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1.
A global eddy-permitting ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 by 0.25 is established on the basis of Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4) and Sea Ice Simulator (SIS). Simulation results are compared with those of an intermediate resolution ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of about 1 by 1 . The results show that the simulated ocean temperature, ocean current and sea ice concentration from the eddy-permitting model are better than those from the intermediate resolution model. However, both the two models have the common problem of ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) that the majority of the simulated summer sea surface temperature (SST) is too warm while the majority of the simulated subsurface summer temperature is too cold. Further numerical experiments show that this problem can be alleviated by incorporating the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing into the vertical mixing scheme for both eddy-permitting and intermediate resolution models. 相似文献
2.
Temperature data at different layers of the past 45 years were studied and we found adiploe mode in the thermocline layer (DMT): anomalously cold sea temperature off the coast of Sumatra and warm sea temperature in the western Indian Ocean. First, we analyzed the temperature and the temperature anomaly (TA) along the equatorial Indian Ocean in different layers. This shows that stronger cold and warm TA signals appeared at subsurface than at the surface in the tropical Indian O-cean. This result shows that there may be a strong dipole mode pattern in the subsurface tropical Indian Ocean. Secondly we used Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) to analyze the TA at thermocline layer. The first EOF pattern was a dipole mode pattern. Finally we analyzed the correlations between DMT and surface tropical dipole mode (SDM), DMT and Nino 3 SSTA, etc. and these correlations are strong. 相似文献
3.
How does the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole trigger the tropical Indian Ocean dipole via the Mascarene high? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The variation in the Indian Ocean is investigated using Hadley center sea surface temperature(SST)data during the period 1958–2010.All the first empirical orthogonal function(EOF)modes of the SST anomalies(SSTA)in different domains represent the basin-wide warming and are closely related to the Pacific El Ni o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)phenomenon.Further examination suggests that the impact of ENSO on the tropical Indian Ocean is stronger than that on the southern Indian Ocean.The second EOF modes in different domains show different features.It shows a clear east-west SSTA dipole pattern in the tropical Indian Ocean(Indian Ocean dipole,IOD),and a southwest-northeast SSTA dipole in the southern Indian Ocean(Indian Ocean subtropical dipole,IOSD).It is further revealed that the IOSD is also the main structure of the second EOF mode on the whole basin-scale,in which the IOD pattern does not appear.A correlation analysis indicates that an IOSD event observed during the austral summer is highly correlated to the IOD event peaking about 9 months later.One of the possible physical mechanisms underlying this highly significant statistical relationship is proposed.The IOSD and the IOD can occur in sequence with the help of the Mascarene high.The SSTA in the southwestern Indian Ocean persists for several seasons after the mature phase of the IOSD event,likely due to the positive wind–evaporation–SST feedback mechanism.The Mascarene high will be weakened or intensified by this SSTA,which can affect the atmosphere in the tropical region by teleconnection.The pressure gradient between the Mascarene high and the monsoon trough in the tropical Indian Ocean increases(decreases).Hence,an anticyclone(cyclone)circulation appears over the Arabian Sea-India continent.The easterly or westerly anomalies appear in the equatorial Indian Ocean,inducing the onset stage of the IOD.This study shows that the SSTA associated with the IOSD can lead to the onset of IOD with the aid of atmosphere circulation and also explains why some IOD events in the tropical tend to be followed by IOSD in the southern Indian Ocean. 相似文献
4.
An improved coupling of numerical and physical models for simulating 2D wave propagation is developed in this paper. In the proposed model, an unstructured finite element model (FEM) based Boussinesq equations is applied for the numerical wave simulation, and a 2D piston-type wavemaker is used for the physical wave generation. An innovative scheme combining fourth-order Lagrange interpolation and Runge-Kutta scheme is described for solving the coupling equation. A Transfer function modulation method is presented to minimize the errors induced from the hydrodynamic invalidity of the coupling model and/or the mechanical capability of the wavemaker in area where nonlinearities or dispersion predominate. The overall performance and applicability of the coupling model has been experimentally validated by accounting for both regular and irregular waves and varying bathymetry. Experimental results show that the proposed numerical scheme and transfer function modulation method are efficient for the data transfer from the numerical model to the physical model up to a deterministic level. 相似文献
5.
In this study, 1D and 2D shallow-water models were coupled to simulate unsteady flow in channel networks and embayment. The 1D model solved the 1D shallow-water equations (St. Venant) using the Preissmann box method and targeted long narrow reaches of the river networks, while the 2D model targeted broad channels and embayment and solved the 2D shallow-water equations using a semi-implicit scheme applied to an unstructured grid of triangular cells. The 1D and 2D models were solved simultaneously by building a matrix for the free surface elevation at every 1D junction and 2D cell center. Velocities were then computed explicitly based on the results at the previous time step and the updated water level. The originality of the scheme arose from a novel coupling method. The results showed that the coupled 1D/2D model produced identical results as the full 2D model in classical to benchmark problems with considerable savings in computational effort. Application of the model to the Pearl River Estuary in southern China showed that complex patterns of tidal wave propagation could be efficiently modeled. 相似文献
6.
Using the 28°C isotherm to define the Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP), this study analyzes the seasonal variability of the WPWP thermohaline structure on the basis of the monthly-averaged sea temperature and salinity data from 1950 to 2011, and the dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms based on the monthly-averaged wind,precipitation, net heat fluxes and current velocity data. A DT=–0.4°C is more suitable than other temperature criterion for determining the mixed layer(ML) and barrier layer(BL) over the WPWP using monthly-averaged temperature and salinity data. The WPWP has a particular thermohaline structure and can be vertically divided into three layers, i.e., the ML, BL, and deep layer(DL). The BL thickness(BLT) is the thickest, while the ML thickness(MLT) is the thinnest. The MLT has a similar seasonal variation to the DL thickness(DLT) and BLT.They are all thicker in spring and fall but thinner in summer. The temperatures of the ML and BL are both higher in spring and autumn but lower in winter and summer with an annual amplitude of 0.15°C, while the temperature of the DL is higher in May and lower in August. The averaged salinities at these three layers are all higher in March but lower in September, with annual ranges of 0.41–0.45. Zonal currents, i.e., the South Equatorial Current(SEC)and North Equatorial Counter Current(NECC), and winds may be the main dynamic factors driving the seasonal variability in the WPWP thermohaline structure, while precipitation and net heat fluxes are both important thermodynamic factors. Higher(lower) winds cause both the MLT and BLT to thicken(thin), a stronger(weaker)NECC induces MLT, BLT, and DLT to thin(thicken), and a stronger(weaker) SEC causes both the MLT and BLT to thicken(thin) and the DLT to thin(thicken). An increase(decrease) in the net heat fluxes causes the MLT and BLT to thicken(thin) but the DLT to thin(thicken), while a stronger(weaker) precipitation favors thinner(thicker)MLT but thicker(thinner) BLT and DLT. In addition, a stronger(weaker) NECC and SEC cause the temperature of the three layers to decrease(increase), while the seasonal variability in salinity at the ML, BL, and DL might be controlled by the subtropical cell(STC). 相似文献
7.
The asymmetry of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)amplitudes between the positive and negative phases of the Indian Ocean dipole(IOD)are studied.The dynamic effects on it are analyzed using a hybrid coordinate ocean model(HYCOM).It suggests that the IOD is still asymmetric even when forced by a symmetric wind stress,and the asymmetry of the SSTA in the eastern pole is strong while that in the western pole is almost insignificant during the mature phase(September–November(SON)).Thus,the IOD asymmetry is primarily caused by the asymmetry in the IODE.A heat budget analysis is also conducted for the mixedlayer temperature in the eastern Indian Ocean(IODE),which indicates that a nonlinear ocean advection cools both the positive and negative IOD events.Therefore,the nonlinear ocean advection is responsible for the asymmetry of the IOD. 相似文献
8.
Spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of chlorophyll a in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHANG Dongsheng WANG Chunsheng LIU Zhensheng XU Xuewei WANG Xiaogu ZHOU Yadong 《海洋学报(英文版)》2012,31(3):120-131
The spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of chlorophyll a(Chl a) were investigated in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean during four survey cruises from 2005 to 2009.The surface Chl a(S-Chl a) concentration ranged from 0.002 to 0.497 mg/m 3 and was obviously higher in the eastern Pacific than in the western and central Pacific.The vertical distribution of Chl a displayed a single peak pattern,and the maximum Chl a layer(MCL) was observed at a shallower depth in the eastern Pacific than in the western Pacific.All three size fractions of Chl a measurements in the surface water showed a similar distribution to total Chl a and were found in higher concentrations in the eastern Pacific than in the western and central Pacific.Picoplankton dominated the phytoplankton in the surveyed tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean.Furthermore,pico-Chl a(0.2-2 μm) accounted for a larger percentage of the total Chl a in the central Pacific than it did in the western Pacific and eastern Pacific.In the western Pacific,there seemed to be a latitudinal variability in the phytoplankton community composition where small-sized phytoplankton(<2 μm) were more dominant in the tropical than in the subtropical western Pacific.The spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of Chl a were controlled by hydrological and chemical characteristics and climate events,such as El Nin o and La Nin a. 相似文献
9.
Seventeen models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5) activity are compared on their historical simulation of the South China Sea(SCS) ocean heat content(OHC) in the upper 300 m. Ishii's temperature data, based on the World Ocean Database 2005(WOD05) and World Ocean Atlas 2005(WOA05), is used to assess the model performance by comparing the spatial patterns of seasonal OHC anomaly(OHCa) climatology, OHC climatology, monthly OHCa climatology, and interannual variability of OHCa. The spatial patterns in Ishii's data set show that the seasonal SCS OHCa climatology, both in winter and summer, is strongly affected by the wind stress and the current circulations in the SCS and its neighboring areas. However, the CMIP5 models present rather different spatial patterns and only a few models properly capture the dominant features in Ishii's pattern. Among them, GFDL-ESM2 G is of the best performance. The SCS OHC climatology in the upper 300 m varies greatly in different models. Most of them are much greater than those calculated from Ishii's data. However, the monthly OHCa climatology in each of the 17 CMIP5 models yields similar variation and magnitude as that in Ishii's. As for the interannual variability, the standard deviations of the OHCa time series in most of the models are somewhat larger than those in Ishii's. The correlation between the interannual time series of Ishii's OHCa and that from each of the 17 models is not satisfactory. Among them, BCC-CSM1.1 has the highest correlation to Ishii's, with a coefficient of about 0.6. 相似文献
10.
1Introduction Indian Ocean dipole(IOD),a kind of localcharacteristics of variation of sea surface temperature(SST)in the Indian Ocean,behaves with an oppo-site SSTA symbol between the east and west parts ofthe tropical Indian Ocean(Yu and Liu,2004;Rongand… 相似文献
11.
12.
Effects of Interannual Variability in the Eastern Indian Ocean on the Indonesian Throughflow 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Yukio Masumoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2002,58(1):175-182
The influences of the large-scale interannual variations in the eastern Indian Ocean on the variability of the Indonesian throughflow are investigated by using an ocean general circulation model, driven by the ERS satellite winds from July 1992 to June 1997. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the simulated surface dynamic height variability captures two dominant modes on an interannual time scale, which are quite consistent with the available observations. The first mode indicates large amplitude in the western tropical Pacific and has a strong relation to the El Niño events, while the second EOF exhibits the large amplitude in the eastern Indian Ocean. The simulated net Indonesian throughflow shows an interannual variation of amplitude of about 15 Sv, with large transport from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean during 1994/95 and small transport during 1992 and 1997. It turns out that the net throughflow variation shows a high correlation with the second EOF mode (r = 0.51) for the whole five-year simulation. On the other hand, the correlation with the first mode is rather low (r = ?0.07). However, the relative importance of the EOF modes to the throughflow variability changes with time. The upper-layer transport above a depth of 230 m in the Indonesian archipelago is also affected by the second mode. The difference in the upper-layer transport across 1°S and 110°E generates warm water convergence/divergence with a magnitude of 4 Sv within the Indonesian Seas on the interannual time scale, which shows good correspondence with sea surface temperature variation averaged over the Indonesian archipelago. 相似文献
13.
The aim of the present work is to study the characteristics of interannual variability of the heat content of the upper layer in the Equatorial Indian Ocean according the XBT-data accumulated in 1983–2003 for the evaluation the role of various physical factors specifying the space and time structure of the Indian-Ocean dipole in the subsurface layer. The existence of the significant influence of intense events of El Niño on the Indian-Ocean dipole is confirmed. These events generate the maximum disturbances of the thermal structure in the upper layer of the east part of the Indian Ocean propagating then in the westward direction with velocities varying from 3–4 to 8 cm/sec. 相似文献
14.
The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) is the dominant variability over the Indian Ocean during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) season and is characterized by pronounced northward propagation. Previous studies have shown that general circulation models (GCMs) still have difficulty in simulating the northward-propagating MISO, and that the role of air-sea interaction in MISO is unclear. In this study, 14 atmosphere-ocean coupled GCMs (CGCMs) and the corresponding atmosphere-only GCMs (AGCMs) are selected from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to assess their performance in reproducing MISO and the associated vortex tilting mechanism. The results show that both CGCMs and AGCMs are able to well simulate the significant relationship between MISO and vortex tilting. However, 80% of CGCMs show better simulation skills for MISO than AGCMs in CMIP6. In AGCMs, the poor model fidelity in MISO is due to the failure simulation of vortex tilting. Moreover, it is found that failure to simulate the downward motion to the north of convection is responsible for the poor simulation of vortex tilting in AGCMs. In addition, it is observed that there is a significant relationship between the simulated sea surface temperature gradient and simulated vertical velocity shear in the meridional direction. These findings indicate that air-sea interaction may play a vital role in simulating vertical motions in tilting and MISO processes. This work offers us a specific target to improve the MISO simulation and further studies are needed to elucidate the physical processes of this air-sea interaction coupling with vortex tilting. 相似文献
15.
东亚冬季风与海温在年际尺度上的耦合关系分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
利用NCEP NCAR 1950-1999年逐月再分析资料和奇异值分解(SVD)、相关分析等统计方法.分析了东亚冬季风和印度洋太平洋海温在年际尺度上的耦合关系。结果表明,在年际变化尺度上.SVD分解出来的第1模态反映了东亚冬季风与同期太平洋海温之间的主要相互耦合关系,即强(弱)的东亚冬季风对应类似La Nina(El Nino)型的海温距平分布;超前东亚冬季风两个月左右的赤道尔太平洋正(负)海温异常对后期弱(强)东亚冬季风的遥相关影响作用最显著.而弱(强)的东亚冬季风异常则对同期及落后1个月左右的南海正(负)海温异常的强迫影响作用最直接,最显著:东亚冬季风指数与落后1个月左右的热带西太平洋海温有最好的负相关关系,而与同期的热带西印度洋海温有最显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
16.
1 Introduction Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) connects the Indian and Pacific Oceans at low latitudes. There is the well- known interannual variability, El Ni%o, over the tropical Pacific. The recent finding of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) (Saji et al., 1999; … 相似文献
17.
基于ECCO数据研究上层海洋盐度对印度洋偶极子事件的不对称响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文利用海洋观测资料和全球海洋环流模式数据(Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, ECCO)研究了赤道印度洋上层海洋盐度的年际变化及其相关的海洋动力过程。研究结果表明,上层海洋盐度年际变化主要受印度洋偶极子事件影响,且盐度变化在正、负印度洋偶极子事件中存在不对称特征,其在偶极子正事件中表现更强烈。进一步研究表明,赤道印度洋上层盐度变化主要受纬向平流输运调控,尤其是Wyrtki急流对盐度变化有重要影响。在正印度洋偶极子事件期间,Wyrkti急流减弱甚至消失,流场负异常的强度明显较负偶极子事件期间的流场正异常强度强。印度洋偶极子存在正偏度是造成盐度和流场在正、负印度洋偶极子事件中存在不对称性的主要原因。 相似文献
18.
热带印度洋降水的年际变化特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对热带印度洋海区逐月降水资料的分析表明,热带印度洋海区降水年际变化的主要特征表现为东、西方向反位相的偶极子模态,该模态与热带印度洋海区低空纬向风场异常有较强的相关,并且与太平洋ENSO事件存在显著相关。另外对偶极子型降水主要模态的周期分析表明,偶极子型降水距平还存在1.5 a和4 a左右的变化周期。 相似文献
19.
Based on the concept of the Wiener&–Granger causality, a seasonal trivariate analysis of directional couplings between sea surface temperature variations in tropical latitudes of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans has been performed. These variations are related to significant modes of regional and global climatic variability. We have analyzed time series of monthly indices of Pacific Ocean processes of the El Ni&ño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), equatorial Atlantic mode (EAM), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)&—along with its western and eastern poles for the period of 1870&–2015. A scheme of interactions between the processes under study where coupling strength estimates are presented, along with estimates of the season of its maximal value and the coupling coefficient sign, has been developed. We have found the seasonal influences of ENSO on the western and eastern poles of IOD, the eastern pole of IOD on ENSO, EAM on ENSO, and IOD on EAM to be the most significant couplings. 相似文献
20.
使用1994~2000年NCEP风应力资料驱动全球变网格环流模式,得出印度尼西亚贯穿流(ITF)流量的年际变化时间序列。模拟结果显示:ITF流量的年际变化与太平洋和印度洋的年际变化均有密切联系,在El Ni~↑no年流量偏低,在La Ni~↑no年流量偏高;ITF流量的年际变化与Ni~↑no 3区指数呈显著负相关,Ni~↑no 3区指数超前ITF流量2个月时负相关系数达到最大,为-0.81;与南方涛动指数(SOI)明显呈正相关,SOI超前ITF流量2个月时相关系数达到最大,为0.72;与印度洋偶极子(IOD)指数负相关,IOD指数超前ITF流量3个月时负相关系数达到最大,为-0.74。 相似文献