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1.
采用来自大洋环流模式ECCO2 (the estimating the circulation and climate of the ocean, phase II project)的再分析数据对1992—2019年北太平洋副热带西部模态水(subtropical mode water, STMW)的年代际变化特征及机制进行了分析。结果表明:STMW形成体积具有显著的年代际变化,于1992—1997年、2000—2005年和2011—2017年期间为正异常,而于1998—1999年和2006—2010年期间为负异常,由晚冬生成区混合层体积的年代际变化引起。STMW形成厚度和面积均呈现类似的年代际变化。合成分析表明, STMW形成体积正异常期间,黑潮延伸体上游南侧STMW生成区,海表涡动能相对负异常期间减小,同时预先层结相对负异常期间减弱,并伴随着海表高度异常。通过混合层收支分析发现,混合层形成体积年代际变化与海洋预先层结调控的混合层底卷吸作用变化同步且大小相当,而与海气形成率变化无关。增强(减弱)的海洋预先层结通过调控STMW形成区冬季混合层底卷吸过程,阻碍(促进)冬季混合层加深,最终使得STMW形成体积减少(增加)。进一步分析表明, STMW形成体积年代际变化受与太平洋年代际涛动相关的风应力旋度异常的远场调控。 相似文献
2.
20世纪60年代， Namias(1969)就发现北太平洋海平面气压(SLP)存在10a以上长周期的变化，这种变化与北美冬季气温异常密切相关。70年代以后，又有人(White et al.，1972； Trenberth，1990； Trenberth et al.，1994)对上述变化作了进一步的验证，并指出1976年以后北太平洋的SLP异常偏低，即阿留申低压异常偏强。以阿留申低压为主要活动中心的大气年代际振荡被称为北太平洋涛动(NPDO)，它与北大西洋涛动(NAO)一起构成年代际气候变动最重要的观测依据，北太平洋年代际振荡的机制也引起了人们的广泛兴趣。作为大气运动的缓变下垫面强迫之一的海表面温度(SST)，它的异常变化对年际气候的显著影响已被公认(Wallace et al.，1981，1998)，由此推断，其对年代际时间尺度气候变化的影响可能也不可忽视。众所周知，SST年际变化最显著区位于赤道中东太平洋(如Nino 3区)，而与北太平洋年代际振荡显著相关的SST变化(时间变化和空间分布)又如何呢?作者就这一问题，分析了北太平洋大气环流年代际振荡的时、空变化特征，并揭示了与之相关的SST变化的时间变化和空间分布。 相似文献
3.
热带太平洋海面高度年代际变化的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用SODA海面高度(SSH)数据研究热带太平洋海域的年代际变化.结果表明,热带太平洋海面高度场存在与太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)时间过程基本一致的年代际变化,但是SSH异常的空间分布与SST异常的是不同的.热带海域年代际变化的典型空间分布:海面高度异常在热带海域存在东西方向的反向变化,在西太平洋只有1个变化中心,而在东太平洋形成2个对称于赤道的变化中心.热带太平洋海面高度的年代际变化有2个基本周期:13 a左右的周期和30 a以上时间尺度的气候转型周期.其中13 a周期的年代际变化与ENSO年际过程无关,是热带太平洋年代际变化的重要组成部分.由于数据时间长度的限制,气候转型的时间尺度还不明确,也不清楚其是否有明显的周期性.比较热带东西太平洋年代际变化的特征,可以发现以气候转型期的年代际信号在东西太平洋几乎是同时发生的,而13 a左右周期的年代际信号在赤道附近却存在自西向东方向的传播. 相似文献
4.
众所周知，ENSO(El Nino/ Southern Oscillation)是发生在热带太平洋的年际时间尺度上最强的气候信号，与 El Nino (La Nina)相应的正(负)海温距平(SSTA)主要分布于赤道中东太平洋地区(Rasmusson et al.，1982)。相对于热带太平洋的年际ENSO现象，人们注意到北太平洋海平面气压(SLP)存在更长周期的年代际变化(Trenberth et al.，1994)，有人认为这与北太平洋的表层温度(SST)变化有关(Latif et al.，1994)，也有人认为与热带SST的异常关系更为密切(Jacobs et al.，1994)。20世纪80年代后的ENSO事件和20世纪60，70年代有明显的差别(Wang，1995)，20世纪90年后El Nino发生频数增加，并且在1997和1998年出现了20世纪最强的一次Nino事件(McPhaden，1999)。
因此，不论是作为大气年代际变化可能的一个驱动因子，还是作为年际ENSO的背景场，从整体上了解太平洋SST的年代际时间尺度上的时、空变化特征都是十分重要的。 相似文献
5.
太平洋海气界面净热通量的季节、年际和年代际变化 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
根据 COADS资料 ,使用经验正交分解 (EOF)等分析方法 ,研究了北太平洋海气热通量的季节、年际和年代际变化特征。分析结果表明 :北太平洋海洋夏季净得热 ,冬季净失热 ,且黑潮及其延伸体区失热最大。净热通量年际变化较明显 ,北太平洋西部模态水形成区冬季净热通量和副热带失热区春季净热通量的年际变化都主要依赖于潜热和感热通量的年际变化。夏季净热通量的低频变化中心在热带 ,冬季低频变化中心在黑潮及其延伸体区。冬季赤道东、西太平洋净热通量异常的年际变化相反 ;在热带北太平洋中部年际变化达到最大。夏季热带太平洋是净热通量异常的年际变化最大的海域 ,沿赤道两侧在 16 5°E处呈偶极子型分布。 相似文献
6.
基于1815—2013年SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据不同深度的温度数据资料,进行了热含量的计算,并通过EOF分解、功率谱分析等统计方法探究太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)的三维结构和周期性特征。结果表明,太平洋的年代际变化不仅仅存在于海洋表层,海洋300 m以浅均存在年代际变化特征,其中次表层(70 m左右)的年代际变化特征最为显著。功率谱分析的结果显示,北太平洋的年代际变化周期约为18 a。利用SODA数据的温度和盐度资料对北太平洋的Rossby(罗斯贝)波波速进行了计算,计算结果显示,Rossby波向西传播,其波速随着纬度的增大而减小。对300 m以浅水体的热含量时间序列与PDO指数做了超前滞后相关,在热含量序列滞后9 a时相关系数分布与同期相关反相。对不同层次的热含量与PDO指数进行了超前滞后相关,分析PDO的演变特征,结果表明,PDO在低纬度通过Rossby波向西传播,在传播过程中深度逐渐加深。 相似文献
7.
本文选取ECMWF ORAS4再分析数据对1959-2015年热带太平洋海平面的低频变化进行了分析。热带太平洋海平面年际变化第一模态反映了ENSO爆发阶段的海平面变化,热带东、西太平洋变化反相,其时间序列与Niño3.4指数高度相关。海平面第二模态则体现了El Niño爆发前后热带太平洋暖水的输运过程。El Niño爆发前热带西太平洋暖水聚集的位置,以及爆发后暖水向赤道外输运的位置在两类El Niño事件中均有所不同。此外,ENSO的周期在近半个世纪发生了显著的年代际变化,这一变化与热带太平洋的年代际变化有关。热带太平洋的年代际变化对海平面趋势变化也有着显著的影响。卫星高度计观测到的近20年海平面的快速上升（下降）正是由20世纪90年代后热带太平洋频繁的位相转换引起的。 相似文献
8.
北太平洋热含量的年代际变化特征及其与阿留申低压的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用经验正交函数(EOF)等方法,分析了北太平洋(20°～60°N,120°E～120°W)上层海洋热含量(HST)、海表面气压(SLP)、海表感热和潜热通量的年代际变化特征,并探讨了北太平洋HST与阿留申低压在年代际时间尺度上的关系。研究表明:第1特征向量能很好地代表北太平洋HST年代际尺度上的时间和空间变化特征。在近50a中,北太平洋HST具有明显的年代际变化特征,周期约为25a,其中在20世纪60年代中后期到90年代初存在一个较强的完整周期震荡。变化中心位于38°N左右的西北太平洋,且在155°W处向南延伸。根据北太平洋上层海洋HST的冷、暖异常和增、减热趋势,年代际背景场可分为冷态和暖态以及增热期和减热期。对比研究发现,在年代际尺度上,北太平洋上层海洋热含量的增、减热过程通过影响以西北太平洋为中心的海表热通量,进而对阿留申低压有一定的控制作用。热含量增热过程对应于弱的阿留申低压,减热过程对应于强的阿留申低压,阿留申低压的响应一般滞后热含量增、减热趋势变化1～2a。北太平洋年代际背景场对其年际变化有较强的调制作用,且这种年际变化跟ENSO事件有一定的对应关系。 相似文献
9.
为了研究在何种时间尺度上定义研究印度洋-太平洋暖池（简称印-太暖池）更有意义, 本文中应用功率谱等统计学方法, 对印-太暖池的季节、年际及年代际变化特征进行了分析.结果表明, 印-太暖池、东印度洋暖池（简称东印暖池）在季节变化上表现为单峰结构, 而西太平洋暖池（简称西太暖池）则为双峰结构; 在年际变化上印-太暖池和西太暖池表现出很强的3-6年变化周期, 东印暖池则存在准两年的振荡周期; 印-太暖池还存在10年以上的年代际周期振荡, 特别是70年代中后期的年代际突变明显, 而东印暖池的这种变化更为明显.由此可知印-太暖池的年代际变化与东印暖池、西太暖池年代际变化较为相似, 季节和年际变化颇为不同, 所以, 在研究年代际尺度的问题上, 定义并研究印-太暖池的意义更大, 而在研究年际、季节尺度上的问题时东印暖池、西太暖池应分而视之. 相似文献
10.
11.
根据Huang和Qiu 1995年的潜沉率计算公式,采用同化的海洋模式资料和海洋-大气界面的通量观测资料,计算了北太平洋副热带海域3个模态水形成区逐年的潜沉率,研究了潜沉率产生年际变化的机制.研究结果表明:西部、中部和东部3个模态水形成区潜沉率的年际变化主要周期分别为6,2~5和2 a;北太平洋副热带模态水的3个形成区的潜沉率都发现年代际的变化特征:在1985年以前,西部模态水形成区的潜沉率年际变化最为显著,但1985后年际变化振幅明显减小;在中部模态水形成区,1975~1992年间潜沉率随时间的变化的振幅较大,潜沉率在这段时间内的平均值也达到33.99 m/a,而在1970~1975年间和1993~1998年间潜沉率都小于20 m/a;西部副热带模态水形成区的潜沉率的年际变化与这里海面的净热通量的年际变化有很好的相关性,中部副热带模态水形成区潜沉率的年际变化则取决于局地Ekman流的年际变化,而在东部模态水形成区局地风应力旋度的变化直接影响潜沉率的大小. 相似文献
12.
Eitarou Oka Shota Katsura Hiroyuki Inoue Atsushi Kojima Moeko Kitamoto Toshiya Nakano Toshio Suga 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(4):479-490
The 137°E repeat hydrographic section for 50 winters during 1967–2016 has been analyzed to examine interannual to interdecadal variations and long-term changes of salinity and temperature in the surface and intermediate layers of the western North Pacific, with a particular focus on freshening in the subtropical gyre. Rapid freshening on both isobars and isopycnals began in the mid-1990s and persisted for the last 20 years in the upper main thermocline/halocline in the western subtropical gyre. In addition, significant decadal variability of salinity existed in the subtropical mode water (STMW), as previously reported for the shallower layers. An analysis of the 144°E repeat hydrographic section during 1984–2013 supplemented by Argo profiling float data in 2014 and 2015 revealed that the freshening trend and decadal variability observed at 137°E originated in the winter mixed layer in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region and was transmitted southwestward to 137°E 1–2 years later in association with the subduction and advection of STMW. The mechanism of these changes and variations in the source region was further investigated. In addition to the surface freshwater flux in the KE region pointed out by previous studies, the decadal KE variability in association with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation likely contributes to the decadal salinity variability through water exchange between the subtropics and the subarctic across the KE. Interdecadal change in both the surface freshwater flux and the KE state, however, failed to explain the rapid freshening for the last 20 years. 相似文献
13.
Eitarou Oka 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(2):151-164
Temperature and salinity data from 2003 through 2006 from Argo profiling floats have been analyzed to examine the formation
and circulation of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) and the interannual variation of its properties over the
entire distribution region. STMW is formed in late winter in the zonally-elongated recirculation gyre south of the Kuroshio
and its extension, which extends north of ∼28°N, from 135°E to near the date line. The recirculation gyre consists of several
anticyclonic circulations, in each of which thick STMW with a characteristic temperature is formed. After spring, the thick
STMW tends to be continually trapped in the respective circulations, remaining in the formation region. From this stagnant
pool of thick STMW, some portion seeps little by little into the southern region, where southwestward subsurface currents
advect relatively thin STMW as far as 20°N to the south and just east of Taiwan to the west. The STMW formed in the recirculation
gyre becomes colder, less saline, and denser to the east, with an abrupt change of properties across 140°E and a gradual change
east of 140°E. The STMW formed east of 140°E exhibits coherent interannual variations, increasing its temperature by ∼1°C
from 2003 through 2006 and also increasing its salinity by ∼0.05 from 2003 through 2005. These property changes are clearly
detected in the southern region as far downstream as just east of Taiwan, with reasonable time lags. 相似文献
14.
A regional ocean circulation model with four-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme is configured to study the ocean state of the Indian Ocean region (65°E–95°E; 5°N–20°N) covering the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB). The state estimation setup uses 10 km horizontal resolution and 5 m vertical resolution in the upper ocean. The in-situ temperature and salinity, satellite-derived observations of sea surface height, and blended (in-situ and satellite-derived) observations of sea surface temperature alongwith their associated uncertainties are used for data assimilation with the regionally configured ocean model. The ocean state estimation is carried out for 61 days (1 June to 31 July 2013). The assimilated fields are closer to observations compared to other global state estimates. The mixed layer depth (MLD) of the region shows deepening during the period of assimilation with AS showing higher MLD compared to the BoB. An empirical forecast equation is derived for the prediction of MLD using the air–sea forcing variables as predictors. The surface and sub-surface (50 m) heat and salt budget tendencies of the region are also investigated. It is found that at the sub-surface, only the advection and diffusion temperature and salt tendencies are important. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, effort is made to demonstrate the quality of high-resolution regional ocean circulation model in realistically simulating the circulation and variability properties of the northern Indian Ocean(10°S–25°N,45°–100°E) covering the Arabian Sea(AS) and Bay of Bengal(BoB). The model run using the open boundary conditions is carried out at 10 km horizontal resolution and highest vertical resolution of 2 m in the upper ocean.The surface and sub-surface structure of hydrographic variables(temperature and salinity) and currents is compared against the observations during 1998–2014(17 years). In particular, the seasonal variability of the sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and surface currents over the model domain is studied. The highresolution model's ability in correct estimation of the spatio-temporal mixed layer depth(MLD) variability of the AS and BoB is also shown. The lowest MLD values are observed during spring(March-April-May) and highest during winter(December-January-February) seasons. The maximum MLD in the AS(BoB) during December to February reaches 150 m (67 m). On the other hand, the minimum MLD in these regions during March-April-May becomes as low as 11–12 m. The influence of wind stress, net heat flux and freshwater flux on the seasonal variability of the MLD is discussed. The physical processes controlling the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature are investigated by carrying out mixed layer heat budget analysis. It is found that air-sea fluxes play a dominant role in the seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature of the northern Indian Ocean and the contribution of horizontal advection, vertical entrainment and diffusion processes is small. The upper ocean zonal and meridional volume transport across different sections in the AS and BoB is also computed. The seasonal variability of the transports is studied in the context of monsoonal currents. 相似文献
16.
The Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) exhibits a decadal variability during recent years, i.e., salinification before 1997 and freshening thereafter, with the maximum anomalies locating at the region of Brazil and Malvinas currents confluence. Our study proposed that the local mesoscale eddies may play an important role in triggering this decadal oscillation. The eddy activity intensification (weakening) leads to the increase (decrease) of poleward cross-frontal eddy salinity flux and upward eddy buoyancy flux, which results in the weakening (strengthening) of the subsurface stratification and potential vorticity (PV). The PV anomalies facilitate (block) the poleward transport of warm saline subtropical water, while the stratification weakening favors the further downward transmission of salinity anomalies by processes of eddy flux as well as mean-flow advection (the stratification strengthening inhibits the vertical transport), then initiates the decadal change of the AAIW property. The whole process of the eddy-related propagation of salinity anomalies takes about 4 to 6 years. 相似文献
17.
In the past nearly two decades, the Argo Program has created an unprecedented global observing array with continuous in situ salinity observations, providing opportunities to extend our knowledge on the variability and effects of ocean salinity. In this study, we utilize the Argo data during 2004–2017, together with the satellite observations and a newly released version of ECCO ocean reanalysis, to explore the decadal salinity variability in the Southeast Indian Ocean(SEIO) and its impacts on the regional sea level changes. Both the observations and ECCO reanalysis show that during the Argo era, sea level in the SEIO and the tropical western Pacific experienced a rapid rise in 2005–2013 and a subsequent decline in 2013–2017. Such a decadal phase reversal in sea level could be explained, to a large extent, by the steric sea level variability in the upper 300 m. Argo data further show that, in the SEIO, both the temperature and salinity changes have significant positive contributions to the decadal sea level variations. This is different from much of the Indo-Pacific region, where the halosteric component often has minor or negative contributions to the regional sea level pattern on decadal timescale. The salinity budget analyses based on the ECCO reanalysis indicate that the decadal salinity change in the upper 300 m of SEIO is mainly caused by the horizontal ocean advection. More detailed decomposition reveals that in the SEIO, there exists a strong meridional salinity front between the tropical low-salinity and subtropical high salinity waters. The meridional component of decadal circulation changes will induce strong cross-front salinity exchange and thus the significant regional salinity variations. 相似文献
18.
The MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled model, with 21 layers in the vertical and （1/8） °horizontal resolution, was employed to investigate the oceanic responses to Typhoon Mstsa which traversed the East China Sea （ECS） during the period of 4 - 6 August, 2005. Numerical experiment results are analyzed and compared with observation. The responses of the sea surface temperature （SST）, in a focused area of （27° -29°N, 121° - 124°E）, include heating and cooling stages. The heating is mainly due to warm Kuroshio water transportation and downwelling due to the water accumulation. In the cooling stage, the amplitude of the simulated cold wake （ -3℃ ）, located on the right side of this typhoon track, is compared quite well with that of the satellite observed SST data. The wave-induced mixing（Bv） plays a key role for the SST cooling. Bv still plays a leading role, which accounts for 36%, for the ocean temperature drop in the upper ocean of 0 - 40 m, while the upwelling is responsible for 84% of the cooling for the lower layer of 40 - 70 m. The mixed layer depth （MLD） increased quickly from 28 to 50 m in the typhoon period. However, the simulated MLD without the wave-induced vertical mixing, evolution from 13 to 32 m, was seriously underestimated. The surface wave is too important to be ignored for the ocean responses to a typhoon. 相似文献
19.
Limitations in sea surface salinity (SSS) observations and timescale separation methods have led to an incomplete picture of the mechanisms of SSS decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean, where the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates. Little is known regarding the roles of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the large-scale SSS variability over the tropical basin. A self-organizing map (SOM) clustering analysis is performed on the intrinsic mode function (IMF) maps, which are decomposed from SSS and other hydrological fields by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), to extract their asymmetric features on decadal timescales over the tropical Pacific. For SSS, an anomalous pattern appeared during 1997 to 2004, a period referred to as the anomalous late 1990s, when strong freshening prevailed in large areas over the southwestern basin and moderate salinization occurred in the western equatorial Pacific. During this period, the precipitation and surface currents were simultaneously subjected to anomalous fluctuations: the precipitation dipole and zonal current divergence along the equator coincided with the SSS increase in the far western equatorial Pacific, while the weak zonal current convergence in the southwestern basin and large-scale southward meridional currents tended to induce SSS decreases there. The dominant decadal modes of SSS and sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific both resemble the NPGO but occur predominantly during the negative and positive NPGO phases, respectively. The similarities between the NPGO and Central Pacific ENSO (CP-ENSO) in their power spectra and associated spatial patterns in the tropics imply their dynamical links; the correspondence between the NPGO-like patterns during negative (positive) phases and the CP La Niña (CP El Niño) patterns for SSS is also discussed. 相似文献