedbyexposureto tracemetalionsCu2 andFe3 (Hein…  相似文献   

12.
The extent to which marine organic matter is associated with surfaces and the consequences of such associations for organic matter remineralization are the focus of considerable attention. Since extracellular enzymes operating outside microbial cells are required to hydrolyze organic macromolecules to sizes sufficiently small for substrate uptake, the effects of surface interactions–on enzymes as well as on substrates–for hydrolytic activity also require investigation. We used a simplified laboratory system consisting of a free (dissolved) polysaccharide (pullulan) and the same polysaccharide tethered to agarose beads to restrict mobility, plus the corresponding free enzyme (pullulanase) and the same enzyme sorbed to montmorillonite (Mte), to investigate systematically the consequences of surface associations of enzymes and of substrates on hydrolytic activity. Changes in substrate molecular weight were monitored with time to measure the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. Although hydrolysis of free substrate was nearly complete after 2 min incubation with the free enzymes, the sorbed enzymes also effectively hydrolyzed free substrate, and the data suggest that they retained activity longer in solution compared to the free enzymes. Sorbed enzymes progressively hydrolyzed the free substrate from > 50 kD to lower molecular weights during a 24 h incubation, with a final product distribution on average showing only 1.4% and 10.3% of substrate still in the > 50 kD and 10 kD size classes, while 46.6%, 29.3%, and 12.5% of substrate was in the 4 kD, monomer, and free tag size classes, respectively. This product distribution was very similar to that of the free substrate/free enzyme experiment. Tethering the substrate to agarose beads led to lower substrate release (2–3% of total substrate after 98 h incubation) into solution compared to the free substrate case. For tethered substrates, the state of the enzyme (free or sorbed) measurably affected the molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysis products, with free enzymes producing a higher fraction of high molecular weight hydrolysis products (28.7 ± 5.4% of substrate > 50 kD at the end of the incubation) compared to sorbed enzymes (11.6 ± 2.8% of substrate > 50 kD at the end of the incubation.) Tethered substrates were also hydrolyzed in a sediment slurry from surface sediments from Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina; 0.1% of total substrate was released by enzymes naturally present in 1 cm3 of sediment after 144 h incubation, demonstrating that the enzymes naturally present in marine sediments are also capable of accessing tethered substrates. These investigations suggest that surface associations of enzymes in marine systems may extend the active lifetime of such enzymes, providing an opportunity for hydrolysis over longer periods of time and producing a different size spectrum of hydrolysis products relative to free enzymes. Furthermore, in well-mixed systems, surface-associated enzymes can hydrolyze substrates whose mobility is restricted, highlighting the importance of processes such as resuspension and bioturbation on organic matter remineralization.  相似文献   

13.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an important enzyme involved in nitrogen assimilation and metabolism in marine phytoplankton. However, little work has been done in situ due to the limitation of crude enzyme preparation methods. In this study, three enzyme preparation methods, high-speed centrifugation (HC, <10 000 g), ultracentrifugation (UC, 70 000 g), and ultrafiltration (UF) with 100 kμ molecular weight cutoff, were compared using two diatom species (Asterionellopsis glacialis and Thalassiosira weissflogii)...  相似文献   

14.
海水胞外酶活性可以指示有机物的分布特征以及微生物的营养状况。我们测定了2017年3月25日至4月15日黄海和东海44个大面站以及2018年4月28日至29日胶州湾湾口附近海域10个站位表层海水中的8种胞外酶活性并研究了其分布特征。2017年春季黄、东海表层海水中碱性磷酸酶和脂肪酶活性较高,高值区出现在苏北沿岸和南黄海中部,碱性磷酸酶与磷酸盐浓度之间呈正相关。其余6种酶(肽酶、几丁质酶、纤维素酶、α-D-葡萄糖苷酶、β-D-半乳糖苷酶、木糖苷酶)活性高值区出现在长江口以东的外海,东海的β-D-半乳糖苷酶、木糖苷酶平均酶活性显著高于黄海。8种酶活性平均值排列顺序由大到小为:碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶、肽酶、几丁质酶、α-D-葡萄糖苷酶、β-D-半乳糖苷酶、纤维素酶、木糖苷酶,其中α-D-葡萄糖苷酶和β-D-半乳糖苷酶的活性基本一致。2018年春季胶州湾附近海域海水中碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶、木糖苷酶活性分布为近岸高于远岸,几丁质酶活性为近岸低于远岸。8种酶活性平均值排列顺序由大到小为:碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶、肽酶、木糖苷酶、α-D-葡萄糖苷酶、β-D-半乳糖苷酶、几丁质酶、纤维素酶,其中几丁质酶和纤维素酶的活性基本一致。黄海的碱性磷酸酶和脂肪酶平均酶活性均显著高于东海和胶州湾附近海域。糖类水解酶(几丁质酶、纤维素酶、α-D-葡萄糖苷酶、β-D-半乳糖苷酶、木糖苷酶)平均酶活性在黄海最低。本文的结果对于理解中国近海海水有机碳的分布、浮游植物及异养细菌对有机碳的降解具有重要意义。  相似文献   

15.
采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术研究了8种同工酶在海蜇的刺胞和中胶层的表达特异性,利用RAPD技术对海蜇刺胞组织的DNA标记进行研究。结果表明,作为生物体防御清除自由基的SOD,在刺胞和中胶层均有表达。而与酯类化合物代谢相关的EST、维持细胞正常的能量代谢的ATPase,能在海蜇和口冠海蜇的刺胞中表达,而不能在中胶层中表达,所以,EST和ATPase可作为刺胞毒素的分子标记。碳水化合物代谢中重要的酶类MDH和ADH、清除细胞内H2O2的POD、催化磷酸单酯水解的重要酶类(与磷脂的转移、消化、吸收等活动密切相关的)ACP、在体外碱性环境下能水解有机磷脂键而产生一个有机基团和无机磷酸根的ALP,这5种酶仅在毒性较强的口冠海蜇刺胞中表达,MDH和ACP活性很高,在毒性相对较弱的海蜇刺胞中不表达。所以,这5种酶可作为海蜇毒性强弱的标记。以两种海蜇刺胞DNA为模板,S11、S32、S38、S95等4个随机引物的RAPD谱图差异明显,亦可作为毒素强弱的间接分子标记。  相似文献   

16.
The active lifetime of extracellular enzymes is a critical determinant of the effectiveness of enzyme production as a means for heterotrophic marine microbes to obtain organic substrates. Here, we report lifetimes of three classes of extracellular enzyme in Arctic seawater. We also investigated the relative importance of photochemical processes and particle-associated processes in inactivating extracellular enzymes. Enzyme inactivation in filtered seawater was slow, with apparent half-lives of enzyme activities on the order of hundreds of hours. The presence of particles (including cells) did not significantly change inactivation rates, suggesting that the long half-lives observed in filtered seawater were realistic for enzymes in unfiltered seawater. Phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase were susceptible to photoinactivation, but only under high intensity UV-B and UV-C illumination; there was no evidence for increased inactivation rates under natural illumination at our study site in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. Comparison of inactivation rates of commercially-obtained enzymes from non-marine sources with the extracellular enzymes naturally present in Arctic seawater suggests that the natural enzymes contain structural features that confer longer lifetimes, consistent with observations reported by others from a range of field sites that cell-free enzymes can contribute a substantial fraction of total hydrolytic activity in the water column.  相似文献   

17.
An agarase produced by a marine bacterium, a bacterial amylase, a fungal cellulase, and an actinomycetal chitinase were examined for their stability and hydrolytic activity at hydrostatic pressures existing in the deep sea. All four enzymes were from barophobic organisms which fail to grow at pressures exceeding 400 to 500 atm, but some observations were made on the hydrolase activity of barophilic bacteria grown at 500 to 1,150 atm. Al-though differing in the rates at which they catalyzed the hydrolysis of agar, starch, cellulose, and chitin respectively, all four enzymes were found to be active at deep-sea pressures and temperatures. These glycoside hydrolases were found to be much more baroduric than most oxidoreductases, transferases, and ligases (synthetases) which have been investigated. The chitinase and-amylase were about as stable at 1,000 atm as at 1 atm. Cellulase was also baroduric and active at 1,000 atm at pH 4.2, its pH optimum at 1 atm. The pressure tolerance of cellulase was much less at higher pH values characteristic of normal sea water, i.e., near pH 8.2. The activity of agarase (synthesized at 1 atm) was retarded by increased pressure, due largely to the inactivation of this enzyme system. However, barophilic bacteria, isolated from the deep sea, synthesize agarases which are active at 1,000 atm as indicated by the hydrolysis of agar.Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, U.S.A.  相似文献   

18.
The molecular size distribution of humic substances has been investigated in two recent sediment samples of different ages taken from a single core sample collected off Walvis Bay, south-west Africa. Extractable humic acids were found to be by far the major form of organic carbon in both sediments, the near-surface younger sample containing predominantly high molecular weight (>100 000 molecular weight) humic acids and little fulvic acids whilst the deeper, older sample contained relatively less humic acid and relatively more fulvic acid of a range of molecular weights. A significant age difference was found between the >300 000 molecular weight and the <30 000 molecular weight fractions of the near-surface sample, the lower molecular weight fraction being older than the higher molecular weight fraction.The data suggest that in this rapidly accumulating, organic-rich sediment the first step en route from the planktonic matter to the humic complexes is direct and rapid incorporation of the biogenic material into high molecular weight humic acids.  相似文献   

19.
为研究不同光照时长对尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)消化酶活力的影响,作者采用生物化学方法系统测定不同光周期(光照时长分别为13、16、19和24 h)下,对尖吻鲈仔鱼阶段和稚鱼阶段3种消化酶(胃蛋白酶PP、淀粉酶AMS、脂肪酶LPS)活性变化进行对比研究。结果表明, 16 h光照时长PP的活力最高,过长的光照时长会抑制PP的活性;增加光照时长对AMS的活性有抑制作用,而对于LPS的活性呈现先抑制后促进的现象。在24 h光照时长时LPS活性增加;在19 h光照时长时对PP活性抑制;对淀粉酶影响不明显。16h光照时长能有效提高尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼的生长速度,更长的光照时长反而抑制其生长。研究表明,不同光照周期对尖吻鲈同种消化酶的影响不同;同一光照周期对不同消化酶产生的影响不同;尖吻鲈稚鱼阶段消化酶对光照时长变化的反应小于仔鱼期,适当地延长光照时长有助于提高尖吻鲈的生长速度。研究结果有助于选择特定的光周期促进某消化酶的活性,达到提高对特定营养物质的消化吸收能力,提高生产实践中仔、稚鱼的生长速度。  相似文献   

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