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1.
大型海藻的遗传育种及应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
随着栽培要求的不断增长,大型海藻的遗传育种逐渐成为海水养殖的重要内容.本文对大型海藻遗传育种的基本概念及品种的作用和研究简史进行了整理.就大型海藻的主要育种途径及工作,如:育种目标、种质资源、选择、引种、自交、选育、突变、杂交和杂种优势,纯系育种与细胞融合、转基因和分子标记辅助育种等进行了综述,并讨论了大型海藻遗传育种中存在的问题及解决方案.  相似文献   

2.
海产经济贝类壳色多态性的研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
海产贝类的贝壳颜色是一个对生产、育种有重要意义的可遗传性状.滨螺、海湾扇贝、皱纹盘鲍、牡蛎、蛤类及珍珠贝等贝类的壳色多态性的遗传研究及壳色选择育种的角度综述了目前海产贝类壳色性状遗传机制的研究进展及壳色多态性在育种中的应用,为进一步开展壳色遗传机制和选择育种研究提供理论基础.  相似文献   

3.
五十年代末,我们进行了海带遗传育种的研究,了解到海带某些经济性状的遗传规律,并培养出几个性状此较稳定的优良品种,这些品种已在生产上发挥出较大的作用。 但是,我国不是海带的原产地,海带种类相当贫乏,只有一种L.japonica,这给海带遗传育种的研究带来很大局限性。为解决原始材料不足,加快我国海带遗传育种工作的速度,在1981年4月,中国科学院海洋研究所由加拿大引进了长腿海带L.longicruris。掌状海带  相似文献   

4.
分子遗传标记技术在双壳贝类研究中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
分子遗传标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展而出现的遗传学标记技术,它突破了形态和细胞水平上遗传标记的局限性,发挥着独特的优势.分子遗传标记目前已出现了几十种,本文主要介绍了同工酶、RFLP、SSR、RAPD这几种常用的分子遗传标记方法在双壳贝类的分类学、遗传多样性研究、遗传育种研究、病理学研究等方面的应用.通过本文可以看出,分子遗传标记多应用在分类学、遗传多样性、遗传育种方面,涉及的种类较广,但主要集中于珠母贝和牡蛎的研究上.  相似文献   

5.
杨树珍 《海洋信息》1994,(12):21-22
海洋生物技术作为一门新学科,近年来发展迅速,其前景相当广阔。 遗传改良屡创奇迹 遗传育种曾为农作物栽培和畜禽养殖的发展起了关键性的推动作用。鱼、虾、贝、藻遗传育种也已取得可喜成果。利用细胞工程,可生产出三倍体、四倍体,美国生产的商品牡蛎,已有一半以上是三倍体,具有生长快,个体肥、死亡率低的优点。同时利用传统的杂交遗传育种技术,将其与染色体组操作相结合,培育出  相似文献   

6.
为了评估大菱鲆选育F2的早期育种效果,采用3种方法,即,Ⅰ:比较F2选择系和对照系的最小二乘均值,Ⅱ:比较连续2代(F1和F2)选择系目标性状间的育种值,Ⅲ:比较F2选择系和对照系的育种值,估测了6月龄大菱鲆体重的选择反应,并进而分析了现实遗传力和遗传增益。结果表明,3种方法的选择反应估测值存在一定差异,其相应估测的现实遗传力和遗传增益也不相同;3种方法估测选择反应、现实遗传力和遗传获得的均值分别为3.1983±0.5880、0.2941±0.0531和8.70±1.60,显示出足够大的早期选择反应、中等的现实遗传力和较低的遗传获得,预示利用家系选育对大菱鲆进行遗传改良能够取得良好的育种成效,同时,这些群体还有很大的遗传改良潜力。  相似文献   

7.
RAPD标记在遗传育种中的应用   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
本文综述了RAPD技术在遗传育种中的应用,同时对RAPD技术在海洋生物遗传育种中的前景作了一些探讨。  相似文献   

8.
采用非求导约束最大似然法(DFREML)进行了大菱鲆不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值研究,每一生长阶段分别对4种不同动物模型估计遗传参数的差异进了比较.不同模型中对全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量作了不同的考虑:模型A,不考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量:模型AD,仅考虑日龄协变量;模型AE仅考虑全同胞家系效应;模型AFD,同时考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量.结果表明,6月龄利用模型AF,3月龄、9月龄、12月龄、15月龄利用模型AFD对遗传参数和育种值进行估计较为适合.利用育种值选择和表型值选择两种方法分别进行了家系选择和个体选择的效率比较,结果表明,在每一生长阶段依据育种值选择的效率均高于表型值选择的效率.利用不同生长阶段的家系育种值以及亲本育种值分别进行了家系选择比较和亲本选择比较,结果表明,在不同生长阶段,按家系、父本和母本的育种值分别排序,前50%的相同率和育种值的相关系数均为9-12月龄较6-9月龄的提高幅度比其它相邻阶段显著增加,推测家系提前筛选的时间以及父本和母本选择的时期均不低于9月龄.  相似文献   

9.
大黄鱼种质遗传多样性研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
遗传多样性能有效反映大黄鱼的遗传变异,是评判其进化和适应能力的重要标志。目前有关大黄鱼种质遗传多样性的研究已取得丰富的成果;形态学、同工酶和DNA分子等相关研究的结果显示:大黄鱼遗传多样性较低,各群体间的遗传差异较小。综述了有关大黄鱼遗传多样性的研究进展,并就大黄鱼种群的划分、种质资源的管理和恢复问题作了探讨,以期为大黄鱼遗传育种和种质保护工作提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
水产动物遗传连锁图谱的构建策略   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
遗传连锁图谱的构建是实现对水产动物进行数量性状基因定位的基础,同时也是运用分子标记实现基因辅助育种的有效工具.通过评价不同分子标记作图的优缺点,介绍水产动物遗传连锁图谱构建使用的分离群体,提出了适合水产动物遗传图谱构建的有效方法.  相似文献   

11.
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.  相似文献   

13.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。  相似文献   

14.
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.  相似文献   

15.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

16.
《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(8):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,  相似文献   

17.
18.
This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.  相似文献   

20.
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